ASSIGNMENT

TITLE: HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

Submitted To

Madam Shumaila Azam

Submitted By

Sohaila Qamar

Class # : 1

Section:

DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCES

THE UNIVERSITY OF SWABI FOR WOMEN ,

KPK, PAKISTAN.

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Human Genome:

The entire genetic makeup of human cell nucleus.Each genome contains all of the information needed to build and maintain that organism.Genes carry the information for making all of the proteins required by the body for growth and maintenance.The genome also encodes rRNA and tRNA which are involved in protein synthesis.Made up of about 35000 genes which codes for functional proteins in the body.

Human Genome Project(HGP):

The human genome project was an international research effort to determine the sequence of human genome and identify the genes that it contains. The Project was coordinated by the Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health. Additional contributor includes universities across the United States and international partners in the United Kingdom France Germany China and Japan.The project was planned to last 15 years, but rapid technological advances have accelerated the expected completion date to 2003.

Main Goals:

Identify all the approximate 30,000 genes in human DNA, Determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA, Store this information in databases, To develop a technology for management of human genome information. Develop tools for data analysis, Transfer related technologies to the private sector, and Address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project.

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Milestones:

1990: Project initiated as joint effort of U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health . June 2000: Completion of a working draft of the entire human genome (covers >90% of the genome to a depth of 3-4x redundant sequence). February 2001: Analyses of the working draft are published. April 2003: HGP sequencing is completed and Project is declared finished two years ahead of schedule.HGP sequencing is completed and project is declared finished 2 years ahead of time.

Future Challenges:

What We Still Don’t Know

Gene number, exact locations, and functions Coordination of gene expression, protein synthesis, and post-translational events Interaction of proteins in complex molecular machinesPredicted vs experimentally determined gene functionProtein conservation (structure and function)Proteomes (total protein content and function) in organismsDisease-susceptibility prediction based on gene sequence variationGenes involved in complex traits and multi-gene diseasesDevelopmental genetics, genomics

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Other Completed Genomes:

Microbial Genome:

Escherchia ColiBacillus Subtillus

Sreptococcus Pneumonia

Insect Genome

Drosophila melangosterAnd many more…

APPLICATIONs

MEDICINE: Improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic applications, Implementation of preventative measures. Increases in gene therapy applications.BIOTECHNOLOGY: Production of useful protein products for use in medicine, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries. BIOINFORMATICS: The newest, fastest growing specialty in the life sciences that integrates biotechnology and computer science. Involved in DNA sequence assembly and analysis using computer-based techniques to determine gene function, regulation and control. Unknown gene sequences can be compared to databases of known genes to enable similarities to lead to determination of an unknown gene’s.

SUMMARY:

The significance of the completion of the human genome project cannot be overstated.With the dictionary of the genome available, the molecular mechanisms of human health and disease will be resolved.

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