Advances in Human Factors/Ergonomics, 19B

Human-ComputerInteraction:Software and Hardware Interfaces

Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human-ComputerInteraction, (HCI International '93), Orlando, Florida, August 8-13,1993Volume 2

Edited by

Gavriel Salvendy

Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA

and

Michael J. SmithUniversity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wl 53706, USA

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ELSEVIER

Amsterdam-London-New York-Tokyo 1993

V1X1

Contents

Plenary Paper 1

"Human-Robot-Computer Interaction in Multiagent Environment" 2

Yuichiro Anzai

L Software Knowledge 8

"Is User Interface Design Just Common Sense?" 9Thomas S. Tullis

"The Need for New Application Specific Interface Elements" 15J. Gulliksen, M. Johnson, M. Lind, E. Nygren, and B. Sandblad

"Development of a Usable Graphical User Interface Design Guide" 21Robert M. Schumacher and Arnold Lund

"A Design Guideline Search Method That Uses a Neural Network" 27Kaori Ueno and Katsuhiko Ogawa

"Designing of Highly Effective 'Human-Computer' Systems Based on 33Multifunctional Elements"

S. Tsiramua and R. Kashmadze

"Dynamic Representation of Icons in Human-Computer Interaction 38Kazunari Morimoto, Takao Kurokawa, and Takeshi Nishimura

"A User-Oriented Test of Icons in an Educational Software Product" 44Sharla Fullerton and Alan J. Happ

"Design of the User Interface of a Collaborative Text Writing System" 50Jose A. Pino and Edgardo Fabres

"Visualizing Search Results: User Interface Development for the Project 56Envision Database of Computer Science Literature"

Lucy T. Nowell and Deborah Hix

"Effect of Image Presentation to the Cognition of Plural Speech" 62Hiroshi Tamura, Yue Chin, and Yu Shibuya

"A Pen-Based System to Input Correct Answers to Assist in the Development 68of Recognition and Understanding Algorithms of Ink Data"

Yasuhiro Cho, Toshihiro Morita, Seiichi Higaki, and Shinji Moriya

"A New Approach to Visual Programming in User Interface Design" 74Jiirgen Herczeg, Hubertus Hohl, and Matthias Ressel

"Visual Interference with User's Tasks on Multi-Window System" 80Hirohiko Mori and Yoshio Hayashi

IX

"Designing Interfaces of Autonomous Agents" 86Takahiro Yakoh, Nobuyuki Yamasaki, and Yuichiro Anzai

"A Knowledge Representation for Large Scale Integrated Circuit Failure Analysis" 92Yuko Takeguchi, Takashi Torii, and Shinichi Okabe

"A Dialogue Manager as Interface Between Aircraft Pilots and a Pilot 98Assistant System"

Marc Gerlach and R. Onken

"A Taxonomy of Distortion-Oriented Techniques for Graphical Data Presentation" 104Ying K. Leung and M.D. Apperly

"An Information Based User Interface Architecture" 110Hans Diel and Martin Welsch

"The Impact of the Design of the Software Control Interface on User Performance" 116John R. Carlson and Laura Hall

"Computer-Aided Adaptation of User Interfaces with Menus and Dialog Boxes" 122Uwe Malinowski, Thomas Kiihme, Hartmut Dieterich, andM. Schneider-Hufschmidt

"Interactive Scenarios for the Development of a User Interface Prototype" 128Mona Kaddah

"Intelligent User Interface for Very Large Relational Databases 134Paul E. Reimers and Soon M. Chung

"Spoken Language Interaction: Effects of Vocabulary Size and Experience on 140User Efficiency and Acceptability"

Thomas W. Dillon, A.F. Norcio, and Michael J. DeHaemer

"Screen Layout and Semantic Structure in Iconic Menu Design" 146Ping Zhan, Ram R. Bishu, and Michael W. Riley

"Realtime Synthesis of a Realistic Anthropomorphous Agent Toward Advanced 152Human Computer Interaction"

Hiroshi Dohi and Mitsuru Ishizuka

"Iterative Prototyping of User Interfaces" 158Daniel Felix and Helmut Krueger

"Integrating Analytical and Creative Processes for User Interface Re-Design 163Yosuke Kinoe, Hirohiko Mori, and Yoshio Hayashi

"Three Usability Enhancements to the Human Factors-Design Interface 169Randolph G. Bias, Douglas J. Gillan, and Thomas S. Tullis

"Effects of Hypertext Topology on Navigation Performance 175S. Batra, Ram R. Bishu, and Brian Donohue

"The Relative Effectiveness of Hypertext and Text" 181Mark R. Lehto, Wenli Zhu, and Bryan Carpenter

"Implementing Adaptable Hypermedia in a Relational Database" 187William Leigh and James Ragusa

"Interactive Haptic Interface: Two-Dimensional Form Perception for Blind 190Access to Computers"

Seongil Lee, Steven Wiker, and Gregg Vanderheiden

"Sharing Customization in a Campus Computing Environment" 196Craig E. Wills, Kirstin Cadwell, and William Marrs

"An Intelligent User Interface for Multimedia Mineral Retrieval System" 202Dusan Cakmakov and Danco Davcev

"Selecting Colors for Dialog Boxes and Buttons in a Text Interface" 208Stanley R. Page

"An Interactive Information Filter or a Trip in Hyperspace 214Constantin Thiopoulous

"Dialogue Design Through Modified Dataflow and Data Modelling" 220S0ren Lauesen and Morten Borup Harning

"Task Analysis in Design of a Human-Computer Interface for a Ward Based 226System"

T. Frascina and R.A. Steele

"The Effect of Direction on Object-Oriented Cursor Control Actions" 231Joseph D. Chase and Sherry Perdue Casali

n. Software Tools 237

"CoDesk—An Interface to TheKnowledgeNet 238Konrad Tollmar

"The Software Architecture of DIGIS" 244Hans de Bruin and Peter Bouwman

"Cooperative Musical Partner System: JASPER (Jam Session Partner)" 250Hirokazu Kato, Sanae Wake, and Seiji Inokuchi

"ESSAI—Interactive Sales System on an IBC-Network" 256Daniel Felix and Helmut Krueger

"Design-to-Cost Support with ASCET" 261Joachim Warschat and Joachim Freeh

"An Algebraic System that Symbolic Expressions Can Interact with Graphical 267Representation for Understanding Mathematics"

Hiromi Saito and Morio Nagata

X I

"Preliminary Experiment with a Distributed and Networking Card-Handling 273Tool Named KJ-Editor"

Naohiko Takeda, Akichika Shiomi, Kazuhisa Kawai, and Hajime Ohiwa

"HCI Aspects of the CASSY-Environment" 279E. Meyer zu Bexten and Claudio Moraga

"The TOM Approach to System Development: Methods and Tools for Task 285Oriented Modelling of Real-Time Safety Critical Systems"

Clive Warren

"Integrating CASE and UIMS for Automatic Software Construction" 291Christian Martin and Christian Winterhalder

"Problem Solving Support System as Thinking Acceleration Tools" 297Takashi Nakamura

"A Softare Architecture for Cooperative Knowledge Based Systems" 303Ahmed Hadj Kacem, J.-L. Soubie, and J. Frontin

"The Implementation of Knowledge Structures in Cognitive Simulation 309Environments"

Darel Benysh and Richard J. Koubek

"Experimental Method for Construction of a Knowledge-Based System for 315Shipping-Berth Scheduling"

Masaichiro Ogawa, Norio Saito, Tsutomu Tabe, and Shinji Sigumura

"Development of Knowledge Eliciting Techniques for Expert Systems" 321Shigenobu Nomura, Yoshinori Huruichi, Tatsuo Suzuki, andTakashi Kondoh

"Structured Notations for Human Factors Specification of Interactive Systems" 325K.Y. Lim and J.B. Long

"The System is the Expert: Architecture for a Model-Based Tutor" 332Michael Pearce

"Knowledge Acquisition for a Domain-Independent Intelligent Training System" 338Ronald W. Broome and Marijke F. Augusteijn

"A Framework for Building a Knowledge Based System Using Several Experts— 344With an Application for Curriculum Design of Engineering Degree Courses"

M. Borges, Y. Benett, M. Lewis, and M. Thorn

"Knowledge Support Systems for Conceptual Design: The Amplification 350of Creativity"

Ernest Edmonds and Linda Candy

"A Conceptual Model of Human Skill Requirements for Advanced Manufacturing 356Settings"

Richard J. Koubek and Gavriel Salvendy

X l l

"Heuristics for Generating Informative Responses to Failing User's Queries in 362Natural Language Database Interfaces"

Zouheir Trabelsi, Yoshiyuki Kotani, and Hirohiko Nisimura

"Natural Language Interfaces for Integrated Network Management" 368Raymond Chau

"Natural Language as Object and Medium in Computer Based Learning" 373S. Leclerc and S. de Maisonneuve

"Intelligent Help Facilities: Generating Natural Language Descriptions With 379Examples"

Vibhu O. Mittal and Cecile L. Paris

"Natural Language Interfaces: Specifying and Using Conceptual Constraints" 385Elisabeth Godbert, Robert Pasero, and Paul Sabatier

"Making Information Systems Fit Users Needs" 391Alan Gillies

"Presentation and Editing of Structured 3-D Graphics" 397Steven P. Reiss

"Rapid 3-D Editing Through Hierarchical Constraints" 403John Rankin

"Reducing Repetition in Graphical Editing" 409David Kurlander

"Automated Construction of Application-Specific Graph Editors in an 415Object-Oriented Paradigm

M. Chen, P. Townsend, and C.Y. Wang

"Using Domain Knowledge to Support Graphical Editing" 421

Jonas Lowgren

OL Media 427

"An Eventful Approach to Multi-Media Multi-User Applications" 428Matthias Ressel, Hubertus Hohl, and Jiirgen Herczeg

"Designing Coherent Multimedia Presentations" 434Thomas Rist and Elisabeth Andre

"Aspects of Multimodal and Multimedia Human-Computer Interaction" 440K.-P. Fiihnrich and K.-H. Hanne

"LAYLAB—A Constraint Based Layout Manager for Multimedia Presentations" 446Winifried Graf

"Toward a Walkthrough Method for Multimedia Design" 452Peter Faraday and Alistair Sutcliffe

X l l l

"Multi-media Support for Up-stream User Interface Design Activities" 458K. Mouzakis and S. Howard

"Navigational Issues in Multi-Media Case Studies of Engineering Design" 464Sherry Hsi and Alice M. Agogino

"Contingency Models for Architectural Design" 470Dave Bell

"On the Relationships Between Hypermedia and the Psychotherapeutic Process" 476P. Bozcowsky, F. Neves, and G. Rossi

"An Analysis of Hypermedia Program Architecture with Individual Differences 482of Learners"

Sue Gautsch

"Snapshots from the Eye: Toward Strategies for Viewing Bibliographic Citations" 488Dara Lee Howard and Martha E. Crosby

"A Model of Learning with Hypermedia Systems" 494G.A. Hutchings, W. Hall, and C.J. Colbourn

"Changing Persona: University Student to Museum Visitor" 500T.H. Jones and M. Christensen

"Individual Differences in the Use of Hyper/Multimedia by Undergraduate 507Students at the University of Hawaii at Manoa"

T.N. Kamala, Jan Stelovsky, and M.E. Crosby

"Implementation and Design Issues in Interactive Multi-Media Knowledge 513Based Systems for Criminal Intelligence Analysis: The Mycroft Perspective"

K. Morgan, P. Hardy, J. Casey, L. Holland, T. Quinn, Memex,K. Roberts, I. Cadwell, and R. Oldfield

"The Development of a Plan-Based Tutor to Aid in Transfer Between 519Programming Languages"

Jean Scholtz and Adrienne Cleveland

"Use of Parameters to Facilitate the Implementation of Reusable Hypermedia 525Modules"

Jan Stelovsky

"Using Multimedia to Teach Visual Literacy: A Systematic Approach" 531Raymond Kirsch

"Multimedia Development Platforms and Authoring Tools: Practical and 537Theoretical Frontiers"

W. Wojtkowski and W.G. Wojtkowski

"Using Animated Demonstrations in Multimedia Applications: Some 543Suggestions Based Upon Experimental Evidence"

P.E. Waterson and C.E. O'Malley

XIV

"A Design Model for Multimedia Computer-Based Training" 549Garry Patterson, Terry J. Anderson, and Fabian C. Monds

"Visualizing Multidimensional Process Control Relationships" 555Shidan K. Habibi and David S. Ranson

"3-D Diagrams for Knowledge Engineering: An Early Estimation of Utility" 561Sara Jones

"Romeo: Robot-Mediated Cooperative Work for Handling 3-Dimensional 567Physical Objects"

Kenji Kawasugi, Takashi Yoshino, Yasushi Nakauchi, and Yuichiro Anzai

"Eye-Gaze and Intent: Application in 3-D Interface Control" 573J.C. Schryver and H.J. Goldberg

"A User Interface to a True 3-D Display Device" 579Bruce A. Hobbs and Martin R. Stytz

"An Interactive Design Environment for Graphical Browsers" 585Hubertus Hohl, Jiirgen Herczeg, and Matthias Ressel

"HelpDraw Graphical Environment: A Step Beyond Data Parallel Programming 591Languages"

Akram Benalia, Jean-Luc Dekeyser, and Philippe Marquet

"Improving the Quality of Computer-Generated Charts" 597Ralph Marshall

"OOQBE: An Intuitive Graphical Query Language with Recursion" 603Francois Staes and Laura Tarantino

"Sketching Editor for Engineering Design" 609M. Stolpmann and D. Roller

"Contextual Help for Free with Formal Dialogue Design" 615Ph. Palanque, R. Bastide, and L. Dourte

"A Method for Generating Messages of the On-Line Help System Based on a 621User Model and a Situational Model"

Yuji Kobayashi and Morio Nagata

"User Responses to an Editor Supporting Syntactic Selection Method" 627Alice Dijkstra, Carla Huls, and Han Damen

"Cognitive Processing and Hypermedia Comprehension: A Preliminary 633Synthesis"

David G. Payne, Michael J. Wenger, and Maxine S. Cohen

"Using Argumentation to Overcome Hypertext's HCI Failings" 639J.A.A. Sillince and R.H. Minors

XV

"Surface Display and Synthetic Force Sensation" 645Michitaka Hirose and Kouichi Hirota

"A Six Degree-of-freedom Pen-based Force Display" 651Hiroo Iwata

"Virtual Kitchen System Using Kansei Engineering" 657Noriko Enomoto, Mitsuo Nagamachi, Junji Nomura, and Kazuya Sawada

"Simulated World of Hypothetical Life Forms—Virtual Creatures" 663Takushi Fujita, Kayuru Itoh, Hitomi Taguchi, Toshiyuki Fukuoka,Souichi Nishiyama, and Kazuyuki Watanabe

"Virtual Space Teleconferencing System—Real Time Detection and 669Reproduction of 3-D Human Images"

Fumio Kishino, Jun Ohya, Haruo Takemura, and Nobuyoshi Terashima

"A Virtual Reality System Using Physiological Data—Application to Virtual 675Sports CAI"

Ken'ichi Kamijo and Akihisa Kenmachi

"The Basic Study of Natural Operation in Virtual Space" 681Nobuko Kato, Miwako Doi, and Akio Okazaki

"New Techniques for Interaction in Virtual Worlds—Contents of Development 687and Examples"

Wilhelm Bauer and Oliver Riedel

"Awareness, Focus, and Aura: A Spatial Model of Interaction in Virtual Worlds" 693Steve Benford and Lennart E. Fahlen

"The Sense of Presence Within Virtual Environments: A Conceptual Framework" 699Woodrow Barfield and Suzanne Weghorst

"The Art of the Belly" 705

Wolfgang Slany and Christian Stary

IV. Help and Learning 711

"Animated Help as a Sensible Extension of a Plan-Based Help System" 712Markus A. Thies

"An Adaptive Intelligent Help System" 718Chi-Tien Chiu, Chaochang Chiu, and Anthony F. Norcio

"A Usability Evaluation of Text and Speech Redundant Help Messages on a 724Reader Interface"

Eric Min-Yang Wang, Houshang Shahnavaz, Leif Hedman,Kiriakos Papadopoulos, and Neil Watkinson

"Development of a Processflow Manager for an IC-Diagnosis System" 730Holger Retz and Axel Hunger

XVI

"Intelligent Task Based Model for the Design of Screen Review Systems for 736People with Blindness"

Jon Gunderson

"The Use of Computer Simulated Cases to Study Factors that Influence 742Clinical Practice Styles"

James G. Anderson, Stephen J. Jay, Christine Beville, andMarilyn M. Anderson

"A Computer-Based Integrated Instruction and Design for Teaching Aesthetic 748Design"

Rungtai Lin

"Student Modelling in Hybrid Training System" 754D. Milech, B. Waters, S. Noel, G. Roy, and K. Kirsner

"Role of Analogical Reasoning as a Tool for Training" 760D.M. Boase-Jelinek and D. Milech

"Computer Technology in the Educational Curriculum Development in 766Nigeria in the 21st Century"

Dr. Noah K. Akinmayowa

"Control of Cosmonauts Training to Overcome Operational Complexity" 772Yuri Glazkov, Alex Rudchenko, Alex Vislotsky, and Alex Vankov

"Use of Multimedia Technology in Teaching Engineering Design" 778Sherry Hsi and Alice M. Agogino

"An Adaptive User-Oriented Message Prioritization Scheme" 784Wei-Ping Wang

"Medical Diagnostic Expert System" 790Renu Vig, Deepak Bagai, and Y.C. Chopra

"Supporting Instead of Replacing the Planner—An Intelligent Assistant System 796for Factory Layout Planning"

Jiirgen Herrmann and Matthias Kloth

"Preventing Human errors in Skilled Activities Through a Computerized Support 802System"

M. Masson and V. de Keyser

"Audicon: Easy Access to Graphical User Interfaces for Blind Persons— 808Designing for and with People"

Odile Martial and Aude Dufresne

"Development of a Simulation-Based Intelligent Tutoring System for Assisting 814PID Control Learning"

Takeki Nogami, Yoshihide Yokoi, Ichiro Yanagisawa, and Shizuka Mitui

"The Use of Exeprt Systems for Training Humans in Rule-Based Reasoning" 819Joseph Shark and Stuart Chen

XV11

"A Situated Cognition Approach to Problem Solving with Implications for 825Computer-Based Learning and Assessment"

Michael F. Young and Michael McNeese

"A Computer-Assisted Instruction System for Beginner's Crude Change 831Schedulers"

Kotaro Saito, Tsutomu Tabe, and Katsuo Furihata

"Human-Computer Interaction and the Automation of Work" 837Karl U. Smith and Thomas J. Smith

"Social Implications of Feedback and Delay Characteristics in Electronic 843Communications Usage"

Barrett S. Caldwell

"A Human Memory Model Based on Search Patterns" 849Tomoko Saka, Hideaki Ozawa, and Naoki Kobayashi

"Control of Complex System by Situated Knowledge: The Role of Implicit 855Learning"

Antonio Rizzo, O. Parlangeli, and Cristina Cambiganu

"A Model of Behavioral Techniques for Representing User Interface Designs" 861J.D. Chase, H. Rex Hartson, Deborah Hix, R.S. Schulman, andJ.L. Brandenburg

"A New Paradigm for Diagnostic Expert System Based on Designer's Knowledge" 867Yasufumi Kume, Hyun Seok Jung, and Gavriel Salvendy

"Introducing Problem Solving Strategies of Users into the Interface Design" 873Nong Ye and Gavriel Salvendy

"Development of a Methodology for Optimizing the Elicited Knowledge" 879C.-J. Chao and Gavriel Salvendy

"A Taxonomy for Human Behaviour and Human-Computer Interaction" 885William Edmondson

"Task Analysis Method Using the GOMS Model with Grouping" 891Kanji Kato and Katushiko Ogawa

"Task-Dependent Descriptions: A Preliminary Study" 897Laurent Karsenty

"Dealing with the Dilemma of Disparate Mental Models" 903William J. Garland

"An Associative Approach in Dynamic User Modeling" 909Qiyang Chen and Anthony F. Norcio

"Information Tools: A New Approach to Interface Design and Development" 915Andrew M. Cohill

XV1XX

"Design Issues of Bilingual Editor" 921MiwakoDoi

j V/nj^mUllltllim, an Interface Agent with Direct Manipulation Environments" 927\£ •' y i, i "•" Takashi Sonoda, Fumitaka Matsumoto, Kengo Omura, and

Mitsuhisa Kamei

"The Fifth Generation Fallacy: Looking Back from 1993" 933J.M. Unger

"K-J Editor: A Collaboration Environment for Brain Storming and Consensus 939Forming"

Hajime Ohiwa, K. Kawai, A. Shiomi, and N. Takeda

"Use of Bi-Directional Image Exchange in Facilitating Precontact 943Communication"

Yu Shibuya and H. Tamura

"Human Centred Collaborative Design in System Development—Intelligent 949Back Scratcher to be Attentive to User's Needs"

Yoshihiro Sato

"Cooperative Work Analysis of Plant Operator Crew" 955Hiroshi Ujita, R. Kubota, K. Ikeda, and R. Kawano

"Group Communication Support System for Software Development Project 961Based on Trouble Communication Model"

Shoichi Takeda, M. Nakatani, and S. Nishida

"A Meeting Support System Based on Analyses of Human Communication: 967Using Context and Content of Meetings"

Tomufumi Uetake, Morio Nagata, Koichi Takeuchi, and Haruo Takagi

"Doing by Understanding: Embedded Systems for Understanding Coordinated 973Work"

Timo Kakolii

"Computer Simulation Model of Cognitive Process in Group Works" 979Kazuo Furuta and Shunsuke Kondo

"Negotiability: A Metafunction to Support Personalizable Groupware" 985Volker Wulf

"An Analysis Technique for User Centered Design" 991John Kirby and Heather A. Heathfield

"Cooperating Partners: Investigating Natural Assistance" 997Francoise Darses, Pierre Falzon, and J.M. Robert

V. Hardware Interfaces 1003

X X X

"The Context-Based Graphic Input System: T-Board" 1004Yasuo Endo, Shinji Akimichi, and Murray Milne

"Segmentation of Handwritten Text and Editing-Symbols from Ink-Data" 1010S. Navaneetha Krishnan and Shinji Moriya

"User Interface Development Tools for Pen Computer Applications" 1016Isamu Iwai and Yoshiyuki Miura

"Cordless Pen and Electronic Stationery" 1022Azuma Murakami

"The Minimal Sizes and the Quasi-Optimal Sizes for the Input Square During 1028Pen-Input of Characters"

Xiangshi Ren and Shinji Moriya

"Concept of Minute Operation and its Application to Pen-based Computers" 1034Shinji Moriya and Hiroshi Taninaka

"Real-Time Multi-Hand Detection for Human-Computer Interaction" 1040K. Ishibuchi, H. Takemura, and F. Kishino

"Pen-Based Interfaces for Drawing Figures with Stationery Metaphors" 1046Masaki Nakagawa, Shinya Kazama and Takashi Satou, andNatsuko Fukuda

"Gesture Specification and Structure Recognition in Handsketch-Based Diagram 1052Editors"

Rui Zhao

"Musculoskeletal Discomfort and Job Performance of Keyboard Operators" 1058I.T.S. Yu and H.S.C. Ting

"Evaluating Performance, Discomfort, and Subjective Preference Between 1064Computer Keyboard Designs"

Stephen D. Douglas and Alan J. Happ

"Intelligent Keyboard Layout Process" 1070Chin-Chuang Lin, Tzai-Zang Lee, and Fu-Shing Chou

"A Comparison of Keyboard-Integrated Pointing Devices" 1075David F. Loricchio

"Performance Measures in an 'Ergonomically' Designed Keyboard" 1079Peter J. McAlindon

"Facial Animation Synthesis for Human-Machine Communication 1085System"

Shigeo Morishima and Hiroshi Harashima

"Voice-Responsive Eye-Blinking Feedback for Improved Human-to-Machine 1091Speech Input"

Tomio Watanabe

XX

"Enhancing Speech Intelligibility Using Visual Images" 1097Christopher Greaves, Martin Warren, and Professor Olov Ostberg

"Evaluation of a Gaze Using Real-Time CG Eye-Animation Combined with 1103Eye Movement Detector

Kiyohiro Morii, Fumio Kishino, and Nobuji Tetsutani

"Bidirectional Translation Between Sign Language and Japanese for Communi- 1109cation with Deaf-Mute People"

Takao Kurokawa, Tooru Morichi, and Shigeaki Watanabe

AUTHOR INDEX 1115

KEYWORD INDEX 1119