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(Human) Communication & Language. LI 2023 Nathalie F. Martin. Table of Content. In this section you will learn about: Communication: Jakobson’s model Nonverbal communication Language Objectives: Understand the intricacies of nonverbal communication. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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LI 2023 NATHALIE F. MARTIN
(HUMAN) COMMUNICATION &
LANGUAGE
Table of Content
In this section you will learn about:Communication:
Jakobson’s model Nonverbal communication Language
Objectives:Understand the intricacies of nonverbal
communication.Learn a bit of terminology needed to speak of the
world’s languages.
DEFINITIONJAKOBSON’S COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Communication
Communication
Communication is a behaviour, or the _______________________, that affects the behaviour of others.
When a living organism (or machine) communicates it sends messages about itself or its environment.
The message is placed into a code. Humans have a highly elaborate code called
language.
Communication
What is communication? 1 a the process or act of communicating; b the
exchanging or imparting of ideas and information, etc.
2 a piece of information, a letter or a message. 3 social contact. 4 (communications) the various electronic
processes by which information is conveyed from one person or place to another, especially by means of wires, cables or radio waves.
5 (communications) the science and activity of transmitting information, etc.
http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?title=21st&query=
Communication
Who? Sender
To whom? Receiver
What? Thoughts, posture, opinions or information
How? Verbal (language) or nonverbal communication
Communication Process (Jakobson)
Communication
The communication process of __________and _________will depend on a number of factors:
SOME TYPES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION:•KINESICS•PROXEMICS
Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication is the act of imparting or interchanging thoughts, posture, opinions or _____________without the use of words, using
Nonverbal Communication
Spoken word: ______Body posture, gestures, facial expressions:
______Voice tone and inflection: ______
Nonverbal & Cultural Misunderstanding
VIDEO: Body Language: An International View (2006)
Pointing: fingers, eyes, chin or head ... even lips (Shoshone Indians)!
Miscommunication:
Types of Nonverbal Communication
Kinesics: involves ________or ____movement:
Proxemics: how people perceive and use _______.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN:
Language, languages & SpeechLANGUAGESDIALECTS
Languages
Language
language 1 any formalized system of communication,
especially one that uses sounds or written symbols which the majority of a particular community will readily understand.
2 the speech and writing of a particular nation or social group.
3 the faculty of speech.
Language, Language and Speech
FRENCH ENGLISH
“Language” Language/abilityThe innate ability to learn and produce language/code.Natural, universal and innate ability (amongst humans).
“Langue” Language/code
A code or system, used by consensus.Ex: different languages (French, English, Spanish, Greek, etc.).Collective (used within a language group, speakers of the
language)
“Parole” SpeechThe individual act of speaking
(Concrete use of the language/code). Ex: “Please stop the bus!”
Individual.
The world’s Languages
Geographic distribution of the world’s languages
LivingLanguages Percentage
Americas 1,013 15%Africa 2,058 30%Europe 230 3%Asia 2,197 32%The Pacific 1,311 19%TOTAL 6,809
(Source: Ethnologue (1996), www.ethnologue.org)
Languages Across the World
Top 10 languages by first language population:
1) Chinese (Mandarin) 873 014 000 (+178 000 000 L2 speakers)
2) Spanish 322 029 000 (+60 000 000 L2 speakers)
3) English 309 352 000 (+200 000 000 L2 speakers)
4) Hindi 180 764 0005) Portuguese 177 457 0006) Bengali 171 070 0007) Russian 145 031 000 (+110 000 000 L2 speakers)
8) Japanese 122 434 0009) German 95 393 000
(...)17) French 64 858 000 (+50 000 000 L2 speakers)
Contemporary Linguistic Analysis: chapter 8 (O’Grady, 2009; p. 289)
Galaxy of Languages (Calvet, 1999)
Gravitational Model (Calvet, 1999)
GRAVITATIONAL MODEL:
Dialect: A _________or ______variety of a language
characterized by it’s own phonological, syntactic, or lexical properties.
We will use the term « _______ » in this class instead of speaking of dialects.
Dialects
Pidgin
Pidgin: A __________that emerges when speakers of a ______language are brought together in a stable situation requiring __________________
____________________; it has ___________________and generally is considered to have a _______________ ______________________.
Creole
Creole:
A variety that arises as the __________ ____of the children of members of a ________ speech community.