Human Body

Warm-up (4/11 & 4/12)

• Turn to page 892-3 in your book and fill out the function and parts of each system

• We will go over the test in a few minutes

Quick Review

Characteristics of life order reproduction development

Energy utilization

response homeostasis evolutionary adaptation

Cell Specialization

6

Different kinds of Different kinds of animal cellsanimal cells

white blood cell

red blood cell

cheek cells

sperm

nerve cell

muscle cell

Amoeba

Paramecium

Unit 2- Overview of Life

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ Systems

Levels of organization

All 11 systems work together to maintain homeostasis

SOME EXAMPLES OF HOMEOSTASIS

One way our body maintains homeostasis is through FEEDBACK LOOPS

• Receptor – receives an environmental cue (sense organs, special glands within the body)

• Control Center – processes the feedback (brain, spinal cord)

• Effector – carries out any changes that need to be made (muscles, hormonal glands, etc.)

Blood Sugar Regulation

Homeostasis/ Feedback Lab

Feedback Lab

• Complete part 1 of the lab on your own

• Complete Part 2– Step 6 is already done for you– Step 7 – put 4 drops of Sugar instead of 5– Step 8 – add 10-15 drops of Exercise (look for

a blue color change

• Finish part 1 and 2 before you leave– If time permits, start part 3

Nervous System

• Brain• Spinal cord• Peripheral nerves

• Recognizes and coordinates the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environment

Nervous System

• Messages or electrical impulses are carried by special cells called neurons.

Neuron

III. Structure of the Nervous System

• Impulses are received by the dendrites and travel down the axon.

Dendrite Cell Body Axon

• Neurons don’t touch. The space between the two nerves is called the synapse.

• Electrochemical impulses are the “messages”

Synapse

Electrochemical impulse travels from:

Dendrite axon dendrite axon

BOTOX

b. 2 major divisions of nervous system

• i. Central nervous system (brain, spinal cord) – relays messages, processes and analyzes information

ii. Peripheral Nervous System

1. Sensory Neurons – transmit impulses from sensory organs to the CNS

2. Motor Neurons – transmit impulses from the CNS to the muscles or glands

Motor Neurons

a. Somatic Nervous System – regulates activities that under conscious control (muscles)

i. Reflex Arc – parts of the nervous system that cause a quick response to a stimulus

IV. Reflex Arc

• The automatic reaction controlled by the spinal cord

Receptor

(pain, touch, heat, etc.)

Sensory neurons Interneuron

Motor neuron

Response

b. Autonomic Nervous System

• Regulates activities that are automatic or involuntary (heart, sweat glands)

3. Interneurons

• Carry impulses between sensory and motor neurons

II. Divisions of the Nervous System

D. Brain- made of neurons– Cerebrum- controls voluntary movement,

senses, intelligence, and memory– Cerebellum- controls muscle coordination– Medulla oblongata- controls vital processes

(involuntary actions)

Nervous System Interactions – • Excretory – regulates bladder emptying

• Integumentary – regulates sweat glands and blood vessels in skin

• Skeletal – nerves are in bones; Calcium in bones for neural function

• Muscular – skeletal muscles controlled by nervous system

• Endocrine – hormones influenced by the nervous system

Nervous System

• Digestive – provides nutrients for nervous system health

• Immune – lymphatic vessels carry leaked tissue away from nervous system

• Respiratory – regulates respiratory rhythm and depth

• Circulatory – regulates heart rate and blood pressure

• Reproductive – regulates sexual response in males and females

Endocrine System

Endocrine System

• Hypothalamus• Pituitary• Thyroid• Parathyroids• Adrenals• Pancreas• Ovaries• Testes

• Controls growth, development, and metabolism using chemical messengers known as hormones

Pituitary: Too much

• Too much HGH causes giantism

• Too much vasopressin causes little urination

Pituitary: Too Little• Too little HGH causes

dwarfism.

• Too little vasopressin causes much urination.

Thyroid: Too Little

• Hypothyroidism– Low metabolism,

weight gain

• Cretinism– Dwarf and mental

retardation

• Goiter– No iodine, why iodine

is added to table salt

Pancreas: Too Much

• Too much insulin:– Hypoglycemia (low

blood sugar)

• Too much glucagon– Hyperglycemia (high

blood sugar)

Pancreas: Too Little

• Diabetes Mellitus– Type 1- cells don’t produce enough insulin

• Hereditary, often occurs in childhood

– Type 2- cells don’t respond to insulin• Based on lifestyle, often in people who are over-

weight and obese

Endocrine System Interactions – • Excretory – Hormone influence renal function

• Integumentary – activates sebaceous glands; estrogen increases skin hydration

• Skeletal – regulate calcium blood levels; growth hormone and sex hormone needed for skeletal development

• Muscular – growth hormone need for muscular development

• Nervous – hormones influence maturation and function of nervous system

Endocrine

• Digestive – influence GI function

• Immune – can depress immune responses

• Respiratory – hormones influence ventilation

• Circulatory – hormones influence blood volume, blood pressure, and heart contraction

• Reproductive – hormones direct reproductive system development and function

Warm-up (4/13 & 4/16)• Turn in feedback lab and Unit 10 Quiz 1

• Have out human body overview packet

1.How does the nervous and endocrine systems communicate respectively?

2.What type of cells make up the nervous system?

3.Looking at the diagram of the reflex arc, what do the sensory and motor neurons do?

4.When your body responds to an environmental change, this general process is known as …

Neuron

i. Reflex Arc – parts of the nervous system that cause a quick response to a stimulus

Endocrine System

Objectives

• Review scientific method, cell structure, and cell transport

• Investigate the parts and connection in function of the circulatory and respiratory systems

Respiratory System

Respiratory System

• Nose• Pharynx• Larynx• Trachea• Bronchi• Bronchioles• Lungs

• Provides oxygen for cellular respiration and removes C02 from the body

The Respiratory System

I. Functions

• Obtain O2 and release CO2

• Filter & warm incoming air

• Produce Sounds

• Aid in smelling

Why do we

breathe?

II. Parts1. Nose

2. Pharynx – connects

nose, throat & ears

3. Epiglottis – flap of

tissue that prevents

food from entering

trachea & lungs

4. Larynx (Voice Box – Adam’s Apple) – contains vocal cords

5. Trachea (Windpipe)

6. Bronchi – direct air into lungs divide into

Bronchioles which divide into

Alveoli where O2 & CO2

are exchanged, covered in blood vessels

II. Parts

• Alveoli cont.– Oxygen enters the blood stream by diffusion

Alveoli— 60% O2

40% CO2

Blood— 6% O2

94% CO2

O2

CO2

III. Inhalation

Diaphragm (muscle) contracts (lowers) – rib cage rises – chest cavity expands

III. Exhalation

Diaphragm relaxes – rib cage lowers – chest cavity decreases

Respiration Activity

IV. Homeostasis

• In order to maintain homeostasis, your body needs to have low CO2 levels in the blood

• If your CO2 levels rise, this triggers your “inhalation” urge– It’s not the oxygen levels that trigger this

reaction!

V. Pulmonary Respiration and Cell Respiration

• For cell respiration– Occurs in the mitochondria– Makes ATP energy from glucose and oxygen

while releasing carbon dioxide and water

V. Cellular Respiration

• The process of breaking down food molecules to release energy needed to form new ATP

Energy stored in thebonds of glucose

Formula:C6H12O6 + 6O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

Broken down sugar

Anaerobic Respiration

(fermentation)

Aerobic Respiration

AlcoholicFermentation

(Yeasts)

Lactic AcidFermentation(Muscles)

36 ATP

No OxygenPresent

OxygenPresent

V. Overview

Cell Respiration?

CO2O2Glucose H20+ +

CR Formula

Emphysema Lung Cancer

Respiratory System Interactions – • Excretory – Any inhaled toxins will be expelled via excretory system

• Integumentary – Increased respiratory rate during inflammatory response delivers histamines, platelets, WBC’s etc

• Skeletal – provides oxygen; removes carbon dioxide from blood

• Muscular – Delivers oxygen to active muscles aerobic respiration = LOTS of ATP!

• Endocrine – Increased Resp rate moves hormones around body

• Digestive - provides oxygen; removes carbon dioxide from blood

Respiratory

• Immune - Increased respiratory rate during inflammatory response delivers histamines, platelets, WBC’s etc.

• Nervous – provides oxygen for neural activity

• Circulatory – delivers oxygen to various body cells; returns excess carbon dioxide to lungs for expulsion

• Reproductive – Increased respiratory rate delivers more oxygen and nutrients to a growing fetus in utero

Circulatory System

• Heart• Blood vessels• Blood

• Brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, fights infection removes cell waste, regulates body temperature

I. Functions

• Transport oxygen, nutrients & waste

• Main line of defense against disease

• Carry hormones

• Regulate body temperature

• Open circulatory •hemolymph (blood & interstitial fluid) •sinuses (spaces surrounding organs)– Earthworm, clams

• Closed circulatory: blood confined to vessels– Squid, lobster,

vertebrates

II. Blood Solution Components

1. Plasma (fluid) – 90 % of plasma is water (solvent)

2. Red Blood Cells

• Produced in red bone marrow

• Carry O2 & CO2

• Solute

3. White Blood Cells

• Produced in red bone marrow

• Fights infection/disease

• Solute

4. Platelets

• Clots blood by creating a “spider web” of protein with fibers that traps blood

• Solute

Cell Specialization Review

• What makes a liver cell different from a blood cell?

• How are they the same?

III. Blood Vessels

1. Arteries• Carry blood AWAY from the heart• Muscular/elastic to allow adjustment to the

force of blood flow

Arteries

2. Veins

• Carry blood TOWARD the heart

• One way valves keep blood flowing in one direction

Veins

3. Capillaries – smallest vessels

• Connects arteries & veins• Actual exchange of gases & absorption of

nutrients occurs in capillaries

IV. Heart• 4 Chambers – 2 atria (upper chambers) &

2 ventricles (lower chambers)

• Valves prevent backflow of blood

V. The Sound of a Heartbeat

• Caused by opening & closing of heart valves

The heartbeat• Sinoatrial (SA) node (“pacemaker”): sets rate and timing of

cardiac contraction by generating electrical signals• Atrioventricular (AV) node: relay point (0.1 second delay to

ensure atria empty) spreading impulse to walls of ventricles• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

Circulation system

Blood Pressure- FYI

• Normal is around 120/80

• Systolic (top #) – Ventricles contracted – pressure of blood against arteries

• Diastolic (bottom #) – Ventricles relaxed – pressure of blood against arteries

Interactions – • Excretory – delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes;

blood pressure helps maintain kidney function

• Integumentary – delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes

• Skeletal – delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes

• Muscular – delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes

• Endocrine – delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes; blood transports hormones

• Digestive - delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes

• Immune - delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes; transports lymphocytes and antibodies

• Respiratory – delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes

• Nervous – delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes

• Reproductive – delivers oxygen and nutrients, carries away wastes

Warm-up (4/17 & 4/18)• Turn in Unit 10 Quiz #2

• Have out human body overview packet1.What grape-like structure inside your lungs

increase surface area?

2.What muscle powers the lungs?

3.What type of blood vessel is the smallest and is the site of gas exchange at the lungs and somatic cells?

4.How many chambers are in a human heart?

5.What type of blood cell carries oxygen throughout the blood?

Circulation system

Digestive System

Digestive System

• Mouth• Pharynx• Esophagus• Stomach• Large and small

intestines• Rectum

• Converts food into simpler molecules that can be used by cells, absorbs food, removes wastes

Digestion

• http://kitses.com/animation/swfs/digestion.swf

• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/chapter16/animation__organs_of_digestion.html

• To breakdown food into simpler forms (glucose) the body can use at the cellular level

I. Function

Organic Compounds1. Lipids

• Fats• Contain the most energy• Found in meats, dairy

2. Nucleic Acid• DNA/RNA• Genetic information storage• Found in all cells, not much energy

3. Carbohydrates• Monosaccharide, starches• Sugars, grains• Contain simple energy• Found in plants, sugary foods

4. Proteins • Meat, certain vegetables• Bodies produce proteins to function

Mouth

Esophagus

Stomach

Small Intestine

RectumAppendix

Large Intestine

a. Mechanical Digestion – the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces

b. Chemical Digestion – the process that turns complex molecules (fats, carbohydrates, proteins) into smaller molecules to be used by cells

–Enzymes are proteins that help your body break down the chemicals faster.

II. Digestive Process

1. Mouth – mechanical digestion (chewing) & chemical digestion (salivary glands) begins here (Enzyme: Amylase)

2. Pharynx and Esophogus- connects the mouth to the stomach

3. Stomach – mechanical (churning) and chemical (acid and enzymes) digest food further (Enzyme: Pepsin)

4. Small Intestines • Enzymes continue to break down nutrients• Absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream at

the villi.• Tiny finger like projections of the small intestines that

increase surface area

Remember this?

• Larger surface area=more absorption– Villi function as an increase in surface area

5. Large Intestines (colon) – removes water from undigested material, filled with bacteria to aid in digestion

6. Rectum – stores & packs solid wastes

7. Anus – opening through which feces exits body

Diffusion

• Movement of molecules from HIGH to LOW.– How molecules are absorbed out of the small

intestine

• Osmosis—the movement of water from high to low– How water leaves the large intestines

BA C

- glucose - water

3 Types of Solutions

1. Isotonic – is a solution where molecules move in and out at the same rate. It allows the solution to be “NORMAL”.

2. Hypotonic solution – the cell gains water and the cell swells. (Like a Hippo)

3. Hypertonic solution – the cell is going to shrink. The molecules are moving out of the cell.

Review of the 3 Types of Solutions

Which way will the water move?

Which way will the water move?

Symbiosis

• Two organisms living together.

• There are three types:

Mutualism

• 1. Mutualism benefits both species involved.

Commensalism

• 2. Commensalism occurs when one species benefits while the other is neither harmed nor benefited.

Parasitism

• 3. Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism, known as a parasite. Parasites derive benefits at the expense of another, known as the host.

Which symbiosis is bacteria in our large intestines?

• Mutualism

• A large percentage of our feces is dead symbiotic mutualism.

FYI

APPENDIX – small, fingerlike projection @ junction of small and large intestine

Interactions – • Excretory – provides nutrients for energy fuel, growth, and repair

• Integumentary – provides nutrients for energy fuel, growth, and repair; insulate dermal and subcutaneous tissues

• Skeletal – provides nutrients for energy fuel, growth and repair; absorbs calcium

• Muscular – provides nutrients for energy fuel, growth, and repair

• Endocrine – removes hormones from blood, ending their activity

• Nervous – provide nutrients for neural functioning

• Immune – provides nutrients for normal functioning; HCl in stomach provides protection against bacteria

• Respiratory – provides nutrients for energy metabolism, growth, and repair

• Circulatory – provides nutrients to heart and blood vessels

• Reproductive – provides nutrients for energy fuel, growth, and repair

Excretory System

Excretory System

• Skin• Lungs• Kidneys• Urinary bladder• Urethra

• Eliminates wastes

• B. Urethra• C. Kidney• D. Ureter• E. Bladder

Function – removes metabolic waste such as excess water, urea & salts from cells in the body

Parts – skin, lungs, kidneys & associated organs

I. Background Information

II. Parts

1. Kidneys- main excretory organ

• Located on either side of spinal column in lower back

• Filters blood to remove waste

2. Ureter – tubes between kidneys & bladder, transports urine to bladder

3. Urinary Bladder (can expand to twice its size) – stores urine which contains:

Urea – poisonous nitrogen waste

Excess water (95%)

Excess salt & sugar

4. Urethra – short tube that passes urine out of the body

Skin – part of integumentary system but also part of excretory

HOW?

Lungs- part of the respiratory system but also part of the excretory

HOW?

FYI-

Excess Glucose in Urine – indicates diabetes

High white blood cell count in urine– indicates infection

Excretory System Interactions – • Nervous – help dispose of metabolic wastes and maintain proper

electrolyte composition and pH of blood for neural functioning

• Integumentary – activates vitamin D made by keratinocytes; dispose of nitrogenous wastes

• Skeletal – activates vitamin D; dispose of nitrogenous wastes

• Muscular – dispose of nitrogenous wastes

• Endocrine – kidneys activate vitamin D (considered a hormone)

• Digestive – transform vitamin D to its active form, needed for calcium absorption

• Immune – eliminates wastes and maintains pH balance of blood

• Respiratory – dispose of metabolic wastes of respiratory system

• Circulatory – regulate blood volume and pressure by altering urine volume

• Reproductive – dispose of nitrogenous wastes; maintain acid-base balance of blood; semen exits body through urethra of male

Warm-up (4/19 and 4/20)• Turn in Quiz 4 to the tray

– Initial on the turn-in sheet

1. What structures in the small intestine increase surface area and therefore diffusion?

2. Besides the kidneys, what other organs are part of the excretory system?

3. When the digestive system breaks proteins down to their monomers, what are you left with?

4. What elements do nucleic acids have that other organic compounds don’t?

5. Why does pepsin (an enzyme in the stomach) only break down proteins and not carbohydrates?

Muscular System

• Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac muscle

• Works with skeletal system to produce voluntary movement, helps circulate blood, moves food through digestive system

II. 3 Types of muscle

• Skeletal muscle – usually attached to bone, used for voluntary movements (dancing, winking), consciously controlled by the central nervous system (CNS), has alternating light and dark bands (Striated)

b. Smooth muscle – found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels, usually used for involuntary movements (move food through digestive tract, change size of pupils), spindle-shaped (not striated)

c. Cardiac muscle – found in the heart, involuntary, striated

III. Muscle Movement

a. Muscles have to contract in a controlled manner

b. Muscle contractions are stimulated by impulses given off by motor neurons attached to each muscle

c. Skeletal muscles produce movement by working with the bones they are attached to

d. Tendons – connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

e. Skeletal muscles work in opposing pairs – as one muscle flexes, the other one relaxes (Ex. biceps and triceps)

Interactions – • Excretory – skeletal muscle forms voluntary sphincter of urethra• Integumentary – exercise increases body heat & skin helps

dissipate that heat• Skeletal – bones provide levers for muscle activity• Nervous – facial muscle activity allows emotion expression,

stimulates/regulates muscle activity• Endocrine – growth hormones/androgens influences skeletal

muscle strength/mass• Digestive – muscular contractions move food through digestive tract• Immune – physical exercise may enhance/depress immunity• Respiratory – powers breathing• Circulatory – skeletal muscle activity increase efficiency of

cardiovascular functioning;• Reproductive – skeletal muscle supports pelvic organs

Skeletal System

• Bones• Cartilage• Ligaments• Tendons

• Supports body, protects internal organs, allows movement, stores mineral reserves, site for blood cell formation

I. There are 206 bonesin the skeleton system

II. Two skeletons

a. Axial skeleton – supports the central axis of body(skull, vertebral column, rib cage)

b. Appendicular skeleton – arms, legs, pelvis, shoulder

III. Joints – where one bone attaches to another-ligaments – holds bone together

a. Immovable (fixed) joints – bones are held together or fused and allow no movement (bones in the skull)

b. Slightly movable joints – bones are separated slightly and allow a small amount of restricted movement (vertebrae)

c. Freely movable joints – allow movement in or more directions

i. Ball-and-socket joint – movement in many directions (most movement allowed)

ii. Hinge joint – back-and-forth motion

iii. Pivot joint – allows 1 bone to rotate around another

iv. Saddle joint – allows 1 bone to slide in 2 directions

Joints

1. Ball/Socket

2. Hinge

3. Pivot

4. Saddle

5. Fixed

6. Slightly movable

a) Knee

b) Skull

c) Thumb

d) Shoulder

e) Spine

f) Neck

Skeletal System Interactions – • Nervous – supports and protects central nervous system

• Integumentary – holds up skin

• Excretory – supports and protects excretory organs

• Muscular – provides levers for muscular movement

• Endocrine – hormones stimulate bones to release calcium

• Digestive – protects and supports digestive organs

• Immune – bone marrow is the site of white blood cell formation

• Respiratory – protects and supports respiratory organs

• Circulatory – bone marrow is the site of blood cell formation

• Reproductive – protects and supports reproductive organs

Integumentary System

Integumentary System

• Skin• Hair• Nails• Sweat and oil glands

• Serves as a barrier against infection and injury, regulates body temperature, protects against UV rays

Integumentary System

I. The integumentary system serves as a protective barrier and also a gateway between the environment and a person’s nervous system

II. 2 Layers of skina. Epidermis – Outside layer of skin

i. Outside layer of epidermal cells make keratin (a tough, fibrous protein), eventually die, and form a tough, flexible, waterproof covering on the surface (this outside layer of dead cells is shed once every 4-5 weeks)

ii. Inside layer of epidermal cells are living and produce melanin (a dark brown pigment that protects the skin by absorbing UV rays from the sun

b. Dermis – Inside layer of skin

i. Contains collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerve endings, smooth muscles, and hair follicles

ii. To conserve heat on a cold day, blood vessels in the dermis will constrict; whereas, on a hot day, the vessels widen to increase heat loss

iii. Sweat glands also produce sweat to cool the body (heat is taken with the sweat as it evaporates)

iv. Beneath the dermis is a third layer of fat called the hypodermis which helps insulate the body

c. Hairi. Hair covers most exposed parts of

the body1. Hair on head – protects from

UV rays, insulates from cold2. Hair in nostrils, ears, and

around eyes – keep dirt and other particles from entering the body

Integumentary Interactions – • Excretory – protects urinary organs; excretes salts and some waste

• Nervous – protects nervous system organs, contains sensory neurons

• Skeletal – protects bones, synthesize Vitamin D needed to absorb Calcium for bone health

• Muscular – protects muscle, contains motor neurons

• Endocrine – protects endocrine glands

Integumentary Interactions (Cont.)

• Digestive – protect digestive organs; provides Vitamin D

• Immune – protects from pathogen invasion

• Respiratory – protects respiratory organs

• Circulatory – protects cardiovascular system; prevents fluid loss

• Reproductive – protects reproductive organs: modified sweat glands produce milk

Lymphatic/Immune System

Lymphatic/Immune System

• White blood cells• Thymus• Spleen• Lymph Nodes• Lymph Vessels

• Helps protect the body form disease, collects fluid lost from blood vessels and returns it to circulatory system

Immune System Interactions – • Excretory – pick up leaked fluid and proteins from urinary organs; protect

from pathogens

• Integumentary – pick up leaked plasma fluid and proteins from dermis; protect from pathogens

• Skeletal – pick up leaked plasma fluid and proteins; protect bones from pathogens

• Muscular – pick up leaked fluid and proteins from skeletal muscles; protect from pathogens

• Endocrine – pick up leaked fluids and proteins; protect from pathogens

• Digestive - pick up leaked fluids and proteins; protect from pathogens

• Nervous - pick up leaked fluids and proteins; protect from pathogens

• Respiratory – pick up leaked fluids and proteins; protect from pathogens

• Circulatory – pick up leaked fluids and proteins; protect from pathogens; destroys old red blood cells

• Reproductive – pick up leaked fluids and proteins; protect from pathogens