Human Blood Vessel

Transport (II)

Human Blood VesselHuman blood vessels grown in mouse offer hope to heart attack patients.ArteriesArteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. This blood is normally oxygenated, except pulmonary and umbilical arteries.

Its function is responsible for delivering oxygen to all cells.

Systemic arteries, carrying blood from the heart to the whole body, and pulmonary arteries, carrying blood from the heart to the lungs.

Systemic arteries carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Pulmonary arteries carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.

Per-operative diagram showing superior thyroid artery arising from common carotid arteryVeinsVeins are blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart. This blood is normally deoxygenated except pulmonary and umbilical veins.

Its function is responsible for delivering carbon dioxide from cells.

Systemic veins deliver deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Pulmonary veins carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

Vein color is determined in large part by the color of venous blood, which is usually dark red (and not blue as is commonly believed) as a result of its low oxygen content.

Per-operative diagram showing bifurcated internal jugular vein, high bifurcated common carotid artery and position of spinal accessory nerve.

Most of the blood volume (60%) is contained within veins. This density allows the darker red color (appears blue) to penetrate through the skin.CapillariesCapillaries are the smallest of a body's blood vessels.

They are only 1 cell thick.

These microvessels, measuring 5-10 m in diameter, connect arterioles (artery) and venules (vein).

Exchange occurs include of:Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide NutrientWaste chemical substances between blood and surrounding tissues

(Left) : An eye infected with pathogen redden, showing capillaries. (Right) : Some red blood cells are spilling through a break in the capillary wall. CapillariesIt is the smallest blood vesselsIt is the site of exchange (by diffusion)

DiffusionThin wall (one cell)NutrientsO2CO2Waste10

The human blood vessels comprise arteries, veins and capillaries.

(Left to right) : An ovarian artery, a kidney capillary and a liver vein seen under coloured SEM.

Scanning micrograph showing valves in vein.Closed valves in a legs vein from an operation.

Micrograph showing vein (left) and artery (right). The lumen and wall are easily distinguished.These two light micrographs show both a vein (left) and an artery (right).

Vein and artery side by side in human pancreas.

The Human HeartOpen bypass surgery to remove heart.The Human HeartRight HeartCharacteristicLeft HeartCollect deoxygenated blood from the bodyAtriumCollect oxygenated blood from the lungsBody (vena cava)Blood pumped fromLungs (pulmonary veins)Pump into the lungsBlood fatePump into the bodyPulmonary arteryBlood pump throughAortaTricuspid valveValvesBicuspid valveHeartlocated inside the thorax, between the lungsenclosed by the pericardiumthe wall of heart is made of cardiac muscle and it works days and nights throughout ones lifeThe Function Of HeartPumps blood around the body

Pumps blood to the lungs

To pick up oxygen

Remove carbon dioxide

Diagram 3

20oxygen and nutrients are supplied to heart through coronary arteries while wastes are carried away by coronary veinsStructure of Heartthe heart is divided into right and left halves internally by a central wall or partition called septumheart is divided into four chambers with the two chambers at the top of heart are auricles and the two down at the bottom called ventriclesThe heart

Diagram 2

Right ventricleLeft ventricleRight atriumVena cavaLeft atriumAortaDiagram 4

SeptumRight ventricleLeft ventricleDiagram 5

Wall of left ventricle thicker than right ventricle The left ventricle has the thickest wall because it has to pump blood to all parts of the body. Right ventricleDiagram 6

262D-The Heart

Diagram 7

27

2D - The heart

Diagram 8

3D- The heart

Diagram 9

walls are relatively thinright auricles receives deoxygenated blood from the venae cavae (superior vena cava and inferior vena cava) which collect blood from all parts of the body except lungsleft auricle receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins which come from the lungsHeart-Auricles (Atrium)

Direction of Blood Flow from Auricles to VentriclesRightLeftRight auricle(atrium)Left auricle (atrium)Left ventricleRight ventricleInferior vena cavaSuperior vena cavaPulmonary veins31Heart-Ventricles have thicker and more muscular walls than the auriclesright ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteryleft ventricles pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta which takes the blood around the body

right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, which lie very close to the heart but left ventricle needs to pump blood all around the bodyleft ventricle has a thicker wall of musclesHeart-Valves prevent blood from flowing backwards, ensuring blood flows through the heart in only one directionthere are three types of valve present in heart, they are : Tricuspid valve, Bicuspid valve and Semilunar valvesTricuspid valve -valve on the right hand side lying between the right auricle and right ventricle has three partsBicuspid valve - it situates at the left hand side lying between the left auricle and left ventricle is made up of two parts Semilunar valves-situated at the entrances of the aorta and the pulmonary artery. They are pocket-shaped valves to prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricles

AortaPulmonary veinsBicuspid valveTricuspid valveVenae cavaePulmonary arteries- prevent valvesto turn inside outBlood Flow from Ventricles to Other parts of the BodySemilunar valves Ventricles SeptumHeart tendon Cardiac muscle ArticlesTo left lungTo right lungTo headTo body37

Heart Attackcardiac muscle differs from other kinds of muscle as it is able to contract repeatedly without getting tiredcoronary arteries are branches from aorta which supply nutrients and oxygen to the cardiac musclecoronary heart disease is the slow down of the flow of blood through coronary arteries which is caused by the deposition of a fatty substance called cholesterol on the inside wall of these arteries, making them narrower and rougher heart attack is a result of blocking coronary arteries so cardiac muscle cannot obtain oxygen or nutrients from blood and die as a result, the person may die

excess animal fat in the diet, smoking, high blood pressure, lack of exercise and stress may lead to heart attacksHeart Beatas cardiac muscle in its walls contracts and relaxes, heart beatssystole is the time when cardiac muscle contracts and the heart becomes smaller which squeezes blood outdiastole is the time when cardiac muscle relaxes and the heart becomes larger which allow blood to flow into the auricles and ventriclesit consists of auricular systole, ventricular systole and diastoleAuricular systole - it is about 0.1 second in duration - contraction of the two auricles, squeezing blood into the ventriclesVentricular systole -it is about 0.3 second in duration - contraction of the two ventricles- tricuspid and bicuspid valves are forced to close by the pressure of the blood, producing the first heart sound lub - semilunar valves are forced open by the pressure of the blood, so blood is forced out of the ventricles into the arteries Diastole- it is about 0.4 second in duration -all four chambers relax - blood pressure in the ventricles decreases and this causes the closure of the semilunar valves, producing the second heart sound dupCardiac cycle is the duration between one contraction of the auricles and the next and it is about 0.8 secondsBlood Circulation in ManIn one complete circulation, blood flows through heart twice but flow through the body once onlyconsists of two circuits: pulmonary circulation and systemic circulationbodylungsheartpulmonary circulationsystemic circulation49Pulmonary CirculationTissuePulmonary arteryVenae cavaeDeoxygenated bloodPulmonary veinOxygenated bloodRight auricleRight ventricleLungLeft auricleLeft ventricleSystemic Circulationcontraction of left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood out of the heart via aorta to all parts of the body (except lungs)exchange of materials occurs when blood flows through the capillaries and become deoxygenatedfinally, blood is collected by the venae cavae which drains them into the right auricle of the heart

Lymphatic SystemTissue fluid - fluid formed when the high blood pressure at the arterial end of a capillary forces fluid out through it but red blood cells, platelets and plasma proteins stay back in the bloodstream - used to bath the cells and keeps them in the right condition and provides a medium for exchange of materials between blood and cellsLymph- excess tissue fluid which cannot be returned to the capillaries by osmosis but drained into lymph capillaries - lymph capillaries are colourless vessels present in the tissues and it will join up to form large lymph vessels- lymph vessels carry lymph to subclavian veins which empty into the heart through the superior vena cava- lymphatic vessels contain valves, which help to keep the lymph flowing in the right direction - contraction of skeletal muscles also aids the flow of lymphLymph nodes (lymph glands)- situated on the way from the tissue to the subclavian veins

Lymph nodes- made up of tiny spaces like a sponge and lymph is filtered through these spaces before it can continue to return to the bloodstream - contain large numbers of white blood cells to destroy bacteria and toxin in lymph to return excess tissue fluid to blood system as a medium for material exchange between capillaries and tissue cellsFunctions of Lymphatic System fats are absorbed by lacteals which join the lymphatic system so it transport absorbed fats the lymph node filters the lymph, it also produce lymphocytes which make antibodiesFunctions of Transport System in Angiosperms carries water and mineral salts from the roots to the mesophyll cells of the leaves for photosynthesis by xylem xylem and phloem are together called vascular bundlescarries foods made in the leaves by photosynthesis to other cells of the plant by phloemArrangement of Conducting Tissues in Angiospermsin root - close to central position in which xylem is found in the centre in a star-like arrangement and phloem lies between the radial arms of the xylem66in stem - close to the epidermis where the conducting tissues are arranged in aring near the outside edge, with phloem lying outside and xylem inside- to resist the strong pulling force from the wind blowing the shoot67- to resist the strong bending force produced by windin leaves - vascular bundles are often called veins in which xylem lies above the phloemXylem consists of long tubular vessels each vessel is made up of many dead cells which are hollow and joined end to end xylem vessels run from the root, through the stem and finally branch out into every leaf of the plant the end walls of the cells have disappeared and so a long and open tube is formedxylem vessels contain no cytoplasm or nucleito prevent xylem from collapsing, they have thick cell walls made of cellulose and strengthened by rings of a woody substance called lignin Phloem made up of tube cells called sieve tubes which are living cells joined end to end by perforated horizontal walls called sieve plate

the perforations allow dissolved substances to flow through them so food made in the leaves can be carried to other parts of the plant sieve tubes contain cytoplasm but no nuclei and they do not have lignin in their cell walls each sieve tube has a companion cell next to it but this companion cell does not have nucleus and contain many other organellesComparison between Sieve Tubes and VesselsSieve Tubes Vesselsliving cellsdead cellssmaller diameterlarger diameterwalls relatively thin, flexible, composed of cellulosewalls relatively thick, hard, strengthened by rings of ligninComparison between Sieve Tubes and VesselsSieve Tubes Vesselsthe lumens of mature cells are filled with cytoplasmthe lumens of mature cells are emptyend walls of adjacent sieve tubes from sieve platesend walls of adjacent vessels cells break downUpward Transportation of Water and Mineral Saltsroot pressurecapillarity by transpiration pull Transpiration Pullmost of the water rising up in the xylem of the stem is pulled up by thisduring transpiration, water is continually removed from the top of xylem vessels to supply cells in the leaves so pressure at the top of xylem reduces and water flows up

Transport of Organic Nutrients translocation is the process of transporting the manufactured carbohydrates in photosynthesis via phloem from the leaves to other parts of the plant

~ End ~The Human Heart

And you will see the mountains and think them solid, but they shall pass away as the passing away of the clouds. The Work of Allh, Who perfected all things, verily! He is Well-Acquainted with what you do.

Dan engkau melihat gunung-ganang, engkau menyangkanya tetap membeku, padahal ia bergerak cepat seperti bergeraknya awan; (demikianlah) perbuatan Allah yang telah membuat tiap-tiap sesuatu dengan serapi-rapi dan sebaik-baiknya; sesungguhnya Dia Amat Mendalam PengetahuanNya akan apa yang kamu lakukan. An Naml, 88The Human Heart

And on the earth are signs for those who have Faith with certainty, And also in your ownselves. Will you not then see?

Dan di bumi itu terdapat tanda-tanda (kekuasaan Allah) bagi orang-orang yang yakin. Dan (juga) pada dirimu sendiri. Maka apakah kamu tidak memperhatikan?

Adh Dhariyaat, 20-21