HUMAN ANATOMY:A Prosection Guide

3rd Edition

Frank J. Daly

Cover image

www.kendallhunt.comSend all inquiries to:4050 Westmark DriveDubuque, IA 52004-1840

Copyright © 2010 by Frank J. Daly.

ISBN 978-0-7575-

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.

Printed in the United States of America10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

GROSS ANATOMY LABORATORY PROCEDURES

1. Appropriate laboratory attire is required: Scrubs (full-length, scrub pants), close-toed shoes (no Crocs), safety glasses, and Nitrile gloves.

Scrubs are available in the campus bookstore (no specific color required).NO shorts or skirts permitted, even if made from scrub material.Safety glasses for splash protection are available in the lab.Gloves will be provided; please try to limit use to ~ 1 pair/session.Long hair must be tied back, away from the face. Long necklaces should be removed.Contact Lenses are NOT advised,

as they are permeable to volatile compounds and may result in injury.Students should bring their lab manual to lab sessions.

2. No food or beverages are allowed in the laboratory - EVER.

Smoking and/or chewing gum is prohibited in the laboratory.

3. No cadaveric materials (or models) are EVERto be removed from the Gross Anatomy lab.

This is a State and a Federal law. You WILL be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.

Models, prepared specimens, etc., are available during scheduled class and open lab times.Any student who damages a model will be held financially responsible.Model keys are found in the 3-ring notebooks and at http://faculty.une.edu/cas/fdaly.

4. No gloves should be worn outside of the lab or while a student is handling models or real bone.

This also pertains to x-ray lightboxes, LCD screens, and blackboards.The reason that you wear gloves is to protect yourself.Handling “clean” material with dirty gloves negates the safety of using gloves.

5. Keep the floor free from material that might fall from the dissection tables.

The embalming fluid is VERY slippery.To avoid falling hazards, please clean slippery spots immediately. (Don’t wait to be asked!)Spray Simple Green on the greasy spot AND wipe until dry;

just spraying is NOT enough.

iii

6. Please keep all material (skin, organs, limbs, etc.) at the table with the rightful “owner.”

This is to ensure that when the cadavers have finished their role at the University, they will be returned in full to the surviving family members.

7. Keep the cadaveric tissue moistened with the wetting solution provided (Infutrace).

Infutrase minimizes the vaporization of the phenolic compounds in the embalming solution.Help maintain the dissections by making sure that the body bags are closed.

8. There are no “clean sinks” in the lab.

The sinks in the lab are used to wash tools and trays, as well as hands.Wash your hands prior to leaving the lab AND again after changing in the locker room.

9. Pregnant or nursing women are STRONGLY discouraged from participating in the laboratory.

There is evidence that indicates women exposed to phenolic solvents during pregnancy have increased incidence of children born with congenital birth defects.

Those interested in laboratory alternatives will be accommodated.

10. Report all injuries sustained in laboratory to an instructor/teaching assistant.

You will be required to fill out an injury report form. Forms are located in the wall hangers near sinks in lab.

iv

TREATMENT OF CADAVERA

1. Confidentiality of the identity of all bodies must be assured, including anonymous donation, for student usage.

2. Matriculating students are authorized to utilize human bodies for anatomical courses ofmedicine, dentistry, or allied health sciences at institutions authorized by State statutes.This use is subject to the rules and regulations prescribed by the Anatomical Board, andthe Board may allow such people access to the location where bodies are utilized foranatomical study without further specific approval. Faculty members, residents, medicalstudents, and appropriate non-faculty medical, dental, or nursing practitioners notenrolled in a course at an institution for study may also utilize the cadavera, if givenpermission by the responsible person designated by that institution. The study must becarried out in the approved areas given this purpose within that institution, as describedbelow.

3. A body or bodies must be utilized in specific locations approved by the Anatomical Board.Such locations are to be construed as restricted areas and must be designed to ensure theproper security of the body, prevent unauthorized access or usage, contain facilities requiredfor the proper manner of scientific usage, and remain in a securely locked condition when notin immediate use. Places for body storage, such as departmental morgues, are to be construedas restricted areas. Access is to be limited to the faculty and appropriate staff of that responsibleperson designated by that institution for admission to this restricted area. Only applicationsgiving legitimate reasons for access will be approved.

4. Photographs of a body or any of its parts are not to be made for any reason without theexpress CONSENT of the Anatomical Board or the responsible person designated by theinstitution. The Board retains the right to edit, with respect to propriety, all photographsutilizing gross anatomical human material intended for publication, and the Board mustbe notified of intention to publish such material.

5. The Anatomical Board emphasizes the importance of maintaining the continuing goodwill of the public. Students who will utilize bodies for anatomical study are to bethoroughly instructed on the proper manner of professional conduct. No action is to bemade, public or private, that in any way will demean the human body. Conversationalimproprieties and any other manner of unprofessional or unethical conduct are strictlyprohibited. The need for genuine and sincere respect for the dignity of the deceasedhuman body and the obligation to treat the body in a responsible and professionalmanner are to be regarded as essential. While authorized students or others approved bythe Board or by the responsible person of an institution have access to locations for bodyusage, SUCH INDIVIDUALS DO NOT HAVE THE AUTHORITY IN TURN TOGRANT ADMISSION OR VISITATION PRIVILEGES FOR GUESTS NOTAPPROVED BY THE RESPONSIBLE PERSON DESIGNATED BY THEINSTITUTION. Only persons having legitimate purpose shall be granted admission orthe privilege of usage. All guests granted admission to location for anatomical study mustcomply with the professional standards outlined herein.

*** Students with hypersensitivities to formaldehyde: be aware that respiratory masks are available at Student Health. ***

Respirators issued by the University MUST have a written physician’s approval for use.Disposable respirators may also be found at www.homedepot.com or www.lowes.com.

v

REFERENCES

Ayers DM (1972) Bioscientific Terminology: Words from Latin and Greek Stems, University of Arizona Press

Borror DJ (1971) Dictionary of Word Roots and Combining Forms, Mayfield Publishing, Palo Alto

Donath T (1969) Anatomical Dictionary with Nomenclatures and Explanatory Notes, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK

Drake RL, Vogl W, Mitchell AWM (2005) Gray’s Anatomy for Students (1st ed.) Elsevier

Field EJ, Harrison RJ (1968) Anatomical Terms: Their Origin and Derivations (3rd ed.), Heffer, Cambridge, UK

Grine FE (2005) Regional Human Anatomy (2nd ed.) McGraw Hill, New York.

Mayhew TM (2001) Anatomical Terms and What They Mean, Nottingham University Press, UK

Meta LA, Natrajan M, Kothari ML (1996) Understanding anatomical terms, Clin Anatomy 9:330-6

Moore KL, Agur AM (2002) Essential Clinical Anatomy (2nd ed.)Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore

Moore KL, Dalley AF (1999) Clinically Oriented Anatomy (4th ed.) Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore

Netter FH (2003) Atlas of Human Anatomy (3rd ed.) Icon Learning Systems

Peterson D (1999) Gross Anatomy Lab Manual, University of New England, unpublished

Pugh (2000) Stedman's Medical Dictionary (27th ed.), Lippencott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore

Skinner HA (1961) The Origin of Medical Terms (2nd ed.) Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore

Wilheim (2007) Quick guide to the language of science and medicine, Mosby / Elsevier

Williams PL (1999) Gray’s Anatomy (38th ed.) Churchill Livingstone, UK

http://www.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/words.exe

http://www.biology,ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zool250/Roots

vi

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chew

erm

atri-

/ m

ater

mot

her

max

i- / m

axim

larg

e, g

reat

est

max

ill-

jaw

mea

tus

pass

age,

cha

nnel

, can

alm

edi-

med

ium

med

ull-

mar

row,

cen

ter m

ost p

art,

quin

tess

ence

mel

an /

mel

anin

blac

k, d

ark

men

ing-

/ m

enin

xm

embr

ane

men

iscus

cres

cent

men

tum

chin

mes

- / m

eso-

mid

dle

met

a-af

ter,

beyo

ndm

in -

/ min

orsm

alle

rm

inim

-sm

alle

stm

itral

refe

rs to

a b

ishop

's ha

t (m

itre)

mot

orm

over

mul

ti-m

any

myo

-m

uscl

ena

ri- /

narls

-no

stril

, nos

ene

o-ne

wne

phr-

/ ne

phro

ski

dney

x

nerv

ebu

ndle

d fa

scic

les o

utsid

e ce

ntra

l ner

vous

syste

mne

ur-

nerv

eni

gr-

blac

k no

dekn

otnu

ch- /

nuc

hal

back

of n

eck

nucl

e- /

nucl

eus

little

nut

obtu

rat-

/ ob

tura

tor

clos

ed, t

hat w

hich

is c

lose

d or

occ

lude

doc

cip-

back

of h

ead

occu

ltahi

dden

ocul

- / o

pti-

/ oph

thal

mo-

eye

-oid

like,

rese

mbl

es ,

in th

e sh

ape

of

olec

rano

nsk

ull (

cran

ion)

of t

he u

lna

(ole

ne)

olfa

ctsm

ell

olig

o-fe

w, s

cant

yom

ent-

/ om

entu

mfa

tty

cove

ring

, fat

ty e

ntra

ils, b

owel

s, om

o-sh

ould

erom

ohyo

idm

uscl

e fr

om sh

ould

er (o

mo-

) to

hyoi

d bo

neop

pone

nsop

posin

gor

- / o

s- /

osti-

mou

thor

bi-

circ

leor

chid

-te

stis

-oru

mbe

long

ing

to, p

rope

rty

ofos

cox

aebo

ne o

f the

hip

oseo

ph- /

eso

ph-

gulle

tos

s- /

oste

o-bo

neot

- / o

ticea

r pa

late

/ pa

tella

plat

e, sm

all p

late

palli

dpa

lepa

mpi

nifo

rmfo

rm o

f a te

ndril

panc

reas

all f

lesh

papi

llalit

tle n

ippl

epa

ra-

adja

cent

, bes

ide,

nea

r / tw

o lik

e pa

rts,

pair

parie

tal

refe

rs to

a w

all

paro

tidbe

side

the

ear

pars

part

parv

i- / p

arvo

-lit

tlepe

ctus

/ pe

ctor

isch

est

ped-

/ pe

s / p

od- /

ped

uncl

efo

ot /

little

foot

pellu

cid-

shin

ing

thro

ugh

peri-

arou

nd, s

urro

undi

ngpe

riost

ium

arou

nd (p

eri)

the

bone

(ost

eon)

pes a

nser

inus

goos

e fo

otpe

tr- /

pet

rous

rock

, har

dph

alan

x / p

hala

nges

clos

e fo

rmat

ion

of so

lidie

rs-p

hrag

mpa

rtiti

on, f

ence

phre

n- /

phre

nic

diap

hrag

m, m

ind

-phy

sisgr

owth

pia

tend

erpi

nea-

/ pi

neal

pine

con

epi

nna

/ pin

nat-

feat

her

pisu

m /

pisi-

/ pi

sifor

mpe

a, fo

rm o

f a p

eapl

aty-

/ pl

atys

ma

flat

pleu

rasid

e of

bod

ypl

ex- /

ple

xus

inte

rwov

en, b

raid

, pla

itpl

ica

fold

, dou

ble

uppn

eum

o- /

pneu

mon

-ai

r, lu

ngpo

llex

thum

bpo

nsbr

idge

popl

iteal

refe

rs to

the

hollo

w o

f the

kne

epo

st-

behi

nd, a

fter,

subo

rdin

ate

topr

e- /

pro-

befo

re, i

n fr

ont o

f, fo

rwar

d, fi

rst,

prom

otin

gpr

ofun

d- /

prof

unda

deep

pron

ate

to b

end

forw

ard

prop

rioce

ptiv

eto

tak

e on

e's

own,

sen

sory

info

fro

m m

uscl

es,

tend

ons

pros

trat

elie

flat

xi

prox

imal

near

est t

o ce

nter

of b

ody

or o

rigin

psoa

slo

inpt

er- /

pte

rion

/ pte

rygo

idw

ing,

rese

mbl

es a

win

gpt

osis

falli

ngpu

bi-

sexu

ally

mat

ure

pude

ndal

sham

edpu

lmo-

lu

ngpy

rus-

/ py

ri- /

pirif

orm

form

of a

pea

rqu

adri-

/ qu

arte

r / te

tr-

four

qu

adric

eps

four

hea

dsra

dius

whe

el sp

oke

ram

usbr

anch

raph

seam

re-

back

aga

inre

ct- /

rect

us /

rect

umst

raig

htre

n- /

rena

lki

dney

, ref

ers t

o ki

dney

ret-

/ re

te /

retin

ane

t, ne

twor

k, li

ttle

net

retr

o-be

hind

, afte

r, ba

ckw

ard

retr

ogra

deba

ck to

war

ds c

ell b

ody

rhin

- / rh

ino-

nose

, sno

utrh

ombu

s / rh

ombo

iddi

amon

d sh

aped

, res

embl

es a

dia

mon

dris

oriu

sfr

om ri

sor,

to la

ugh

or sm

ilero

str-

/ ro

stra

lbe

ak, p

row

rota

- tu

rn, r

otat

e, re

volv

e, tu

rn a

roun

dru

br- /

rub

rore

dsa

ccul

-lit

tle b

ag, p

urse

, sac

het

sacr

- / sa

crum

hole

y, ho

ly, sa

cred

, con

secr

ated

sagi

ttal

rese

mbl

es a

n ar

row

, ant

erop

oste

rior

salp

inx

/ sal

ping

o-tu

be o

r tru

mpe

tsa

phen

ous

visib

lesa

rtor

ius

tailo

rsc

ala

/ sca

lene

ladd

er, s

tairc

ase,

une

ven,

une

qual

leng

thsc

ap- /

scap

h- /

scap

hoid

hollo

w, b

owl,

ship

, res

embl

es a

boa

t or s

kiff

scle

r-ha

rdse

lla tu

rcic

aTu

rkish

sadd

lese

mi-

half

sept

umpa

rtiti

onse

rrat

- / se

rrat

usja

gged

edg

ed, s

aw to

othe

d, n

otch

edse

sam

oid

rese

mbl

es a

her

b se

edsig

m- /

sigm

oid

rese

mbl

es th

e le

tter

S o

r sig

ma

(Σ)

sin- /

sinu

sca

vity

, rec

ess,

hollo

w, b

aysip

ho-

tube

or t

rum

pet

som

a / -

som

ebo

dysp

hen-

/ sp

heno

idw

edge

, res

embl

es a

wed

ge

sphi

nct-

clos

ing,

ban

dsp

leni

usba

ndag

esq

uam

- / sq

uam

ous

fish

scal

e, fl

atst

apes

stirr

upst

ell-

/ ste

llate

star

ster

n- /

ster

num

brea

stbo

ne, c

hest

styl

- / st

yloi

dco

lum

n, p

en,

peg,

res

embl

es o

lum

n, p

en o

rpe

gsu

b-be

low,

und

er, b

enea

thsu

lc- /

sulc

usfu

rrow

or d

itch

supe

r- /

supr

a-be

yond

, abo

ve, o

ver,

exce

ssiv

esu

pin-

/ su

pina

teto

lie

back

, ben

d ba

ckw

ards

syn-

/ sy

naps

ejo

ined

toge

ther

, with

syno

vial

join

ed w

ith (s

yn-)

an

egg

(ovu

m)

tact

ilere

latin

g to

touc

hta

enia

/ te

nia

ribbo

n, b

and

talu

s / ta

rsus

ankl

ete

ct- /

tect

umco

vere

d, ro

of, r

oof-l

ike

cove

ring,

cei

ling

tegm

entu

msk

in, b

ody

arm

or, c

over

ing,

clo

thin

gte

le-

fra,

end

tena

cul-

hold

ing

tent

or-

spre

adin

g lik

e a

tent

xii

tere

sro

und,

smoo

thth

alam

-in

ner

cham

ber,

bedc

ham

ber,

mar

riage

cha

m-

ber

-the

le /

-the

lium

cell

laye

rth

enar

palm

of h

and,

bas

e of

thum

bth

yreo

- / th

ryro

idre

sem

bles

a sh

ield

tibia

flute

trab

- / tr

abec

ula

beam

, sup

port

ing

beam

trac

hy /

trac

hea

roug

htr

act

draw

ing

out,

enlo

ngat

ed p

ath

of c

entr

al n

erv-

ous s

yste

mtr

ago-

/ tr

agus

goat

tr

ans-

acro

ss, t

hrou

ghtr

apez

- / tr

apez

ius /

trap

ezoi

dfo

ur si

ded

tabl

etr

ema-

hole

tri-

/ ter

- / te

rti-

thre

e, tr

iple

tric

eps /

triq

uetr

umth

ree

head

s / th

ree

corn

ers

trig

emin

alth

ree

twin

str

ocha

nter

runn

ertr

ochl

eapu

lley,

bloc

k an

d ta

ckle

tube

rsw

ellin

g ou

tgro

wth

tuni

caco

verin

gty

mpa

n- /

tym

panu

mdr

umul

na /

ole-

elbo

wum

bilic

- / o

mph

alos

nave

l, be

lly b

utto

nun

c- /

uncu

sho

okuv

- / u

vela

/ uv

ula

grap

es, l

ittle

gra

peva

gina

shea

thva

gus

wan

derin

gva

lgus

knoc

k kn

ee, c

onve

rgin

g at

kne

eva

rus

bow

legg

edva

s-ve

ssel

velu

mve

il

vent

r- /

vent

ral

belly

, ant

erio

rve

rm- /

ver

mifo

rmw

orm

, for

m o

f a w

orm

vesi-

/ ve

ssic

-bl

adde

r, bl

ister

vinc

ula

chai

nsvi

sc- /

visc

era

orga

ns o

f bod

y ca

vity

vita

life

vitr

- / v

itreo

usgl

ass,

glas

syvo

mer

plou

ghsh

are

xiph

i / x

ypho

idsw

ord,

rese

mbl

es a

swor

dzy

g- /

zygo

s / z

ygot

eyo

ke, s

omet

hing

that

is y

oked

or j

oine

d

xiii

xv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

GROSS ANATOMY LABORATORY PROCEDURES......................................................iiiTREATMENT OF CADAVERA ........................................................................................vWORD BANK AND DEFINITIONS ..............................................................................viiINTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................1

Anatomical Terms......................................................................................................1NERVOUS/VASCULAR/SKELETAL SYSTEMS................................................................5

Nervous System ........................................................................................................5Vascular System ........................................................................................................6Skeletal System ..........................................................................................................6

DELTOID/PECTORAL ....................................................................................................13Superficial Back ......................................................................................................13Acromioclavicular Joint ..........................................................................................14Pectoral Region........................................................................................................15Sternoclavicular Joint ..............................................................................................16Breast and Lymphatic Tissue ..................................................................................16Deltoid Region ........................................................................................................17Glenohumeral Joint ..............................................................................................18

AXILLA AND BRACHIAL REGION ..............................................................................21Brachial Plexus ........................................................................................................21Brachial Region ......................................................................................................22Vasculature1 ............................................................................................................23

ANTEBRACHIUM, HAND, AND JOINTS....................................................................27Elbow Joint ............................................................................................................27Radioulnar Joints ....................................................................................................28Wrist Joint ..............................................................................................................28Anterior Antebrachium............................................................................................29Posterior Antebrachium ..........................................................................................31Muscles of the Hand ..............................................................................................33

UPPER EXTREMITY REVIEW ......................................................................................35Shoulder ..................................................................................................................35Brachium ................................................................................................................35Antebrachium..........................................................................................................36Hand ......................................................................................................................36

BACK ............................................................................................................................39Deep Back ..............................................................................................................41Sub-Occipital Triangle ............................................................................................42Vertebral Column....................................................................................................43Spinal Cord ............................................................................................................44

GLUTEAL ........................................................................................................................47Gluteal ....................................................................................................................47Lumbrosacral Plexus 1 – Posterior ..........................................................................48Hip Joint ................................................................................................................49Sacroiliac Joint ........................................................................................................49

THIGH ............................................................................................................................53Medial Thigh ..........................................................................................................53Posterior Thigh........................................................................................................54Anterior Thigh ........................................................................................................54

xvi

KNEE & LEG & FOOT ..................................................................................................59Popliteal Fossa ........................................................................................................59Knee Joint ..............................................................................................................59Ankle Joint ..............................................................................................................60Leg ..........................................................................................................................61Foot ........................................................................................................................63

LOWER EXTREMITY REVIEW......................................................................................65Back ........................................................................................................................65Gluteal ....................................................................................................................65Thigh ......................................................................................................................65Leg ..........................................................................................................................66Foot ........................................................................................................................66

BRAIN/SKULL ................................................................................................................69Cerebral Cortex ......................................................................................................69Diencephalon ..........................................................................................................70Brainstem ................................................................................................................70Cerebellum..............................................................................................................70Limbic Structures ....................................................................................................71Cerebral Blood Supply ............................................................................................72Meninges ................................................................................................................72Cerebrospinal Fluid ................................................................................................73

SKULL 1 – EXTERNAL SKULL (Closed Skulls)..............................................................74NECK ............................................................................................................................79

Superficial Neck ......................................................................................................79Root of the Neck ....................................................................................................80Neck Triangles ........................................................................................................81Deep (Pre-Verebral) Neck........................................................................................83Sub-Occipital Triangle ............................................................................................84

EAR, NOSE, THROAT ....................................................................................................87Ear ..........................................................................................................................87Larynx and Trachea ................................................................................................88Pharynx and the Esophagus ....................................................................................89

SKULL 2 – ANTERIOR/MIDDLE/POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA (Open Skulls)......90Cranial Nerves ........................................................................................................92

FACE/MASTICATION/EYE ............................................................................................97Facial Nerves ..........................................................................................................97Nerves ....................................................................................................................97Scalp........................................................................................................................98Mastication ..............................................................................................................99Temporomandibular Joint ......................................................................................99Cranial Nerves ......................................................................................................100Eye ........................................................................................................................101

SKULL 3 – ANTERIOR/MIDDLE/POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA ........................103THORAX ........................................................................................................................107

Thoracic Wall ........................................................................................................107Breast and Lymphatic Tissue ................................................................................108Lungs & Pleurae....................................................................................................109Diaphragm ............................................................................................................109Mediastinum ........................................................................................................110Heart ....................................................................................................................111

ABDOMEN I ..................................................................................................................115Anterior Abdominal Wall ......................................................................................115Posterior Abdominal Wall......................................................................................116Abdominal Blood ..................................................................................................117Hepatic Portal System ..........................................................................................117Nerves of the Abdominal Cavity............................................................................118Urinary System......................................................................................................119Suprarenal Glands ................................................................................................119Peritoneal Cavity....................................................................................................119

ABDOMEN II ................................................................................................................123Gastrointestinal Tract 1 ......................................................................................123

Esophagus ........................................................................................................123Stomach ............................................................................................................123Small Intestine: Duodenum ..............................................................................123

Gastrointestinal Tract 2 ......................................................................................124Small Intestine: Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum....................................................124Cecum/Vermiform Appendix ............................................................................125Large Intestine: Ascending, Transverse, Descending, Sigmoid Colon ................125

Accessory Digestive Organs ................................................................................125Liver..................................................................................................................125Gallbladder ......................................................................................................126Pancreas ............................................................................................................126Spleen ..............................................................................................................126

PELVIS ..........................................................................................................................129Pelvic Cavity ......................................................................................................129

Pelvic Diaphragm..............................................................................................129Perineal Muscles ................................................................................................130

Female Perineum ................................................................................................130Female Pelvis ......................................................................................................131Male Pelvis..........................................................................................................132Male Perineum....................................................................................................132

xvii