HUA1 Bien Phap Sinh Hoc Trong Bvtv Nv Dinh

7/23/2019 HUA1 Bien Phap Sinh Hoc Trong Bvtv Nv Dinh

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B GIO DC V O TOTRNG I HC NNG NGHIP H NI

NGUYN VN NH (ch bin) TN DNG, H QUANG HNG,

PHM VN LM, PHM BNH QUYN, NG TH XUYN

GIO TRNHBIN PHP SINH HC

TRONG BO V THC VT(DNG CHO HI HC)

H NI 2004


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Trngi hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Bin php sinh hc trong Bo v thc vt 1

LI NI U

Bc sang th k XXI loi ngi cng nhn thc r rng hn vi nhngthch thc v an ninh lng thc, nhim v s nng ln ca tri t, s gim st adng sinh hc v an ton lng thc thc phm. Trong sn xut nng nghip cn pdng tt hn nhng tin b v cng ngh sinh hc v sinh thi tng hp.

Bin php sinh hc, mt bin php ch lc trong qun l dch hi tng hpngy cng c coi trng hn. S liu minh chng rng, hng nm chi ph v vthuc bo v thc vt vo khong hn 8,5 t la M, l con s rt nh so vi tnggi tr 400 t la M ca bin php sinh hc (Van Lenteren, 2005). iu ny cngcho chng ta thy ngun ti nguyn sinh vt l v cng phong ph thc s cha khaithc ht, thm ch do hiu bit cha y v cc mi quan h trong sinh gii, conngi v tnh hu hoi ngun ti nguyn ny, lm cho chng ngy mt cn kit,rt nhiu loi thin ch b bin mt.

Bin php sinh hc c con ngi s dng t th k th 3, bt u bngvic dn d kin phng tr su hi cam qut. Trong gn 2000 nm qua, bin phpsinh hc c rt nhiu thnh tu. Ch tnh ring hn 100 nm li y, nhnhng tinb trong nghin cu sinh hc v sinh thi hc, c 2000 loi chn khp thin ch

c gii thiu v hin nay c trn 150 loi k sinh, bt mi v vi sinh vt ang cnui nhn thng mi s dng trong cc chng trnh trong tr dch hi trn tonth gii. Vi nhng u th to ln, trong tng lai chc chn bin php sinh hc ngycng c s dng rng ri.

Gio trnh Bin php sinh hc trong Bo v thc vt c xy dng nhmp ng yu cu nng cao kin thc ca sinh vin chuyn ngnh Bo v thc vt vnhm sinh vt v cng quan trng trong sinh gii, v thnh phn, tm quan trng vcc bin php nhm duy tr cng nh nhn nui v ng dng chng trong sn xutnng nghip.

Thut ng bin php sinh hc l rt rng. Trong bo v thc vt cc nhmgy hi li rt phong ph, chng gm cn trng, c di, vi sinh vt Gio trnh ny cp nhiu hn ti cc nhm cn trng, virut, vi khun v nm gy hi cn trnghi. Ngoi ra, mi quan h gia cc bin php nng hc v bin php sinh hc, ccnhm vi sinh vt i khng v tuyn trng cng c gii thiu. Bin php sinh hcsu hi la l bi hc in hnh v nghin cu v thnh tu trong thc tin hin nay.

Gio trnh bao gm 4 phn:- Phn A: Mu

o Chng I. nh ngha v ni dung: PGS.TS. Nguyn Vn nh,Trng i hc nng nghip I H Ni

o Chng II. Lch s bin php sinh hc: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Lm,Vin Bo v thc vt v Nguyn Vn nh, Trng i hc nngnghip I H Ni

- Phn B: Cskhoa hc ca bin php sinh hco

Chng III. Cn bng sinh hc: PGS.TS. Phm Bnh Quyn, i hcQuc gia H Nio Chng IV. Mt s thnh tu ca Bin php sinh hc: GS.TS. H

Quang Hng, Trng i hc nng nghip I H Nio Chng V. Cc bin php nng hc v bin php sinh hc: PGS.TS.

Phm Vn Lm, Vin Bo v thc vt.- Phn C. K th t nhin ca dch hi: Vai tr v c im ng dng


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o Chng VI. Cc tc nhn gy bnh cn trng Nhm virt cn trng: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Lm, Vin Bo v

thc vt Nhm vi khun v nm cn trng: PGS.TS. Nguyn Vn

nh, TS. Tn Dng, Trng i hc Nng nghip I HNi

Nhm vi khun v nm i khng: TS. Tn Dng, Trngi hc Nng nghip I H Ni

Nhm tuyn trng: TS. Ng Th Xuyn, Trng i hc Nngnghip I H Ni

o Chng VII. Nhm cn trng: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Lm, Vin Bo vthc vt.

- Phn D. Nhn nui v s dng k th t nhino Chng VIII. Nhn nui v s dng k th t nhin: PGS.TS. Nguyn

Vn nh v GS.TS. H Quang Hng, Trng i hc nng nghip IH Ni

o Chng IX. Bin php sinh hc su hi la: PGS. TS. Phm VnLm, Vin Bo v thc vt.

Hnh v trang ba v sp xp bn tho gio trnh do KS Nguyn cTng, Trng i hc Nng nghip I thc hin.

Cui cc phn c danh lc cc ti liu tham kho chnh, sinh vin c th tracu mrng hiu bit ca mnh. Ngoi ra, sinh vin cn c thm cc ti liu:- DeBach, P., 1974. Biological control by natural enemies. Cambridge University

Press, Cambridge: 323 pp.- Driesche, R.G., & T.S. Bellows, 1996. Biological Control. Chapman & Hall,

New York: 539 pp.- Helle, W. & M.W. Sabelis eds. 1985. Spider mites. Their biology, natural

enemies and control. 2 Vols., Elsevier, Amsterdam: 405, 458 pp.

- Huffaker, C.B. & P.S. Messenger eds. 1976. Theory and Practice of BiologicalControl. Academic Press, New York: 788 pp.- Julien, M.H. ed. 1987. Biological control of weeds: a world catologue of

agents and their target weeds. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon: 150 pp.- Lenteren J.C. van (ed) 2005. IOBC internet book of biological control.

www.IOBC-Global.org- Lenteren, J.C. van (ed.), 2003. Quality Control and Production of Biological

Control Agents: Theory and Testing Procedures. CABI Publishing,Wallingford, UK: 327 pp.

- Hong c Nhun 1979. u tranh sinh hc v ng dng. NXB Khoa hc vK thut. 147 trang.

- Samuel S. Gnanamanickam, 2002. Biological control of crop diseases.

Rt mong nhn c sng gp kin ca cc bn sinh vin v cc ngnghip.

H Ni, nm 2005Tp th tc gi


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Phn AMU

Cht lng cuc sng ca con ngi ngy cng nng cao, i hi cc snphm nng nghip v mi trng an ton. iu ny ch c tht c khi mi cnbng sinh hc trong t nhin c duy tr n nh.

Trong sn xut nng nghip hin nay vi hng lot cc yu t thng xuynthay i trong qu trnh canh tc t khi gieo trng n khi thu hoch, vic gia tngu vo (ging, phn ha hc, thuc tr dch hi,) v ang lm gim sa dngsinh hc dn n mt cn bng sinh hc. H qu l nhiu loi thin ch gim slng nghim trng, khng th khng chc dch hi v do dch hi bng phts lng qu mc, gy thit hi ngy mt nhiu i vi cy trng. gi vng nngsut, ngi ta li phi s dng cc loi thuc bo v thc vt, ch yu l cc loithuc ha hc v c nh vy vng lun qun tng sn lng, tng u vo, nguy csn phm khng an ton v nhim mi trng li tip tc din ra.

Trong thi gian tng i di 1950-1980 m bo sn lng nng sn,con ngi s dng ch yu l bin php phng tr ha hc, coi l gii phpcho thm chi vi nhiu vng trn th gii coi l bin php duy nht trong

bo v cy.Bi hc thm tha c c kt t thc tin v t nhng cnh bo sm v

ma xun im lng ca Carson (1962) nu cnh tng trong tng lai nu tip tcs dng nhiu ho cht BVTV s khng cn ting chim ht, ting ve ku v dnng ca vi ca cc loi cn trng bin mt, lm cho ma xun ch cn im lng thc s cnh tnh nhiu quc gia trong vic nh hng s dng thuc ha hcBVTV.

u nhng nm 1970 n nay bin php qun l dch hi tng hp (IPM) tng bc c p dng rng ri v vo nhng thp nin cui ca th k XX, u thk XXI bin php sinh hc (biological control) ngy cng pht huy tc dng v ccoi l bin php cho trong IPM.


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Chng I.NH NGHA V NI DUNG

1. INH NGHATrong t nhin, gia cc c th sinh vt lun tn ti nhiu mi quan h h tr

v i khng ln nhau. Con ngi nghin cu, nm bt v li dng quan hikhng lm li cho mnh.

Ln u tin s dng kin phng tr cn trng hi cam chanh vo nm 300sau cng nguyn, ngha l cn rt mi m nu so vi lch s s tin ho sinh vt nichung v s pht trin u tranh sinh hc (biological control) trong t nhin vokhong 500 triu nm li y ni ring. Trong t nhin, u tranh sinh hc (TSH)hin din tt c cc h sinh thi: nguyn sinh v th sinh. Trong cc h sinh thi,TSH lun tn ti v hot ng mt cch tch cc.

Nng nghip ni ring v hot ng ca con ngi ni chung, hin angng trc 4 thch thc ln lao: c lng thc nui sng 11 t dn; Ngun dukhong cn kit; S suy gim a dng sinh hc do khai thc qu mc v nhim mitrng do s dng nhiu ho cht.

Do cn phi nh hng li sn xut theo quan im h thng tng hp,

trong cc bin php phng tr dch hi u nh hng ti cy trng trong hthng canh tc t lc gieo trng n thu hoch.Chnh v vy, nhiu nh khoa hc thy rng qun l dch hi cn ng vai tr

quan trng hn, nh l hnh mu thc hin quan im tng hp trong mi hot ngnng nghip.

Qun l dch hi hin i ph thuc nhiu vo bin php sinh hc (BPSH) vn l bin php bn vng, r v an ton nht (bng 1.1). n nm 2050, xu th chungl BPSH ngy cng c s dng nhiu, chim 30-40% cc bin php phng tr dchhi (Van Lenteren, 2005). Cc thut ng Bin php sinh hc, phng tr sinh hc, utranh sinh hc (biological control) v c Phng tr t nhin (natural control) u cchung mt ngha l s dng sinh vt v cc sn phm ca chng lm gim s gyhi ca sinh vt khc.

Trong ting Vit thut ng bin php sinh hc, phng tr sinh hc l chvic s dng bin php ny trong bo v thc vt ca ngnh trng trt, trong khi u tranh sinh hc (TSH) l ch mi quan hi khng trong t nhin ca ccsinh vt trong h sinh thi.

Bin php sinh hc c rt nhiu nh ngha: Ngui u tin s dng thut ng Bin php sinh hc l Smith (1919) ch

vic s dng thin ch trong phng tr cn trng hi (De Bach (1976, dn). BPSH l bin php s dng sinh vt hoc sn phm ca chng nhm ngn

chn hoc lm gim bt nhng thit hi do cc sinh vt gy ra ca T chcu tranh sinh hc (OILB) a ra c chp nhn rng ri (Biliotti dn,1975)

Theo Van Driesch and Belows (1996), BPSH l s km hm chng qun cn

trng do cc hot ng ca thin ch, v l vic s dng cc loi ng vtk sinh, bt mi, ngun bnh, vi sinh vt (VSV) i khng (antagonist) hoccc chng qun cnh tranh km hm chng qun dch hi, lm cho chnggim mt v tc hi. y l nh ngha c nhiu nh cn trng hcchp nhn.

Barker and Cook (2) cho rng BPSH l s gim c tnh hoc cc hot nggy hi ca ngun gy bnh nh1 hay nhiu c th trong t nhin hay thngqua tc nghip mi trng, cy ch hoc thi khng, hoc nh s hindin hng lot cc thi khng hay l s gim c tnh ca ngun bnh


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nhmt hay nhiu c th khng phi l con ngi. y l nhng nh nghalin quan n VSV gy hi cn c trch dn v chp nhn rng ri (Samuelet al, 2002).

Vin Hn lm khoa hc quc gia Hoa K (1987) xc nh BPSH l vic sdng cc cth t nhin hay bin i, cc gen hoc sn phm ca gen lmgim nh hng ca cc c th khng mong mun v lm li cho cc cth mong mun nh cy trng, cn trng v vi sinh vt c ch.

Driesche v Thomas (1996) cho rng l vic s dng k sinh, vt bt mi ntht, vi sinh vt i khng, hoc cc qun th cnh tranh gim qun thdch hi, lm cho chng gim mt v do gim s gy hi

Shurtleff and Averre (1997) xut khi nim rng hn: BPSH l phng trsu bnh thng qua s lp li cn bng ca cc vi sinh vt v cc thnh phnt nhin khc ca mi trng. N bao gm vic phng tr dch hi (nm, vikhun, cn trng, nhn nh, tuyn trng, chut, c di v.vv.. ) nhcc loibt mi, k sinh, vi sinh vt cnh tranh, v cc cht thc vt phn hy, gim chng qun vt gy hi

(Van lenteren, 2005) cho rng Bin php sinh hc, cn gi l u tranh sinhhc l vic s dng mt sinh vt lm gim mt mt sinh vt khc, l

phng php thnh cng, hiu qu nht v an ton mi trng nht trong vicqun l dch hi (cc loi thc vt, ng vt v vi sinh vt gy hi).C th tm tt 3 quan im chnh v BPSH nh sau:

a. Theo quan im 3 P: s dng bt mi n tht (Predators), k sinh (Parasites), visinh vt gy bnh (Pathogens)

b. Theo quan im 3 P nh a cng thm sn phm c ngun gc sinh hc (thuctho mc, sn phm ca cng ngh sinh hc nh ging chuyn gen khng)

c. Theo quan im b cng thm cc cht nh hng ti tp tnh ca dch hi(pheromone, hormone,).

Trc y to ra 1 ging cy trng m c c im hnh thi cu to, to iukin thun li hn cho tc nhn sinh hc nh to ni tr n chng hn th c coi lBPSH, ngy nay xu th cng nhn ging khng (plant-host resistance) l b phn

quan trng ca BPSH ngy cng trnn r rng, c bit i vi BPSH bnh hi cy(Cook, 2002).

Copping (2004), trong S tay tc nhn BPSH in ln th III lit k cc tcnhn BPSH gm 112 vi sinh vt, 58 sn phm t nhin, 56 cht ha hc, 20 gen v127 ng vt.

Bng 1.1. So snh Bin php sinh hc v bin php ho hc (theo Van Lenteren, 1997)

Bin php ho hc Bin php sinh hcTh ban u (ingredients) > 1 000 000 2 000T l thnh cng 1/200 000 1/10Gi thnh pht trin 160 triu USD 2 triu USD

Thi gian pht trin 10 nm 10 nmT l li nhun/gi thnh 2/1 20/1Nguy ckhng Ln NhTnh c bit Rt nh Rt lnTc ng ph xu Rt nhiu Khng/rt t

GS.TS. Joop Van Lenteren, Ch tch T chc u tranh sinh hc quc tIOBC (2005) khi tng hp th trng th gii v Bin php sinh hc cp ti 7


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loi sn phm quan trng. Trong s ny c c ging khng, cy trng chuyn gen,thuc tho mc v cht ho hc c tc ng n tp tnh.

Nh vy Bin php sinh hc c th ni n gin l dng cc sinh vt khng ch sinh vt hi v rng hn l dng cc sinh vt v sn phm ca chng km hm sinh vt hi, lm cho chng gim s lng hoc c tnh i vi sinh vtmc tiu.

Mc d hin nay quan im mang tnh tng hp i vi c cc loi dch hi(ch yu l cn trng, c di v vi sinh vt gy hi) c nhiu nh sinh vt hcng hn, nhng trong cc chng trnh i hc ngi ta vn tp trung vo 3 nhmi tng quan trng l thin ch ca cn trng hi (bt mi n tht (Predators), ksinh (Parasites) v vi sinh vt gy bnh (Pathogens) v c di. Bin php sinh hc ivi bnh hi cy t c nghin cu hn. Nhiu nc cn thc hin bin php sinhhc phng chng dch hi vt nui v mt s dch hi con ngi nh rui, mui...

2. HIN TRNG V XU TH PHT TRINNghin cu ca Needham nm 1956 chng minh rng mn Cn trng hc

bt ngun t Trung Quc (Van Lenteren dn, 2005) vi cc s kin lch s ln nhbt u trng du vo 4700 nm trc cng nguyn (TCN), nui tm trong nh 1200

TCN, s dng thuc ho hc tr su nm 200, s dng kin (bin php sinh hc) vnghin cu v sinh thi cn trng nm 300, nui ong nm 400, tng v lithc n (Food web) cng c hnh thnh vo th k th 3 vi minh ho vic xuthin nhiu chim s to iu kin gin tip tt cho s phong ph ca rp mui v chim tiu dit b ra l nhng sinh vt n tht rp mui.

Trong t nhin, Phng tr t nhin (Natural control) hay u tranh sinh hclun c mt mt cch tch cc ti mi h sinh thi trn khp hnh tinh, khng chtrc tip n 95% cc loi chn khp hi (100 000 loi c phng tr t nhin),trong khi cc bin php m con ngi thc hin by gich yu tp trung vo 5000loi mc tiu. Chi ph hng nm v thuc tr dch hi l khong 8,5 t $, trong khitng s chi phc tnh cho phng tr t nhin hng nm vo khong 400 t $ (dntheo Van Lenteren, 2005).

Bin php sinh hc cin p dng cho 350 triu ha tc bng 10% din tchcanh tc c t l li nhun trn gi thnh l 20-500 ln, cao hn nhiu so vi binphp sinh hc nui nhn v phng thch thin ch (BPSH tng cng).

Bin php sinh hc tng cng (augmentative, commercial) c p dngcho 16 triu ha tc bng 0,046% din tch canh tc c t l li nhun/gi thnh l 2-5ln.

Tng hp trong 120 nm qua, trn 196 nc v vng lnh th c 5000 lngii thiu 2000 loi chn khp ngoi lai phng chng chn khp hi v hin ctrn 150 loi thin ch (k sinh, bt mi v vi sinh vt) ang c nui nhn vthng mi trn th gii.

Cc nh sn xut, nng dn nu ln 9 u im ca bin php sinh hc (VanLenteren, 2005):

1. Gim mt cch r rt s phi nhim ca nng dn i vi thuc ho hcBVTV

2. Khng c d lng thuc BVTV trn nng sn3. Khng c nh hng sinh l xu n sinh trng ca cy non, phn non ca

cy4. Phng thch thin ch tn t thi gian hn phun thuc v d chu hn nhiu,

nht l trong nh knh nng m5. Vic phng thch thin ch c tin hnh ngay sau khi gieo trng, ngi

nng dn c th kim tra s thnh cng ca bin php ny v ch cn mt vi


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ln kim tra sau nhng i vi bin php ho hc cn s kim ta thngxuyn trong sut v.

6. i vi mt s loi hnh thnh tnh khng thuc th bin php ho hc l rtkh khn

7. i vi rung phng tr sinh hc, c th thu hoch sn phm vo bt k thigian no nu thy gi c li nht, trong khi bin php ho hc cn phi chicho ht thi gian cch ly.

8. Khi c c thin ch tt sm bo s thnh cng ca bin php sinh hc.9. Bin php sinh hc c qun chng tha nhn, sn phm s d bn hn v gi

bn cao hn.Ngoi ra, cc nh qun l v ng dng cn a thm 4 u th na ca bin phpsinh hc:- t gy nguy hi n thc phm, nc v mi trng- ng gp cho sn xut thc phm bn vngng gp cho bo v v pht trin a dng sinh hc- Khng c d lng trn nng sn.

Bng 1.2. c tnh th trng th gii v bin php sinh hc

Bin php phng tr T US $Phng tr t nhin (natural)1 400,00Bin php sinh hc i vi chn khp v nematodes 0,13Bin php sinh hc i vi vi sinh vt 2 0,02Cht toxin t vi khun v nm 2 0,12Thuc tho mc2 0,10Cht ho hc c tc ng tp tnh 0,07Cy trng khng dch hi 6,00Cy trng chuyn gen khng dch hi PM

Ghi ch: 1- Costanza v CTV, 1997; 2- Van Lenteren tng hp 2005

Tng hp th trng thuc BVTV th gii nm 2005 c gi tr vo khong32,665 t US$, trong thuc tr c 14,829 (45,4%), thuc tr su tr nhn 8,984(27,5%), thuc tr bnh 7,088 (21,7%) v thuc tr dch hi khc 1,764 (5,4%).

Tng din tch s dng Bin php sinh hc (tng cng) trn ton th gii lkhong 16 triu ha (bng 1.3) v chu M La tin l rt ln (bng 1.4).

Bng 1.3. Sdng bin php sinh hc tng cng trn th gii (dn theo vanLenteren, 2000)

Thin ch Dch hi v cy trngDin tch phng tr

(hectares)Trichogramma spp. Cnh vy hi rau, ng cc, bong 3-10 triu, Nga

Trichogramma spp. Cnh vy hi cy trng, cy rng 2 triu, Trung QucTrichogramma spp. Cnh vy hi ng bng, ma, thuc l 1.5 triu Mexico

Trichogramma spp. Cnh vy hi ng cc, bng, ma, ng c 1.2 triu, Nam M

AgMNPV Cnh vy hi u tng 1 triu, Brazil

Nm cn trng Su c qu c ph 0.55 triu, Colombia

Tc nhn vi sinhvt

Cnh vy hi v loi khc 1 triu, Nga 2004

Cotesia spp. c thn ma 0.4 triu, Nam M, TQ


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Trichogramma spp. Cnh vy hi la v ng cc 0.3 triu, ng Nam

K sinh trng B xt hi u tng 0.03 triu, Nam M

Trichogramma spp. Ostrinia nubilalis hi ng 0.05 triu, Chu u

Orgilus sp. Ngi c ngn thng 0.05 triu, Chile

5 loi Lepidoptera, Homoptera, nh hi cy n

qu

0.03 triu, Chu u

>30 loi Nhiu loi dch hi trong nh knh v trongnh

0.015 triu, th gii

Cc loi thin ch c s dng nhiu gm: ong mt k sinh trngTrichogramma, trc y c s dng nhiu ti Lin X (>10 triu ha), TrungQuc (2,1 triu Ha), Mexico (1,5 triu ha). Ngoi 3 nc trn c khong 1,5 triu hana c p dng cc nc khc. Ti cc nc cng nghip pht trin nh M,Nht Bn, Canada.. din tch s dng Trichgramma thp l do l gi thnh nhn nuiqu cao v khi s dng li c nh hng n cc loi thin ch khc.

Cc loi ong k sinh su non, nhng t c s dng ngoi tr loi ong ksinh su non Cotesia flavipes v loi Paratheresia claripalpis. Ch ring Brazil p

dng ong k sinh su non cho trn 200 000 ha tr su c thn (Macedo 2000)Cc loi VSV nh tuyn trng, nm, vi khun v virus c s dng trong

khong 1,5 triu ha. Din tch c s dng nhiu nht l virus nhn a din(Nucleopolyhedrovirus /AgMNPV)

Bin php sinh hc trong nh knh c s dng vo khong 15 000 ha (5%ca tng din tch nh knh). y chnh l ni s dng hu ht cc tin b k thut vbin php sinh hc v v s lng loi c s dng. 1 loi dch hi c th c nhiuloi thin ch c phng thch phng tr. Ngy nay, bin php sinh hc trongnh knh trnn bn vng v hiu qu tin cy.

Bng 1.4. Hin trng sdng bin php sinh hc Chu M La tin (theo vanLenteren & Bueno, 2003).

Nc Cc loi dch hi chnh c sdng BPS LN TC (hectares)

Argentina Rt hn ch: c thn ma bng Trichogramma + +/- (


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Honduras Su hi rau v ma bngDiadegma and Cotesia, resp. +/- +/- (?)

Mexico Ng, u tng, cy c mi bng Trichogramma v ccloi khc

+ +1,500,000

Nicaragua BPSH c in trn ng, bng, u tng bngTrichogramma

+ +/- (?)

Panama c thn ma bng Cotesia flavipes + +(4,500)

Paraguay Cnh vy u tng bng AgNPVirus ? + (100,000)

Peru Su hi ma, la v ng bng Trichogramma, Telenomus),su hi; Cy c miAphytis, su hi liu (Methaphycus) vloi khc

+ + (>1,300)

Uruguay c thn ma bng Trichogramma + +/- (


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Xu th chung l cc sn phm s dng trong bin php sinh hc ngy mt adng, c t l li nhun cao, t l thnh cng cao v nguy chnh thnh tnh khngthp hn thuc ha hc.

Vi tng: Trc tin BPSH ch yu s dng phng chng dch hi cytrng ngoi ng rung nh cn trng hi, nhn hi, tuyn trng, bnh hi Hinnay, BPSH cn c p dng rng trn cy lm nghip, kho bo qun, vt nui vmt s lnh vc khc trong i sng con ngi.+ BPSH c nhiu u im:

- An ton vi mi trng v nng sn- Hiu qu cao- Vic hnh thnh tnh khng ca dch hi chm hoc t gp- Nhiu tc nhn v sn phm sinh hc c tc dng mnh v nhanh

+ Tuy vy, hin nay nng dn ca cc nc ang pht trin thng cp n ccnhc im chnh ca BPSH nh:

- Tc ng thng chm nn khng c kh nng dp dch- Nghin cu v nhn nui cn trang thit b v kinh ph cao- Sn phm sinh hc thng chu nh hng ca iu kin mi trng. Qui

trnh p dng kht khe, i hi ngi s dng c trnh nht nh.

- Ngoi ra BPSH cn gy nn mt lot vn khc trong nng nghip.V vn ny, Van Lenteren (2005) tng hp v l gii v nhng quan imcha ng chung ca BPSH nh sau:- BPSH to nn cc loi dch hi mi. V d l khi dng khng s dng thuc ho

hc m ch s dng BPSH phng tr mt vi loi dch hi ch yu th cc loidch hi khc c chi pht trin. Trong cc nm 1965-1975 s dng thnhcng BPSH phng tr nhn Tetranychus urticae v b phn trong nh knh,nhng sau nhng nm 1975 ngi ta thy bng pht s lng nhiu loi dch himi nhSpodoptera exigua, Liriomyza trifolli, L. huidobrensi, Bemisia tabaciTuy vy, nghin cu rng hn cho thy cc loi dch mi ny xut hin chuu v gy hi mnh nh knh c trong iu kin c phng tr ho hc. i vinhng loi dch hi mi ny, th vic tm ra cc tc nhn sinh hc khng phi d

dng v nhanh chng. Khng nhng th nhng loi ny khng hu ht cc loithuc trc khi du nhp vo Chu u. Trong s ny c nhiu loi phng tr hohc trnn v cng kh khn, BPSH c coi l phng n tt nht c th pdng.

- BPSH l kh tin tng. L do n gin l nhiu qung co qu mc ca cc nhsn xut thin ch, nhiu loi thin ch cha c th nghim chc chn ara th trng lm nh hng xu n nim tin ca cc nh sn xut. in hnh lvic s dng mt s loi loi thin ch khng thnh cng i vi b trFrankniliella occidentalis. Trong khi vic s dng Phytoseiulus persimilis,loi nhn bt mi c hiu qu cao i vi nhn vEncasia formosa, mt loik sinh hiu qui vi b phn. iu ny ch ra rng cn thit phi c s kimsot v cht lng thin ch, cha ra th trng khi c khng nh trong

thc nghim l tt.- Nghin cu BPSH l tn km. Thc t chng minh hiu qu u t cho

nghin cu BPSH cao hn hn so vi nghin cu thuc ho hc, t l li/githnh tng ng l 30/1 v 5/1. Ngi ta thng cho rng vic nghin cu thnhcng 1 loi thin ch thng lu v tn km, nhng s liu ch ra rng thi giannghin cu 1 loi thin ch v 1 loi thuc ho hc l u mt 10 nm, chi phcho nghin cu 1 loi thuc ho hc l khong 180 triu US $, trong khi cho 1loi thin ch ch c 2 triu US $.


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- Trong thc t, BPSH khng c s dng rng ri do c im hn ch trong snxut v s dng thin ch (thi hn s dng ngn, bnh hng bi cc iukin ca mi trng)

+ Cc s li chng minh rng chi ph cho BPSH thp hn chi ph bin phpho hc. Chng hn, Van Lenteren (1990) khng nh bin php ho hc tr nhn t gp 2 ln so vi s dng Phytoseiulus persimilis. Wardlow (1993) cho rng githnh BPSH ch bng 1/5 n 1/3 bin php ho hc trn cy c chua v da chut Anh. Nhng nghin cu v chi ph s dng BPSH cho thy BPSH thng r hnnhiu so vi bin php ho hc (Remark, 1993). i vi cc nc nh H Lan,BPSH trnn thng dng trn cc cy trng chnh nh c chua, da chut, t, c,nn rt kh c th tnh ton ring r chi ph cho bin php ho hc. Tuy nhin cnlu rng a s BPSH l khng phi tr tin. Chng hn, hu ht cc loi dch hi bthin ch khng ch (m gi c tnh ton th gii l vo 400 t US $ hoc n ginhn nu chng ta tnh gi thnh v hiu qu to ln ca vic s dng b raRodoliacardinalis tr rp sp bng t nm 1888).

+ Vic p dng thc t BPSH pht trin chm.iu ny cng khng ng vi th gii hin ti nht l i vi cc nc pht

trin. Trong 40 nm qua, vic ng k s dng tc nhn sinh hc cc nc Ty Bc

u l khong trn 150 sn phm trong khi cc cht ho hc c ng k l di100 cht.+ BPSH tng cng (Augmentative) khng c hiu qu.C kh nhiu v d v s khng thnh cng ca bin php ny nht l trong

iu kin cc nc ang pht trin, trong cc nghin cu th nghim ban u. Tuyvy, trong cc chng trnh c xy dng k lng cho thy s cc BPSH tngcng c tc dng nh hoc hn bin php ho hc, gim c mt dch hi bnghoc nhiu hn bin php ho hc v c chi ph bng hoc thp hn chi ph binphp ho hc

Nhs pht trin mnh m ca khoa hc v cng ngh nn cc nhc imca bin php sinh hc tng bc c khc phc, tc pht trin cao (tng 15-20%/nm) trong cc nm cui ca th k XX.

L mt nc nhit i nng m, c a dng sinh hc cao, vic pht huy lith va dng sinh hc trong BPSH bo tn s mang li li ch to ln. iu chngminh r rng l vi vic p dng bin php IPM, gim hn lng thuc BVTV hahc to iu kin hot ng tt cho nhm thin ch hi la cc nc vngng Nam trong cui nhng nm th k XX u th k XXI.

3. CC LOI BIN PHP TRSINH HCS dng sinh vt to iu kin cho loi mong mun c pht trin trong

khi km hm loi khng mong mun (dch hi) lm cho chng gim mt v gimtc hi l cng vic ca BPSH. Ty theo ngun gc v phng thc s dng thinch ngi ta chia BPSH thnh 3 kiu: BPSH cin (Classical) nhp ni v thun ha 1 loi thin ch khng ch

1 loi dch hi c ngun gc ti ch hoc ngoi laiKiu ny c nhiu v d rt ni ting, c bit phi kn trng hp nh khoahc ngi c A. Koebele, ngi t nn mng cho BPSH ngy nay, nm 1888 su tp v gi hn 500 b raRodolia cardinalis t chu c sang California(M) v ch 3 nm sau nn rp sp Icerya purchassi hi cam chanh c giiquyt, cu c ngh trng cam chanh ti y.

BPSH tng cng (Augmentation): nng cao hot ng ca thin ch thng quanhn nui v th thin ch chng km hm dch hi ti ch hoc ngoi lai.Bin php ny bao gm:


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- Ly nhim sm (inoculative) l vic th (phng thch) thin ch sm chng pht trin qun th v th h sau c s lng km hm thnhcng dch hi.

- Th trn ngp (inundative) l vic th vi s lng ln thin ch chng (ch khng phi th h sau ca chng) km hm qun th dch hi

BPSH bo tn (Conservation) l nghin cu to iu kin thun li v ni c tr,dinh dng cho thin ch bn a pht huy tim nng sinh hc khng ch dchhi.

Ngoi vic s dng thin ch, cc tc nhn sinh hc (gen) nh trong lai tocc ging khng, truyn cy to nn cc ging khng chuyn gen ang c s dngvi tc v cng ln

Cu hi n tp1. Cc nh ngha bin php sinh hc2. Hin trng v xu th pht trin ca bin php sinh hc3. Cc loi bin php sinh hc

Ti liu tham kho chnh

1. Bakker M. F., 1993. Selecting phytoiseid predators for biological controlwith emphasis on the significance of tri- trophic interactions. University ofAmsterdam

2. Carson Rachel. 1962. Silent spring. 368 pp3. Cook, R.J. & K.F. Baker, 1983. The nature and practice of biological

control of plant pathogens. American Phytopathological Society, St.Paul: 539 pp

4. DeBach, P., ed., 1964. Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds.Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 844 pp

5. Nguyn Ln Dng. 1981. S dng vi sinh vt phng tr ssau hi cytrng. NXB Khoa hc k thut. 168 trang.

6. Dinh N. V., A. Jassen and M. W. Sabelis. 1988. Reproductive success of

Amblyseius ideaus and A. anonymus on a diet of two spotted spider mites.Exp. and Applied Acarology 4: 41-51.7. Driesche, R.G. van, & T.S. Bellows, 1996. Biological Control. Chapman

& Hall, New York: 539 p8. Gnanamanickam Samuel S. 2002. Biological control of crop diseases.9. Helle, W. & M.W. Sabelis eds. 1985. Spider mites. Their biology, natural

enemies and control. 2 Vols., Elsevier, Amsterdam: 405 and 458 pp.10.Huffaker C.B. 1969. Biological control. A plenum/Rosetta Eddition11.Huffaker, C.B. & P.S. Messenger eds. 1976. Theory and Practice of

Biological Control. Academic Press, New York: 788 pp12.H Quang Hng 1998. Phng tr tng hp dch hi Cn trng nng

nghip. NXB Nng nghip H Ni.13.Julien, M.H., 1989. Biological control of weeds worldwide: trends, rates

for success and the future. Biocontrol News and Information 10: 299-306.14.Phm Vn Lm. Bin php sinh hc phng chng dch hi Nng nghip.

Nxb Nng nghip, H Ni. 1995.15.Lenteren J.C. Van . 2005. IOBC Internet Book of Biological Control16.Lenteren, J.C. van (ed.), 2003. Quality Control and Production of

Biological Control Agents: Theory and Testing Procedures. CABIPublishing, Wallingford, UK: 327 pp.

17.Lenteren, J.C. van, and Bueno, V.H.BP., 2003. Augmentative biologicalcontrol of arthropods in Latin America. BioControl 48: 123-139.

18.Lenteren, J.C. van & M.G. To masini, 2003. Mass Production, Storage,


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Shipment and Release of Natural Enemies. Chapter 12 in: Quality Controland Production of Biological Control Agents: Theory and TestingProcedures. J.C. van Lenteren (ed.), CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK:181-189.

19.J.C. van, 2000. Measures of success in biological control of arthropodsby augmentation of natural enemies. In Measures of success inbiological control (G. Gurr and S. Wratten, Eds.), pp. 77-103. KluwerAcademic Publishers, Dordrech

20.Lenteren, J.C. van, 1986. Evaluation, mass production, quality control andrelease of entomophagous insects. In: Biological Plant and HealthProtection. ed.: J.M.Franz. Series Progress in Zoology 32. Fischer,Stuttgart: 31-56.

21.Nguyn Th Kim Oanh, Nguyn Vn nh, H Quang Hng v CTV.2005. Nghin cu qui trnh nhn nui nhn bt miAmblyseius sp. v bxt bt mi Orius sauteri v kh nng s dng cng trong phng chngnhn v b tr hi cy trng.Trng i hc Nng nghip I H Ni.

22.Hong c Nhun 1979. u tranh sinh hc v ng dng. NXB Khoa hcv K thut. 147 trang.

23.Sabelis M. W. 1981 Biological control of two-spotted spider mites usingphytoseiid predators. Pudoc, Wageningen. 242 pp

24.Singleton G. R., L. A. Hinds, C. J. Krebs and D. M. Spratt (eds), 2003.Rats, mice and people: Rodent biology and Management. ACIAR,Canberra, 564pp.

25.Phm Th Thy. 2004. Cng ngh sinh hc trong BVTV. NXB i hcquc gia 335 trang.


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Chng II.LCH SBIN PHP SINH HC

I. NGHIN CU V BIN PHP SINH HC TRN TH GIIBin php sinh hc (BPSH) c hnh thnh v pht trin trn csnhng quan

st ban u v thc nghim ca cc nh nghin cu t nhin t thi xa xa. Conng pht trin ca BPSH qua nhiu th k c nhng bc thng trm.

1. TRC TH K 18BPSH c gi l bin php bo v thc vt c truyn.Khi kim c thc n tha tch lu dnh, ngi c xa quan st thy ti

cc ni d tr thc n trong nh b chut ph hoi. ng thi ngi c xa cng quan st thy mt s mo hoang sn bt chut lm thc n. Kh nng bt chutca mt s mo hoang khin ngi Ai Cp ci thun ha mo hoang btchut trong nh (Coppel et al., 1977). S kin ny c th coi l vic p dng BPSHu tin tr dch hi ca con ngi. y l mt v d rt c v BPSH phngchng dch hi cy trng v nng sn bo qun trong kho.

Hin tng cn trng b cc loi thin ch tiu dit quan st c t rt lu,

trc nhiu th k so vi vic s dng thin ch phng chng dch hi nngnghip. Theo ghi chp c trong lch s nhn loi th thc tin u tin s dngBPSH tr cn trng hi vi khi nim hin i l vic nng dn Trung Quc dngkin vng trong cc vn cam qut (Liu, 1939). Theo Forskal (1775) v Botta(1841), t nm 1200, cc ch nhn vn ch l Ymen hng nm ln ni tm kimnhng t kin c ch chuyn v th chng ln cy ch l phng chng cc cntrng hi ch l. Cng vo khong thi gian ny c s ghi nhn v vai tr c lica b ra trong hn ch rp mui v rp sp (dn theo Doutt, 1964; Coppel et al.,1977; DeBach, 1974, Huffaker et al., 1976). Nng dn Nam B nc ta cng bit sdng kin vng dit tr su hi trong vn cam qut t th k th 1 n th kth 4 (H.. Nhun, 1979; Vaxiliev, 1975).

Nhng ghi chp v quan st v BPSH ngy cng c chnh xc hn. Vo th k16-17 bt u c nhng ti liu c gi tr khoa hc v thc tin. Cun sch DeAnimalibus Insectis ca Aldrovandi xut bn nm 1602 c th coi l cng trnh utin vTSH. Trong cun sch ny, hin tng k sinh cn trng ln u tinc cp ti. l trng hp ong Cotesia glomerata (L.) k sinh trn su nonloi bm trng hi ci Pieris rapae (L.). Tuy nhin, mi ti nm 1685 th hintng k sinh cn trng ln u tin mi c Martin Lister gii thch ng. TheoMartin Lister, ong c chui t su non ca cn trng cnh vy l kt qu ca vic ongtrng thnh ci trng ca n vo trong su non. Nm 1700, Leeuvenhoekcng gii thch ng hin tng ongAphidius k sinh rp mui (Coppel et al., 1977;DeBach, 1974; Doutt, 1964; Van Driesche et al., 1996).2. TH K 18

Bin php sinh hc i vi su hiSau nhng quan st u tin v hin tng k sinh v bt mi cn trng, cnhiu ngi khc quan tm nghin cu v chng. Trong sch bo th k 18 cnhiu ti liu cng b v cn trng k sinh v cn trng bt mi. l cc ti liuca Gedert, De Geer, Reaumur, Darwin...

Khong hn 100 nm sau khi m t hin tng k sinh cn trng, nm 1706,Vallisnieri mi gii thch ng ht cc hin tng k sinh cn trng c ghinhn trc y. Vo nm 1726, Reaumur m t hin tng su non cn trngcnh vy b bnh do nm Cordyceps. Reaumur c th l ngi lm nhiu hn


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nhng ngi khc thi by gitrong vic t nn mng cho s hnh thnh khi nimv BPSH tr su hi vi nhng tc phm cng b t nm 1734 n nm 1742.Reaumur c th l ngi u tin khuyn co p dng BPSH tr su hi. ng xut dng trng ca mt loi cn trng bt mi th vo trong nh knh km hms pht trin ca rp mui. Tc gi ny cn pht hin ra hin tng tuyn trng ksinh trn cc loi ong thuc h Bombidae (Coppel et al., 1977; DeBach, 1974).

Nm 1750, Charles Price cho nhp ni mt loi ng vt bt mi t Nam M voJamaica tr chut, nhng khng thnh cng (Simmonds et al., 1976).

Linnaeus, nh phn loi sinh vt hc vi, c cng rt ln trong pht trin BPSH th k 18. xut c vit u tin v s dng cn trng bt mi tr su hi chu u c Linnaeus a ra nm 1752. ng vit: Mi loi cn trng u cloi bt mi ring, nhng loi ny lun ng hnh v tiu dit n. C th thu cc loibt mi ny s dng tr su hi cy trng (Van Driesche et al., 1996). Linnaeus tin hnh thc nghim s dng cn trng bt mi loi Calosoma sycophantatr su hi trong vn cy n qu. tr rp mui, Linnaeus cng khuyn codng b ra, b mt vng v ong k sinh. Nm 1760, Linnaeus a ra khi nimcn bng t nhin (dn theo P.V. Lm, 1995). Khi nim ny l mt trong nhngcsl lun quan trng ca TSH.

Nhng nghin cu ca De Geer trong thi gian 1752-1778 cng c gi tr lntrong TSH. Tc gi ny ngay t nm 1760 nhn thy vai tr rt to ln ca cntrng thin ch. De Geer vit: Chng ta khng khi no c th phng chng cntrng hi thnh cng m li thiu s gip ca cc cn trng khc (dn theo P.V.Lm, 1995).

Vo khong nm 1762, ngi ta thc hin mt chng trnh u tin di chuynthin ch t nc ny qua nc khc tr cn trng hi. l vic nhp ni loichimAcridotheres tristis tn vo Mauritius tr chu chu Nomadacrisseptemfasciata. Vic nhp ni ny cho kt qu tt p: tc hi ca chu chu gim dn v n nm 1770 th loi chu chu khng cn l su hi nguy him na o Mauritius. Nm 1776 s dng b xt bt mi Reduvius personatus vPicromeris bidens tr rp ging Cimex lectularius (Coppel et al., 1977; DeBach,1974; Doutt, 1964; Huffaker et al., 1976).

Ch t cui th k 18, ngy cng xut hin nhiu nhng ghi nhn v hiu qu cathin ch trong hn ch s lng su hi. Nm 1800, E. Darwin bn lun v ccloi ong c nh l yu t gy cht t nhin i vi su non cc loi cn trng cnhvy. Trong cun sch Phytologia in nm 1800 London, E. Darwin nhn mnhhiu qu khng ch su hi ca cc loi k sinh chnh v cho rng c th s dngmt cch nhn to cc u trng rui Syrphidae tr rp mui trong nh knh. Saunm 1800, E. Darwin v nhiu nh cn trng hc chu M xut dng cc loibt mi nh b ra Coccinellidae v rui h Syrphidae tr rp mui trong nhknh. Nhng nim v vai tr ca thin ch trong hn ch s pht trin ca su himi c hnh thnh ngy cng r rng (Coppel et al., 1977; Huffaker et al., 1976;

Van Driesche et al., 1996) .Bin php sinh hc i vi c diNm 1795, loi cn trngDactylopius ceylonicus (Green) c nhp ni t Brazil

vo n tr cy xng rng Opuntia vulgaris Mill.. y l trng hp dngBPSH tr c di u tin v thnh cng (Julien, 1992; Harley et al., 1992).3. TH K 19Bin php sinh hc i vi su hi

Cist (1824) nghin cu v bnh ca sngMelolontha do nm Cordyceps gy ra.ng 100 nm sau k t khi Reaumur m t bnh nm u tin cn trng, vo nm


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1826 Kirby vit mt chng bnh cn trng trong n phm ni ting icng v cn trng. Theo Steinhaus (1956), tng s dng vi sinh vt tr cntrng hi c bt ngun t cc nghin cu bnh tm (dn theo P.V. Lm 1995).Agostino Bassi c coi l ngi i u trong lnh vc bnh l cn trng, l ngiu tin gii thch bn cht bnh bch cng do nmBeauveria bassianatm vonm 1835 v xut bin php khc phc. Vo nm 1836, chnh Bassi cng l ngi

u tin gi s dng vi sinh vt gy bnh tr cn trng hi. Nm 1837, Audouincng cho rng nm bch cng khng ch gy bnh cho tm, c th dng nm ny tr cc cn trng khc c (Simmonds et al., 1976; Van Driesche et al., 1996;Weiser, 1966). Tuy nhin, nhng cng trnh v bnh cn trng na u th k 19ch mang tnh cht thng tin, cha c ng dng trong thc tin.

Trong th k 19 c rt nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v phn loi, sinh hc v sinhthi cc thin ch ca su hi. Spinola (1806), Dalman (1820) cng b cng trnh vcn trng thin ch. Cng thi gian ny, Gravenhorst m t 1300 loi ong c hIchneumonidae chu u (DeBach, 1974; DeBach et al., 1991). Mitchili (1823) cng b kt qu nghin cu vng vt k sinh, trong c cn trng k sinh thucb cnh mng. Westwood t 1827 bt u cng b cng trnh nhiu tp trong nhiunm v phn loi cn trng, trong c cn trng k sinh v cn trng bt mi.

Walker chuyn nghin cu v ong k sinh thuc tng h Chalcidoidea t 1833 n1861 (DeBach, 1974).

Ngy cng xut hin nhiu ti liu c gi tr v cc loi k sinh v bt mi. Hartig(ngi c) l ngi u tin (nm 1827) vit phng php nui su non cntrng cnh vy b k sinh trong lng nui su nhm thu trng thnh ca k sinh sau dng chng trong phng chng su hi. Nm 1837 Kollr cng b cngtrnh m t chi tit sinh hc v ni ca nhiu loi bt mi, k sinh, k c k sinhtrng v nhn mnh s cn hiu bit v thin ch phng chng cn trng hi.Kollr kh am hiu v gi tr ca cn trng k sinh v cn trng bt mi trong hnch s lng su hi. Trong tc phm Tuyn tp v cn trng xut bn nm 1840,Kollr chng minh r rng kh nng ca cc loi bt mi v k sinh trong hn chs sinh sn nhiu loi cn trng hi. ng ni rng phi duy tr mt phn cy trngnng nghip lm ni cho cc thin ch. T nm 1837 n nm 1852, Ratzeburg c cng b nhiu cng trnh v cn trng rng v k sinh ca chng. ng nhgi cao vai tr ca k sinh trong hn ch s lng cn trng rng. Cun sch Ongc k sinh cn trng rng ca ng xut bn nm 1844 l mt sng gp ln vnghin cu sinh hc ca ong k sinh v l ti liu dng trong nhiu nm sau .Rondani cng b cng trnh trong thi gian 1840-1860 v cc quan h k sinh-kch (Coppel et al., 1977; DeBach, 1974; DeBach et al., 1991; Doutt, 1964).

Vo khong nm 1840 Php, Boisgiraud s dng b cnh cng bt mi loiCalosoma sycophanta tr su rm Porthetria disparhi bch dng v tin hnhth nghim dng b cnh cng ngn Staphylinidae tr bui km trong vn cythnh cng (DeBach, 1974, Doutt, 1964; Huffaker et al., 1976).

Nm 1844 Italia, Villa tin hnh th nghim dng b cnh cng bt mithuc h Carabidae v Staphylinidae tr su hi trong vn cy (Doutt, 1964;Huffaker et al., 1976). Kirby v Spence (1867) nh gi rt r rng v vai tr huch ca cc ong k sinh, rui k sinh, b cnh cng bt mi thuc h Carabidae, bnga, b xt bt mi, chun chun v nhn ln bt mi. Cc tc gi ny khuynco dng b ra dit tr rp mui v b xt bt mi Pentatoma bidens tr rpging Cimex lectularius. Trong phng kn c nhiu rp ging ch cn nht 6-8c th b xt Pentatoma bidens trong vng vi tun l l rp ging b tiu dit honton (Coppel et al., 1977; DeBach, 1974).


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Phn ln cy trng Bc chu Mc nhp ni t nc Anh. Trong nhng nmu sau nhp ni, cy trng pht trin tt, ma mng bi thu. Nhng sau mamng b cn trng hi tn ph d di. Phn ln cc loi cn trng hi ny cng gingnhnc Anh v chu u. Vn t ra cho nhiu nh cn trng hc lc l tisao nhng loi cn trng hi ny khng gy hi ma mng nghim trng chu u,m Bc chu M th chng tn ph cy trng mt cch nng n.

Fitch Hoa K nghin cu v loi mui nn hi la m Sitodiplosis mosellana(Gehin), khng nh loi mui nn hi la m ch l loi su hi khng quan trngchu u, trong khi n li l loi su hi nguy him v kh phng trHoa K.Fitch l ngi u tin phn tch v gii thch ng s khc nhau ny l do Hoa Kthiu hn nhng loi k sinh hiu qu ca mui nn hi la m, cn chu u th cnhng loi k sinh ny sc khng ch s pht trin ca mui nn hi la m. Trncsnhn nh nh vy, nm 1855 Fitch ngh bin php thit thc nht trmui nn hi la m l nhp ni thin ch ca n t chu u v Hoa K. Nhng ngh ny khng c chp nhn. Walsh nh cn trng hc bang Illinois tchcc ng h ngh ca Fitch v vit bo yu cu cho nhp ni k sinh ca muinn hi la m (Coppel et al., 1977; Doutt, 1964; Huffaker et al., 1976; Van Driescheet al., 1996).

T tng ca Fitch v thi kin quyt ca Walsh nh hng ln n Rileymt nh cn trng hc Hoa K lc cn tr tui. Riley l ngi u tin dichuyn k sinh t ni ny n ni khc. Vo nm 1870, Riley di chuyn k sinhca loi b cnh cng hi mn Conotrachelus nenuphart Kirkwood n ni khc bang Missouri. Nm 1873, Riley t Hoa K gi sang Php loi nhn nh bt miTyroglyphusphylloxerae Riley hp tc vi cc nh khoa hc Php tr dit rp rnho Phylloxera vitifoliae (Fitch). Loi nhn nh ny to lp c qun thPhp,nhng khng hn chc s lng rp r nho P. vitifoliae (Coppel et al., 1977;Doutt, 1964; Huffaker et al., 1976; Van Driesche et al., 1996).

Nm 1874, ngi ta nhp ni b ra 11 chm Coccinella undecimpunctata L.t nc Anh vo New Zealand, nhng khng thy ni n hiu qu tr rp mui can. Saunders (1882) nhp ni ong mt Trichogramma minutum t Hoa K voCanada tr trng ong n l Nematus ribesiiOntario. Sau gn 30 nm k t khic xut nhp ni thin ch, vo nm 1883 Hoa K ln u tin nhn c ong ksinh Cotesia glomerata (L.) t nc Anh nhp ni vo tr su xanh hi ci Pierisrapae. Loi k sinh ny to lp c qun th v trthnh loi c li Hoa K. yl s thnh cng u tin ca vic di chuyn cn trng k sinh gia cc chu lc(Coppel et al., 1977; Doutt, 1964; Huffaker et al., 1976; Van Driesche et al., 1996).

Nm 1874, Pasteur a kin tr rp r nho Phylloxeravitifoliae (Fitch)hy th s dng nguyn sinh ng vt gy bnh ong mt hoc tm mt loi nmcn trng no . Theo Steinhaus (1956), Le Conte t nm 1874 bn lun vic snxut v tung ngun vt gy bnh lm ly lan bnh cho cn trng. y l mt xut u tin v s dng vi sinh vt gy bnh tr su hi c cschc chn v c

th (dn theo P.V. Lm, 1995). Nm 1879, Hagen xut dng men bia phunln cn trng vi mc ch gy dch bnh cho cn trng hi. Cng trong nm ,Comstock, Riley th bin php ny trn ng rung. Nhng khng cho kt qu, vimen bia khng phi l vi sinh vt gy bnh cho cn trng (Coppel et al., 1977). Mcd nh v vic thc nghim u khng ng, nhng phi tha nhn rng cc tcgi ny l nhng ngi rt quan tm n kh nng s dng vi sinh vt tr su hi.H l nhng ngi tham gia thc y s pht trin ca bin php dng vi sinh vt trsu hi.


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Vo ma thu nm 1878, Metschnikov nghin cu b hung hi la m Anisopliaaustriaca quan st c mt bnh nm ca su hi ny. ng t tn cho nm nyl Entomophthora anisopliae (nay l Metarhizium anisopliae). Nm 1879,Metschnikov tin hnh nghin cu ly nhim nm bnh ny ln b hung hi la mv b vi voi hi c ci ng Cleonus punctiventris (Germ.). Cc th nghim chokt qu tt. Metschnikov pht hin thy cc cn trng khc cng b mn cm vi

nm gy bnh ny. ng bt u sn xut nm M. ainisopliae tr cn trng hi.Da trn kt qu thc nghim t c, Metschnikov v Krassilstschik tinhnh xy dng mt s c s sn xut ch phm nm Metarhizium anisopliae. nnm 1884, bo t nm M. ainisopliae sn xut vi lng ln bn cho nng dn.S thnh cng ny mu cho vic nghin cu s dng vi sinh vt tr su hi(dn theo P.V. Lm, 1995).n cui th k 19, nhiu nh cn trng hc Bc chu M nhn ra rng cc

loi cn trng hi quan trng vng Bc chu M ch yu u l nhng loi ngoilai. phng chng chng phi tin hnh nhp ni cc thin ch chnh ca chng tni bn x ca chng.

Nm 1888, Koebele (ngi c) lm vic California c c sang Australia thu thp mt loi rui Cryptochaetum iceryae k sinh trn rp sp Icerya purchasi

Mask.. Trong khi thu thp rui k sinh, Koebele pht hin thy b ra Rodoliacardinalis n tht rp sp I. purchasi. ng thu lun loi b ra ny v gi vCaliornia. 129 c th b ra R. cardinalisc gi v California t thng 11/1888n thng 01/1889. S b ra ny c nhn nui trong phng, n thng 06/1998 chn 10.000 c th con chu ca chng. Thng 02-03/1889, Koebele gi b sung 2t c 385 c th b ra. S b ra trn c th ra hng trm vn cam California. Ti cc vn cam qut th b ra sau vi thng rp sp I. purchasigim hn. n nm sau, loi rp sp ny khng cn l su hi nguy him na. Nndch rp sp I. purchasi hi cam qut California c gii quyt mt cch cn bn.Chng trnh chng rp spI. purchasi hi cam qut California thc hin vi chiph qu r, cha ti 1 500 USD (Doutt, 1964; DeBach, 1974).

Cc nc khc b rp sp I. purchasi gy hi nng ngh nhp ni b raR.cardinalis t California. Thc t cho thy u nhp ni b ra R. cardinalis cngu cho kt qu phng chng rp sp I. purchasi nhCalifornia. Thnh cng cachng trnh s dng b ra R. cardinalis tr rp sp I. purchasi tr thnh niting th gii. Koebele trthnh ngi anh hng. Ti c ngi ta gi phng phpnhp ni cn trng l phng php Koebele. Vic nhp ni b ra R. cardinalis tAustralia vo California tr rp sp I. purchasi thnh cng l mt mc quan trngnh du s pht trin ca BPSH. Ty BPSH c coi l bin php c hiu qutrong phng chng dch hi. S kin b ra R. cardinalis c ghi nhn nhiu lnv l mt trong nhng v d c sc hp dn nht trong lch s nghin cu cn trng.

Nh s thnh cng ca vic dng b ra R. cardinalis tr rp sp I. purchasi,BPSH tr dch hi chuyn sang giai on pht trin mi. Nhiu nc tin hnh th

nghim dng cc thin ch khc nhau phng chng nhiu loi dch hi.Nm 1891, Koebele li i Australia, New Zealand v Fiji nhp ni cn trngthin ch. Trong thi gian ny, Koebele gi v California 46 loi b ra, trong sny ch c 4 loi thun ha v nh cc. T nm 1893 n nm 1912 Koebele thc hin nhiu chng trnh p dng BPSH thnh cng Hawaii c gi tr ln chos pht trin ca BPSH chng cn trng hi (Coppel et al., 1977).

T nm 1888, Hoa K nghin cu dng nm bch cng Beauveriaglobulifera tr b xt la m Blissus leucopterus. Nm c sn xut lng ln,ng thnh gi nh. Trong cc nm 1891-1892, hn 50 000 gi ch phm c pht


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cho cc trang tri ri ln ng la m. Hiu qu ca nm i vi b xt la mkhng ging nhau v cc ch trang tri khng thch dng bin php ny (Coppel etal., 1977; Weiser, 1966).Bin php sinh hc i vi c di

Fitch nhn thy thng khng c cn trng dinh dng trn nhng loi c di du nhp t chu u vo chu M v vo nm 1855 ng xut c th nhp ni cc

cn trng chuyn tnh t chu u v phng chng cc c di ny. Nh vy, ng lngi u tin xut nhp ni cn trng chuyn tnh tr c di. T cui th k19 cng xut hin nhng nghin cu s dng nm tr c di (Halsted, 1864-dn theo P.V. Lm, 1995; Van Driesche et al., 1996). Hng nghin cu ny cpht trin dn trong nhng nm sau.Bin php sinh hc i vi chut hi

Nm 1892, Loeffler phn lp c vi khun gy bnh chut v t tn lBacillus typhimurium. Tc gi nghin cu vi khun ny tr chut. Kt qu chothy c th dng vi khun ny tr chut loiMicrotus arvalis vRattus norvegicus.Nm 1893, Danysz phn lp, m t cc loi vi khun Salmonella lc a chuu (Simmonds et al., 1976).4. TH K 20

Bin php sinh hc i vi su hiu th k 20 Italia, c hai nh cn trng hc ni ting cng bt u nghin cu

BPSH. Nhng c gng ca hng l cho nhng kt qu ln nu gia h khng xuthin nhng bt ng v quan im l nhp ni mt loi hay vi loi thin ch, nhpni cc loi k sinh hay nhp ni cc loi bt mi (Coppel et al., 1977). Nm 1906,Berlese nhp ni t Hoa K v Italia mt loi k sinh Prospaltella berlesei trrp vy du Pseudaulacaspis pentagona. Vic nhp ni ny cho kt qu tng itt. Ging nh b ra R. cardinalis, k sinh P. berlesei cng c nhiu nc trnth gii nhp ni v tr rp vy du (DeBach, 1964). tr su rm Porthetria dispar(L.) v Nygmia phaeorrhoea (Don.) nhiu loi

thin ch c nhp ni t Nht Bn v chu u vo Hoa K trong cc nm1905-1914 v 1922-1923. th 40 loi trong s cc loi nhp ni, c 9 loi k sinhv 2 loi bt mi thun ha c (Clausen, 1956; DeBach, 1974). Cc chngtrnh p dng BPSH tr loi su rm ny cng cho kt qu rt tt Canada (Baird,1956).

T nm 1919, di s cho ca B Nng nghip Hoa K tin hnh mtchng trnh nghin cu BPSH tr su c thn ng Ostrinia nubilalis. Cho n nm1940, t Php gi sang Hoa K 23 triu su c thn ng nui thu k sinh. Tnm 1927 n 1936, t Nht Bn gi i Hoa K 3 triu su c thn ng na thu k sinh. Kt qu nhp ni vo Hoa Kc 24 loi k sinh, nhng ch c 6loi l thun ha c v cho hiu qu cc b tr su c thn ng (Coppel et al.,1977).

Vo thi gian ny, cc chng trnh nhp ni thin ch c tin hnh rng ri

nhiu nc trn th gii tr nhiu loi su hi quan trng trong nng nghip.ng thi cc nh khoa hc tin hnh nghin cu nhn th thin ch v nghincu bnh l cn trng.

Ong mt Trichogrammac bt u nhn nui s dng t nm 1910-1911 nc Nga v Trung . Sau rt nhiu nc tin hnh nghin cu s dng pong mt. Sau nm 1928, ch khi Flanders tm c qui trnh nhn nui ngi mch quanhnm th vic nghin cu s dng ong mt tr su hi mi c y mnh. TiLin X c, vic nghin cu s dng ong mt c y mnh t nm 1934(Schepetilnikova, 1974 - dn theo P.V.Lm, 1995).


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Do nh hng ca Metschnikov, cc nh nghin cu chu u tin hnh thnghim nhiu loi nm tr su hi. tin hnh th nghim nmBeauveria trsu rm Porthetria monacha v sng Melolontha v mt s nm thuc hEntomophthoraceae tru trng mt s loi thuc b hai cnh Diptera v b cnhthng Orthoptera (P.V. Lm, 1995).

Mc d virt gy bnh cn trng c bit t lu, nhng cho ti nhng nm

u th k 20 mi c mt s th nghim s dng virt tr su rm Lymantriamonacha, Porthetria disparchu u v Bc chu M.

T nm 1911 n 1914, DHerelle nghin cu vi khun Coccobacillusacridiorum tr chu chu Schistocera paranensis (Simmonds et al., 1976; Weiser,1966). Nm 1911, Berliner Thuringia (mt tnh ca c) phn lp c vi khunt su non loi Ephestia kuehniella cht bnh v m t t tn l Bacillusthuringiensis. Cc th nghim vi khun ny tr su hi c bt u t su cthn ng Hungari (Husz, 1928). Theo Jacobs (1951) v Krieg (1961), sau vikhun ny c th nghim vi su hng c qu bng, su xanh bm trng hi civ nhiu loi su hi khc chu u. Ch phm thng mi u tin t vi khun

Bacillus thuringiensis l sporeine c sn xut Php trc nm 1938 (dn theoP.V.Lm, 1995).

pht hin u trng b hung Nht Bn Popillia japonica b bnh vi khun tnm 1921. Nm 1940, Dutky m t, t tn vi khun gy bnh cho u trng b hungNht Bn lBacillus popilliae vB. lentimorbus. Vi khun ny c sn xut thnhch phm tr b hung Nht Bn Hoa K t nm 1940 (Kandybin, 1989;Simmonds et al., 1976; Steinhaus, 1964).

T 1940, nhng quan tm v pht trin BPSH i vi su hi b gim i r rngdo s ra di v s dng rng ri ca thuc ha hc tr su hu c tng hp. Sailer(1972) phn tch cc cng trnh khoa hc ng ti Hoa K lin quan n vicphng chng su hi v ch ra s lng qun BPSH do s ra i ca DDT nh sau:Nm 1915 tng quan s lng cc cng trnh nghin cu bin php ha hc vBPSH l 1:1. Trong nhng nm chin tranh th gii th II, tng quan ny l 6:1 vn nm 1946 th tng quan ny nghing hn sang bin php ha hc v l 20:1.u chin tranh th gii th II, B Nng nghip Hoa K c 40 nh cn trng hcchuyn nghin cu BPSH. n nm 1954, tnh qui i ch cn 5 ngi nghin cuBPSH. Trong giai on 1940-1960, quan tm chnh trong phng chng dch hi lbin php ha hc. Tuy nhin, vn c nhng nghin cu v BPSH (dn theoP.V.Lm, 1995).

Ti Canada nm 1943 bt u sn xut hng lot ch phm NPV ca ong n lDiprion herlyniae bo v cy rng. Vo gia thp nin 1970, Hoa K phttrin c cc ch phm Elcar v Biocontrol t NPV. n cui thp nin 1980, HoaK v Lin X c sn xut c 7 ch phm sinh hc t virt. Cc nc khc nhNht Bn, Ty c, Php,... mi nc sn xut c 1-2 ch phm t virt(Chukhrij, 1988; Simmonds et al., 1976).

Vo u thp nin 1950, chu u v chu M quan tm trli vic s dngvi khun Bacillus thuringiensis. Mt sc t ca vi khun B. thuringiensiscpht hin trong thp nin 1950: ngoi c t alpha v ni c t delta pht hin vonm 1953, ngoi c t beta pht hin vo nm 1959. Cui thp nin 1950 bt usn xut cng nghip ch phm t vi khun B. thuringiensis v vic s dng chng cho kt qu tt p. Cc ch phm t vi khun Bacillus popilliae v B.lentimorbusc mrng s dng tr b hung Nht Bn 14 bang ca Hoa K.n 1952, din tch dng ch phm ny t ti 40.000 ha (Coppel et al., 1977;Kandybin, 1989).


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Nhng nghin cu v ong mt vn c tin hnh nhiu nc, c bit l Lin X c. Ngoi cc nghin cu v sinh hc sinh thi ca cc loi c nhn th,cn c nhiu cng b v phn loi ong mt (Schepetilnikova, 1974).

T nhng nm 1950, cc nh cn trng hc chu u bt u nghin cu ccbin php bo v v li dng thin ch t nhin trong phng chng cn trng hi:phun thuc theo bng, dng thuc ha hc c thi gian tc dng ngn, chun b ni

qua ng cho chim n su,... (Coppel et al., 1977; Telenga, 1959).Ti Hoa K, BPSH pht trin mnh m trc nm 1940, v ch cn tin hnh

bang California, Hawaii trong cc nm 1940-1960. Trong thi gian ny, cc nhkhoa hc California nghin cu hon thin c cc phng php nui cntrng vt ch v cc thin ch ca chng. thc hin thnh cng nhng chngtrnh v BPSH i vi rp sp, rp mui, nhn (Hagen et al., 1973).

Trong thp nin 1950 c mt s nh cn trng nh Stern (1949), Michelbacher(1952), Smith (1954), Bartlett (1956),... i su nghin cu kt hp bin php hahc vi BPSH theo hng tm kim cc gii php hn chnh hng xu ca thucha hc i vi cc sinh vt c ch trong sinh qun nng nghip (dn theo P.V. Lm,1995).

T nhng nm 1960 n cui th k 20, BPSH i vi su hi c y mnh

nghin cu v p dng nhiu nc trn th gii. Th d, nghin cu s dng ongmt tr su hi c tin hnh hn 90 nc trn th gii. i u trongnghin cu ng dng ong mt l Lin X c, Trung Quc. Vo nhng nm 1980,hng nm Lin X c s dng ong mt vi din tch trn di 16 triu ha vTrung Quc l 3-4 triu ha. c bit, Trung Quc nghin cu thnh cng thcn nhn to nhn nui 6 loi ong mt . Thc n nhn to ny c bc trongmng mng gi l trng nhn to. Qu trnh ny c cgii ha v tin hnhnhmy dp trng nhn to. Trong cc vi sinh vt gy bnh cho cn trng th vikhunBacillus thuringiensis (Bt) c nghin cu s dng rng ri nht. n cuith k 20, trn th gii c hng chc cng ty sn xut vi chc loi ch phm sinhhc khc nhau t Bt. Hoa K, Canada v Trung Quc l nhng nc s dng chphm Bt nhiu nht vi din tch hng triu ha mi nm (dn theo P.V.Lm, 1995).

Cc lnh vc nghin cu v BPSH phng chng su hi ngy cng c mrng v thnh cng t c nhiu nc. Hin nay trn th gii c hng chcsn phm sinh hc l cc k sinh, bt mi c thng mi ha nh ong mt Trichogramma spp., ong Encarsia formosana, ong Habrobracon hebetor,... Ngoicc ch phm sinh hc t Bt, n nay trn th gii c hng chc loi ch sinh hc tcc sinh vt khc (nm, virt, tuyn trng) phng chng su hi (Falcon, 1985;Ignoffo, 1985; Ravensberg, 1992; Schwarz, 1992). T nm 1975, bin php BPSHc coi l bin php quan trng, l mt phn ca IPM phng chng su hi trnnhiu loi cy trng.Bin php sinh hc i vi c di

Chng trnh nghin cu BPSH i vi c di u tin c ngha c Koebele

tin hnh Hawaii vo nm 1902 (Perkins et al., 1924). Koebel nhp ni mt scn trng hi qu v hoa cy cLantana camara t Mexico tr c ny Hawaii.Cc chng trnh nghin cu BPSH i vi c di Australia c bt u t nm1912. Nhiu loi cn trng n thc vt chuyn tnh c nhp ni v Australia trcc loi xng rng Opuntia inermis, O. stricta, c ban Hypericum perforatum(Andres et al., 1976; Harley et al., 1992). u th k 20, ngoi Australia ra, mt snc nh Sri-Lanka, n , Nam Phi, New Zealand, Madagascar, o Mauritiuscng tin hnh nhp ni cn trng n thc vt chuyn tnh tr c di.


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Sau chin tranh th gii th II, c bit t sau 1950, nhiu nc quan tm nBPSH i vi c di. Vic nhp ni cc thin ch tr c di c tin hnhkhng chcc nc pht trin (nh Australia, Canada, Hoa K...) m cn c ccnc ang pht trin nh Chile, Kenya, Tanzania... (Julien, 1992). Vic tm kim ccnm k sinh chuyn tnh tr c di vn c tin hnh. Leach (1946) xutdng nm Colletotrichum xanthii tr cCuscuta. Ti New South Wales dng

nm C. xanthii tr cXanthium spinosum. Ti Lin X c dng nmAlternariacuscutacidae tr Cuscuta t nm 1960 (Simmonds et al., 1976). Thng k nnm 1980 tin hnh c 174 chng trnh nghin cu BPSH i vi 101 loi cdi ti hn 70 nc trn th gii. n 1992, trn th gii tin hnh nhp ni 729loi n thc vt chuyn tnh t nc ny sang nc khc tr 117 loi c di. nghin cu v pht trin c hng chc ch phm sinh hc tr c t nm gy bnhchuyn tnh trn c di (Julien, 1992).Bin php sinh hc i vi vt gy bnh cy

C l nghin cu v BPSH i vi vt gy bnh cy c tin hnh mun hn c.T nm 1908 Potter chng minh rng hot tnh ca vi sinh vt gy bnh cy cthc chc bng cc sn phm trao i cht ca chnh n. Nm 1926, Sanford nu kin li dng qun th vi khun hoi sinh trong t phng chng bnh

gh khoai ty do Streptomyces scabies. lm tng qun th vi khun hoi sinh,Sanford khuyn co dng phn xanh i vi khoai ty. Nm 1955, Wood v Tveit a ra 3 cchi khng gia cc vi sinh vt l cnh tranh, khng sinh v tiudit nhau (n tht nhau hoc k sinh). Phn ln cc nghin cu c tnh quyt nh vkh nng i khng theo c ch khng sinh ca cc loi vi khun thuc gingPseudomonas trong vng r cy c tin hnh trong thi gian 1979-1990. Gerlagh(1968) v Vojinovic (1972) ghi nhn hin tng mc b bnh cht ton cy donm Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici gy ra trn la m gim t nhin l dohot ng ca cc vi sinh vt i khng. Nm 1979, phn lp c chng 2-79ca vi khun Pseudomonasfluorescens t vng r cy la m. Chng vi khun nykhi x l ht ging cho hiu qu cao trong phng chng bnh cht ton cy la m(Baker, 1985; Cook, 1991; Gnanamanickam, 2002; Van Driesche et al., 1996).

Nm 1929, Hino & Kato cng b hin tng nm Ciccinobolus sp. k sinhtrnn nm Oidium spp. Hin tng nm Trichoderma k sinh trn nmRhizoctoniasolani, Phytophthora parasitica, Sclerotium rolfsiic Weindling m t nm 1932v chnh tc gi ny xut s dng hin tng nm k sinh nm gy bnh cy phng chng bnh hi cy trng. Drechsler nghin cu hin tng nm k sinh nmv nm n tuyn trng t nhng nm 1937-1938. Nhng nghin cu ny cha c tnhcht ng dng. Bliss (1951) thng bo rng nm Trichoderma viride c th tncng nm Armillaria mellea khi b suy yu do xng hi thuc (Baker, 1985;Snyder et al., 1976). Hai loi nm Coniothyrium minitans v Sporidesmiumsclerotivorumc Campbell (1947) v Uecker et al. (1978) pht hin l k sinh trncc nm hch thuc ging Sclerotinia gy bnh cy. Fulton (1950), Stolp (1956) v

Cross (1959) pht hin thy nhiu thc khun th tn cng vi khun gy bnh cytrong t nhin v cho rng c th li dng cc thc khun th ny phng chngcc bnh vi khun ca cy. Ngoi ra, cn nhiu tc gi nghin cu v nm k sinhnm gy bnh cy nh Aytoun (1953), Boosalis (1954, 1956), Butler (1957) hocnghin cu cn trng n tuyn trng thc vt nh Aguilar (1944), Brown (1954),Hutchinson et al. (1960)... (dn theo P. V. Lm, 1995). Sau hng lot cc nghincu s dng nm k sinh nm gy bnh trong phng chng bnh hi cy c tin hnh.

Bt u t thp nin 1950, c nhiu dn liu v cskhoa hc ca bin phps dng nhng chng vt gy bnh hi cy khng c c tnh hoc c c tnh yu


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phng chng bnh hi cy. Theo Stout (1950), chng c c tnh gy bnh yuca virt gy bnh khm l o ch gy triu chng bnh rt nh cy b nhim.em chng c c tnh gy bnh cao ca chnh virt ny x l ln nhng cy ony. Kt qu cho thy cc cy o ny vn tip tc biu hin triu chng bnh nh.Cng thi gian ny, Gamann cng quan st thy hin tng ny nhm virt X cakhoai ty (Snyder, 1976). Nh vy, bng cch nhim chng virt c c tnh gy

bnh yu cho cy trng th s c bin php hu hiu phng chng li cc chng cc tnh gy bnh cao ca chnh virt . Grente v Saute (1969) tm thy nhngchng c c tnh yu ca nm Endothia parasitica gy bnh trn cy d. Nhngchng nm ny c dng x l cha cc cy d b bnh v cho hiu qu cao.Nm 1980, Kerr pht hin c mt dng K84 ca vi khun Agrobacteriumradiobactorkhng c c tnh gy bnh cho cy. y l mt tc nhn sinh hc rthiu qu phng chng bnh hi cy do vi khunAgrobacterium tumefaciens gynn. Nhiu chng virt gy bnh cy c c tnh yu c phn lp v s dng phng chng bnh virt hi cy (Baker, 1985; Takeuchi et al, 1992).n cui th k 20, bin php BPSH c nghin cu v ng dng i vi nhng

bnh hi quan trng trn cy la nc, la m, bng, thuc l, lc, ma, u tng, cchua, to, cy qa c mi (Gnanamanickam, 2002).

II. NGHIN CU V BIN PHP SINH HC VIT NAM1. Khi qut chung v tnh hnh nghin cu bin php sinh hc Vit Nam

Mc d bin php sinh hc (BPSH) trn th gii thnh cng hn 100 nm,nhng y l mt lnh vc khoa hc tng i mi nc ta.

Theo nhng g ghi chp li, nng dn nc ta cng bit s dng kin vng dit tr su hi trong vn cam qut t th k rt lu (th k th 4). Nhng nghincu pht trin BPSH th mi chc bt u t nhng nm u thp nin 1970.Nhng nghin cu v thnh phn thin ch trn su hi la ca P. B. Quyn v nnk(1972-1973), ca Vin Bo v thc vt (1972-1973) v vic nh gi hiu lc cacc ch phm sinh hc t vi khun Bt tr su tti Vin Bo v thc vt (1971-1974) c th coi l nhng cng trnh u tin v nghin cu BPSH phng chng dch

hi nc ta (P. V. Lm, 2003).T 1973, vic nghin cu s dng ong mt Trichogramma spp. tr mt ssu hi c bt u ti Vin Bo v thc vt. Sau cng vic nghin cu ny cngc mt s cquan khc tin hnh nh Phng Sinh thi cn trng (Vin Sinh thi& Ti nguyn Sinh vt), B mn ng vt khng xng sng (Khoa Sinh, i hcQuc gia H Ni). n na sau thp nin 1970, vic nghin cu s dng ong mt Trichogramma spp. tr su hi c Chi cc BVTV Vnh Phc, Thi Bnh hngng trin khai. T thp nin 1980, vic s dng ong mt Trichogramma tr suhi c Trung tm nghin cu cy Bng Nha H (nay l Vin nghin cu v Phttrin cy bng) trin khai ng dng trn cy bng.

Nghin cu nmB. bassiana tr su rm thngDendrolimus punctatuuscbt u t gia thp nin 1970 trng i hc Lm nghip.

T cui thp nin 1980 n nay, vic nghin cu bin php BPSH c tin hnhnhiu cquan nh Vin bo v thc vt, Vin Sinh thi &Ti nguyn Sinh vt,Khoa Sinh (i hc Khoa hc T nhin H Ni), i hc Nng nghip I H Ni,Vin Nghin cu v Pht trin cy bng, Vin Cng nghip thc phm... Tc nhnsinh hc c nghin cu cng a dng, gm ong mt Trichogramma spp., vikhun (B. thuringiensis, S. enteridis), virt cn trng (NPV), nm cn trng (B.bassiana, M. anisopliae, M.flavoviride), nm i khng (Trichoderma spp.), tuyntrng hi cn trng (P.V. Lm, 2003).


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2. Kt qu ch yu trong nghin cu pht trin BPSH nc taTrong khong 1/3 th k qua, chng ta tin hnh nghin cu nhiu vn v

BPSH. Cc nghin cu ny tp trung thnh hai hng chnh sau:- Bo v duy tr v pht trin qun th thin ch c sn trong t nhin- B sung thin ch vo sinh qun cy trng nng lm nghip

2.1. Bo v duy tr v pht trin qun th thin ch c sn trong tnhin

Hng nghin cu ny c cc nh cn trng hc chu u bt u t nhngnm 1950. Bo v, duy tr v pht trin qun th thin ch c sn trong t nhinchnh l p dng cc nguyn l sinh thi trong phng chng dch hi. y l binphp r tin, nhng i hi hiu bit v h sinh thi nng nghip. Nghin cu theohng ny bao gm cc vn sau:

a. iu tra thnh phn thin ch ca dch hiNhng nghin cu v khu h thin ch ca dch hi nc ta cha nhiu. Cha

c cc iu tra v thnh phn thin ch ca cc vt gy bnh cy, c di, chut. Huht cc kt qu c tp trung vo nghin cu thnh phn thin ch ca su hi. C2 loi cng vic nghin cu l:

- Nghin cu thnh phn thin ch ca su hi theo phn loi t nhin. H b ra

Coccinellidae, h ong Scelionidae c nghin cu kh y v thnh phnloi. H b chn chy Carabidae, h ongBraconidae, Ichneumonidae, h b xt cngngReduviidaeang c nghin cu v thnh phn loi (L.X. Hu, 2000; T.X.Lam & V. Q. Cn, 2004; K.. Long, 1994; H.. Nhun, 1982, 1983;...).

- Nghin cu thnh phn thin ch theo cy trng. Thnh phn thin ch trn cyla, u tng, bng, rau thp t, ng, cy u n qu, cy n qu c mi, ch, cph c nghin cu (. T. nh, 1984; V.Q. Cn, 1980;1986; 1990; V. Q. Cnv nnk, 1979; L. M. Chu, 1987, 1989;T. T. N. Chi v nnk, 1995; T. . Chin, 1991;2002; ng Th Dung, 1999; Cao Anh ng, 2003; Nguyn Th Hai, 1996; L. X.Hu, 1994; H. Q. Hng, 1984, 1991; H. Q. Hng v nnk, 1990; H Th Thu Giang,2002; P. V. Lm, 1986, 1989, 1992, 1995, 1996; 2002, 2004; Trn Ngc Ln; P. B.Quyn v nnk, 1973, 1999). Trong , thnh phn thin ch trn cy la c

nghin cu y nht (bng 2.1).Bng 2.1. S lng loi thin ch pht hin c trn ng la

S lng thin chTn bS lng

hS lng

ging S loi T l (%)B chun chun Odonata 2 4 4 0,9B b nga Mantodea 1 1 1 0,2B cnh thng orthoptera 2 4 10 2,2B cnh da Dermaptera 2 2 2 0,4B cnh na Hemiptera 10 39 72 15,6B cnh cng Coleoptera 5 57 113 24,5B cnh cun Strepsiptera 1 1 1 0,2

B cnh mng Hymenoptera 18 92 173 37,6B hai cnh Diptera 6 15 16 3,5B nhn ln Araneida 12 38 59 12,8B nm Entomophthorales 1 1 1 0,2B nm cnh Moniliales 1 3 4 0,9Virt cn trng Virus 1 1 3 0,6Tuyn trng Nematoda 1 1 2 0,4

Tng s 63 259 461 100Ngun: P.V. Lm (2000, 2002)


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b. Nghin cu c im sinh hc, sinh thi hc ca nhng thin ch ph bin c kt qu nghin cu vc im sinh hc, sinh thi hc ca cc loi thin

ch nh: ong Trichogramma japonicum, T. chilonis, Trichogrammatoidea sp.,Gryon cromion, Telenomus dignus, T. subitus, Tetrastichus schoenobii, Cotesiaruficrus, C. plutellae, Apanteles cypris, Microplitis prodenia, Dacnusa sibirica,

Diadegma semiclausum, Diadromus collaris, Diaeretiella rapae, Trathala flavo-

orbitalis (Cam.), d nhy Metioche vittaticollis (Stal), b chn chy Chlaeniusbioculatus, b ra Harmonia octomaculata, Menochilus sexmaculatus, Coccinellatransversalis, Lemnia biplagiata, b xt hoa Eocanthecona furcellata, b xt

Andrallas spinidens, b xt bt mi b tr Orius sauteri, b xt bt mi Xylocorisflavipes, rui n rp Episyrphus balteatus, Ischiodon scutellaris, Syrphinellamiranda, nhn si vn inh ba Pardosa pseudoannulata, nhn linh miu Oxyopes

javanus, Amblyseius (. T.Dung, 1999; Ng. V. nh, 2005; H.T.T.Giang, 2001,2002, 2003; H.Q.Hng, 1981,2001; H.Q.Hung et al., 2003; H. Lm et al., 2001;P.V.Lm v nnk, 1994, 1996, 2000; Q.T.Ng, 2000; B.X. Phng, 2000; M.P. Quv nnk, 1978; D.M. T, 2005, Yorn Try & H.Q. Hng, 2005,...). Thi gian vng ica mt s loi thin ch c ghi trong bng 2.2.

Bng 2.2. Thi gian vng i ca mt s thin ch

Tn thin chThi gianvng i(ngy)

Kh nng sinhsn (trng/ci)

iu kin nui(nhit , m )

T. japonicum 6,1-8,1 53,0 22-27 0C & 83-95%T. dignus 10,0-11,4 46,6 23-28 0C & 81-85%G. cromion 10,1-17,6 9,2-10,5 23-300C &70-80%C. plutellae 12,8-13,9 88,3 21-26 0C & 75-90%

T. flavo-orbitalis 19,3 62,5 26,3 0C & 86,3%

E. furcellata 53,3-74,4 126-191 iu kin t nhinP. pseudoannulata 123-219 164,6-204 iu kin t nhin

L. biplagiata 17,7-20,0 28,3-183,5 25-300C & 75-82,6%

I. scutellaris 23,3 - 21,80C &73,3%

c. nh gi vai tr ca thin ch trong hn ch s lng su hi chnhCc nhm thin ch (hay tng loi thin ch) c vai tr khng ging nhau trong

vic km hm s pht trin ca dch hi. Bi vy vic nh gi vai tr ca thin chtrong hn ch s lng dch hi l vn rt quan trng khi nghin cu li dngchng phng chng dch hi.

Vai tr ca tp hp cc thin ch trong hn ch s lng su hi la c th tmthy trong cc cng trnh ca L.M. Chu (1987, 1989), V.Q. Cn (1989,1990), H.Q.Hng (1984), N.V. Hunh v nnk (1980), P.V. Lm (1985, 1995), P.V. Lm v nnk(1983, 1989, 1993, 1996...), Trn Ngc Ln (2000), K.. Long (1994),... Cc kt qu

ny cho thy vai tr km hm s lng su hi la ca ring tng loi thin chthng th khng ln, song vai tr ny ca mt tp hp thin ch i vi mt loisu hi la no trong tng lc tng iu kin c th th li rt ln v rt c ngha km hm su hi pht trin.

Vai tr ca thin ch trong hn ch su hi bng c Trung tm Nghin cu cybng Nha H tin hnh ti cc vng bng min Nam. Nhng nghin cu ch rarng ong mt Trichogramma spp., NPV, b xt bt mi, tp hp nhn ln bt mil nhng thin ch c vai tr quan trng trong hn ch s pht trin ca su xanhH.


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armigera,A. flava, S. exigua,... hi bng (N.H. Bnh, 1994; N.H. Bnh v nnk, 1983;N.T. Hai, 1996; P.H. Nhng, 1996; N.T. Sn, 1985,...).

Ngoi ra cn c cc nghin cu v vai tr ca thin ch trong hn ch s phttrin ca su hi trn cy u tng (T.. Chin, 2003; .T. Dung, 2000; Dy SamAn, H.Q. Hung, 2001), rau h hoa thp t (D.T. Dung, 2003; H.T.T. Giang, 2002;N.D. Khiem et al., 2003; P.V. Lm v nnk, 2000, 2002; K.. Long, 1994, 2003), u

n qu (H.Q. Hung, 2003; P.V. Lm v nnk, 2002, 2003), cy n qu c mi (P.V.Lm v nnk, 1999, 2000).

c. Nghin cu nh hng ca cc iu kin sinh thi n thin chnh hng ca iu kin ngoi cnh n s tch lu s lng ca thin ch trn

cc cy trng l mt c squan trng xy dng bin php bo v, khch l ccthin ch t nhin trong hn ch dch hi. Vn ny cha c nghin cu nhiu nc ta.

Phn ln cc nghin cu c tp trung vo nh gi nh hng ca cc thucha hc i vi cc thin ch ca su hi la, bng, rau h hoa thp t. Kt qunghin cu cho thy hu ht cc thuc ha hc tr su s dng nc ta u gy nhhng rt ln n s tch lu s lng ca thin ch t nhin (L.M. Chu v nnk,

1987; V.Q. Cn v nnk, 1992; N. V. Hunh v nnk, 1980; P.V. Lm 1988, 1991,1999; P.V. Lm v nnk, 1994, 1996; K.. Long, 1990; N.Thv nnk, 1989,...).

C mt s nghin cu vnh hng ca iu kin canh tc n s tch lu thinch trn cy la v cy bng. Th d, rung la thng xuyn nc, cy nhiu vla, ging la nhim ry nu l nhng iu kin thun li cho s tch lu thin chca su hi la (L.M. Chu, 1987; P.V. Lm v nnk, 2003). Trng xen bng ma vong bng, xen bng vi ng, u tng s lm tng tnh a dng v vai tr ca thinch trong hn ch su hi bng (N.H.Bnh, 1994; N. T. Hai, 1996; P.V. Lm, 1989;N. Thv nnk, 1989;)

C mt s t i kt qu nghin cu v ni c tr, tn ti, chu chuyn ca thinch khi khng c cy trng trn ng rung. Sau thu hoch la Ma ng bngsng Hng l ma ng cng l thi gian khng c la trn ng.. Trong thi gianny, c nhiu loi k sinh ca cn trng cnh vy hi la tn ti pha trng thnh,tr ng trong cc cy bi bng hoc vn cy n qu gn ng la. Mt khc,nhiu loi thin ch a thc ca su hi la chuyn sang sng trn cc su hing, u tng (P. V. Lm, 1995; K.. Long, 1990). Khi khng c la trn ng, cccy c m hoa c mt l ni c tr ca nhiu thin ch, v mt hoa v phn hoa lngun thc n thm c gi tr ca nhiu loi thin ch. vng Cn Th ghi nhnc 30 loi cy c l ni tr ng ca nhiu loi thin ch ca su hi la (L.M.Chu v nnk, 1987; T. T. N. Chi v nnk, 1995; P.V. Lm, 1995).2.2. Nghin cu b sung thin ch vo sinh qun cy trng nng lm nghipa. Nhp ni, thun ha thin ch trdch hi ngoi lai

Nm 1996, c s ti trca FAO, chi cc BVTV tnh Lm ng nhp ni

t Malaysia ong k sinhD. semiclausum tr su t Lt. Sau 3 nm (t 1997)nhn v th ra mt sa im Lt, ong D. semiclausum tn ti, thit lpc qun thrung th ong v pht tn ra nhng rung xung quanh. T l k sinhca ongD. semiclausum trn su tt 2,6 - 69,4% tu thuc vo iu kin c thni th ong. ni khng th ong, t l k sinh ca ong t khong 24,3%.

Nm 1995-1997, trong chng trnh hp tc quc t vi t chc CSIRO(Australia) do ACIAR ti tr, Vin BVTV nhp ni 3 tc nhn sinh hc tr cytrinh n thn g (Mimosa pigra) v 2 tc nhn sinh hc tr cy bo ty(Eichhornia crassipes). Cc tc nhn nhp ni l su c thn trinh n (Carmenta


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mimosae), mt c ht trinh n (Acanthoscelides puniceus, A. quadridentatus), bvi voi dc c bo ty (Neochetia bruchi) v su c cng bo ty (Sameodesalbiguttalis).

Kt qu th nghim kim tra tnh chuyn ho thc n ca cc tc nhn sinh hc nhp ni cho thy tt c chng u c tnh chuyn ho thc n rt cao. Vin BVTV xut xin php cc cquan qun l cho th su c thn trinh n tr cy

trinh n thn g v b vi voi c c beo ty tr bo ty. Hai tc nhn ny th ra tn ti v to lp qun thni th chng.

b. Di chuyn thin ch trong cng khu phn b ca loiKin vng (Oecophylla smaragdina) l thin ch tng i ph bin trong cc

vn cy n qu c mi nc ta. Tuy vy, mt s vn cy n qu c mi thiuvng loi ny. Nng dn p dng mi bin php di chuyn kin vng t vnc n nhng vn khng c n.

c. Nhn th thin ch trdch hi* Nhn th cc k sinh su hi nc ta mi nghin cu nhn th ong mt Trichogramma spp. tr trng

su hi. n nay xy dng c qui trnh nhn nui lng ln ong mt trongnh bng trng ngi go Corcyra cephalonica. Cc loi ong Trichogramma

japonicum, T. chilonis v Trichogrammatoidea sp. c nhn nui th tr su hi. nghin cu dng ong mt tr mt s su hi nh su cun l nh (C.

medinalis), su c thn la bm hai chm (S. incertulas), su o xanh (A. flava),su xanh (H. armigera), su c thn ng (O. furnacalis), su c thn ma (Ch.infuscatellus, Ch. sacchariphagus), su t(P. xylostella).

Kt qu cho thy trng su hi ni th ong mt b k sinh t t l 35-94%ty thuc vo loi su hi v iu kin th ong mt .* Nghin cu sdng ch phm sinh hc tvi khunBacillus thuringiensis trsu hi

Vi khunBacillus thuringiensis (Bt) l loi vi khun gy bnh cho cn trng quantrng nht. Trn th gii, Bt c nghin cu s dng rng ri nht tr nhiuloi su hi. nc ta, vic nghin cu s dng Bt c tin hnh theo 2 hng:nhp ni ch phm Bt ca nc ngoi v nghin cu sn xut Bt trong nc.

T nm 1971-1974, Vin BVTV tin hnh u tin vic nh gi hiu lc ca chphm Bt nhp ni nh Entobacterin, Biotrol, Bacillus serotype 1, Thuricide,Thuringin 150M i vi su tP. xylostella, P. guttata, C. medinalis, O. furnacalis,

M. testulalis, M. separata, S. litura. V sau, cc ch phm sinh hc t Bt nhp nivo ch yu phng chng su t. Mt s ch phm c hiu lc rt cao i vi sutnh Entobacterin, Biotrol, Xentari, MVP, Aztron (bng 2. 3).

Bng 2.3. Hiu lc ch phm Bt nhp ni i vi su t

T l cht (%) ca su tsau x lthuc 2-5 ngyTn ch phm Liu lngdng

Trong phng Ngoi ngEntobacterin 3-5 kg/ha 90,0 100,0 58,4 90,6Biotrol 3-5 kg/ha 93,0 100,0 65,3 91,4Bacillus cerotype 1 3-5 kg/ha 55,0 100,0 62,7 80,5Thuricide 3-5 kg/ha 40,0 100,0 52,7 72,4Thuringin 150M 3-5 kg/ha 52,0 100,0 72,0Xentari 1-2 kg/ha 85,3 100,0 81,3 87,9


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Delfin 1-1,5 kg/ha 75,6 100,0 77,8 93,8Dipel 1-1,5 kg/ha - 40,0 50,0MVP 6-7 lt/ha 75,0 100,0 71,9 98,1V-Bt 1-1,5 kg/ha 46,3 80,8 48,7 74,5Aztron 5-6 lt/ha 80,0 100,0 70,1 94,2Ngun: N. V. Cm v nnk, 1978; L. K. Oanh v nnk, 1999; N. V. Sn v nnk,

1995,1996,1997Trong nm 1977-1978, ti TP. H Ch Minh nghin cu sn xut ch phm

sinh hc t Bt gi l Bacin-78, nhng sau khng thy ch phm ny a ra pdng trong sn xut. T cui thp k 80 u thp k 90, mt s cquan nghin cukhoa hc bt u sn xut ch phm sinh hc t Bt. Trn cscc chng Bt ca VitNam pht trin c ch phm Bt1, Bt2, Bt3, BC1, BC3, BC5, BTTH, BTTN. Chphm Bt1, Bt2 dng nc vi liu lng 1 lt/ha cho hiu lc tr su tt 57,3-95,5% (trong phng) v 50,0-77,4% (ngoi ng rung). Hiu lc ca cc ch phmBt1, Bt3, BC1, BC3, BC5 trong phng i vi su t, su xanhH. armigera v sucun l la loi nhC. medinalis tng ng t 60-100, 12-32 v 28-100%. Cc chphm TST89, BTTH, BTTN vi lng 3-5 lt/ha dng tr su tcho hiu qut

38,4-88,1% (dn theo P.V. Lm, 2003).* Nghin cu sdng nm cn trng trsu hiT gia thp nin 1970, trng i hc Lm nghip bt u nghin cu nm

Beauveria bassiana tr su rm thng D. punctatus, nhng cha a c chphm no vo ng dng trong sn xut.

T u thp nin 1990, cc nm B. bassiana, M. anisopliae v M.flavoviridec nghin cu vin BVTV. Ch phm sinh hc t cc nm ny c sn xut dng th (hn hp mi trng v bo t nm) ca nm Beauveria v nm

Metarhizium, tng ng cha 5x108 v 5,8x108 bo t/g. Trong phng th nghim,hiu lc ca ch phm Beauveria i vi ry nu N. lugens, su o xanh A. flavatng ng l 30,3-44,4 v 59,7-78,1% ngy th 7-10 sau x l. T l ny ca nm

Metarhizium tng ng l 23,6-46,1 v 58,7-88,5%. Trong iu kin ng rung,

ngy th 7-10 sau phun ch phm, hiu qu ca nm Beauteriai vi ry nu vsu o xanh t 16,3-69,9 v 66,4-86,4% (tng ng). Cn hiu qu ca ch phm tnm Metarhiziumi vi cc su hi nu trn tng ng t l 15,9-79,5 v 73,3-79,5%. Hiu lc ca ch phm t nmM. anisophiae vM. flavoviridei vi chuchu sng lng vng P. succincta trong phng th nghim t tng ng 36,5-94,5 v71,0-73,7% ngy th 10 sau x l. Th nghim ng rung trong nm 1994-1995ti B Ra-Vng Tu cho thy cc ch phm nm ny c hiu qu t chu chu t39,9-66,2 v 60,1-72,0% tng ng ngy th 13 v 20 sau phun. Ngoi ra cc chphm t nm Metarhizium cn c th nghim tr chu chu H. tonkinensis hima Ty Ninh nm 1998. Sau 15 ngy x l, hiu qu ca ch phm nm vi chuchu non (70,1-76,5%) cao hn so vi hiu qu i vi chu chu trng thnh(25,7-32,6%).

* Nghin cu sdng vi rtcn trng trsu hi

nc ta, cc nghin cu s dng virt cn trng tr su hi mi c bt ut nhng nm cui thp nin 1980. Cc nghin cu ny cng ch tp trung vo nhmNPV. Nghin cu s dng virt cn trng trong phng chng su hi gm 2 mngcng vic ring bit l: nghin cu nhn nui hng lot su vt ch bng mi trngthc n v nghin cu pht trin, s dng ch phm sinh hc t NPV.

T nm 1988 Vin Bo v thc vt bt u nghin cu mi trng thc n tnghp nui su non cc loi cn trng cnh vy, nh su cn giM. separata, su


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xanhH. armigera, su khoang S. litura, su keo da lng S. exigua, su c thn ngO. furnacalis, su tP. xylostella v su xanh bm trng P. rapae. Vin BVTV chc 10 mi trng thc n t nguyn liu ph thi c sn trong nc nuisu xanh, su khoang v su keo da lng. Cc mi trng ny c Cc shu cngnghip Nh nc cp bng sng ch.

T 1989-1990, Trung tm nghin cu cy bng Nha H nui su xanh thnh

cng bng mi trng thc n nhp ni tn , Thi Lan. Sau , Trung tmnghin cu cy bng ci tin nhng mi trng ny cho ph hp vi Vit Nam.

Cho n nay, vic nghin cu mi trng thc n thnh cng nht ch l i visu xanh, su khoang. C th nui hai loi su ny trong iu kin th cng phngth nghim vi lng ln phc v sn xut ch phm NPV.

Vin BVTV v Trung tm nghin cu cy bng Nha H xy dng c quytrnh sn xut ch phm NPV ca su xanh, su khoang, su keo da lng, su o xanhhi ay, su rm thng. Cc ch phm HaNPV, SeNPV, SlNPV c sn xut cdng lng v dng bt thm nc (1,5x107 PIB/mg).

Trong phng th nghim, hiu lc ca cc ch phm AfNPV, HaNPV v SlNPVi vi su o xanh hi ay, su xanh v su khoang tng ng l 72,2-100;78,7-100 v 52,6-100%.

iu kin ng rung, hiu qu ca ch phm NPV i vi su xanh, su keo dalng, su khoang, su o xanh hi ay v su rm thng dng vi liu lng 250-1000 su cht/ha rt bin ng ph thuc vo cy trng, a im v thi gian sdng (bng 2.4). Hiu lc ca ch phm HaNPV i vi su xanh trn thuc l ting Nai t 57,8-78,6%, cn ti H Ni cht 31,6-51,1%. HaNPV tr suxanh trn bng Nha H v Sn La cho hiu lc tng ng l 34,0-65,0 v 43,4-89,8%, v.v... (P.H. Nhng v nnk, 1996, 1997; H.T. Vit v nnk,1999, 2000)

Bng 2.4. Hiu lc tr su trn ng rung ca ch phm NPV

Ch phm Su hi Cy trngHiu qu (%) sau

6-10 ngy x lHaNPV H. armigera Bng, Nha H 34,0-65,0

HaNPV H. armigera Bng, Sn La 43,4-89,8HaNPV H. armigera Thuc l, ng Nai 57,8-78,6HaNPV H. armigera Thuc l, H Ni 31,6-51,1SeNPV S. exigua Bng, Nha H 36,9-71,7SeNPV S. exigua Hnh, Nha H 67,0SlNPV S. litura Xu ho, VnhPhc 37,6-58,2SlNPV S. litura Bp ci, Vnh Phc 68,7-71,6AfNPV A. flava ay, H Ty 60,0-70,0DpNPV D. punctatus Thng, Thanh Ha 21,7-46,2n nay ch mi c ch phm HaNPV c s dng nhiu hn c. Hng nm ch

phm ny c s dng trn din tch vi trm ha bng pha Nam. Sau l ch

phm NPV su keo da lng c s dng trn hng trm ha hnh ty, nho, u xanhNam Trung B.* Nghin cu tuyn trng cn trng trsu hi

C hng ngn loi cn trng l k ch ca tuyn trng. Mt s loi tuyn trngcn trng c nghin cu to nn ch phm sinh hc phng chng su hi(Neoaplectana carpocapsae, N. glaseri,). Cng vic nghin cu tuyn trng cntrng mi c bt u t 1997 Vin Sinh thi & Ti nguyn Sinh vt. phn lpc 22 chng tuyn trng cn trng thuc ging Steinernerma v 11 chng thucgingHeterorhabditis. Trong c 8 chng c kh nng dit su hi tt. 4 ch phm


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sinh hc tr su hi c pht trin t tuyn trng cn trng: Biostar-1(chng S-TK10), Biostar-2 (chng S-CTL), Biostar-3 (chng H-MP11), Biostar-4 (chng H-NT3).Cc ch phm cha 1,5x106-3,0x106 u trng cm nhim. Hiu lc ca cc ch phmsinh hc t tuyn trng cn trng i vi cc su S. litura, s. exigua, A. ypsilon, P.

xylostella, P. rapae, H.armigerat 63-100%.* Nghin cu sinh vt i khng trvt gy bnh cy

C rt nhiu vi sinh vt i khng vi vt gy bnh cy. Nhm vi sinh vt ikhng c nhiu nc nghin cu l nm Trichoderma. Vit Nam, nhm nmny cng c quan tm nghin cu u tin trong cc vi sinh vt i khng vi vtgy bnh cy. Cng vic ny c bt u t 1987 ti B mn Bnh cy Vin Bo vthc vt. Sau , cc nghin cu ny cng c tin hnh ti i hc Nng Nghip IH Ni, v.v

T 1990 phn lp c cc ngun nm Trichoderma bn a. Nghin cu cchi khng, iu kin nh hng n sinh trng pht trin ca nm Trichoderma.Nhng chng nm Trichoderma bn a c hiu quc ch kh cao (67,8-85,5%) ivi cc nm gy bnh R. solani, S. rolfsii, B.cinerea, A. niger, Fusarium sp. NmTrichoderma cho hiu quc ch nm S. rolfsii gy bnh ho lc v nmR. solanigy bnh kh vn trn ng tng ng t hn 90% v 42,2-45,3% (th nghim

nh). Trong vng, nm Trichoderma lm gim 51,3-59,8% cy ng b kh vn(th nghim rng). xut quy trnh sn xut ch phm nm Trichodema t ccnguyn liu nh b ma, cm go, b u phThc l nguyn liu tt nht nhnsinh khi nm Trichoderma (T.T.Thun, 1996; T.T.Thun v nnk, 2000,).

Ngoi ra, c mt s nghin cu ng dng vi khun hunh quang Pseudomonasfluorescens, x khun Streptomyces sp. tr nm Fusarium oxysporum,Colletotrichum sp. v Sclerotium sp. gy bnh trn mt s cy trng cn.* Nghin cu vi khun gy bnh tiu chy trchut

T nm 1994, vin BVTV bt u nghin cu sn xut b chut sinh hc t vikhun Salmonella enteridis chng isachenko. B sinh hc c hiu lc tr chut cao(80-100%) vi liu lng 1-2 g b/1 chut. Chut cht ngy th 4-10 sau khi n b.Hiu qu tr chut trn ng rung t 66,6-83,3% (L.V. Thuyt v nnk, 1999,...).* Nghin cu vi sinh vt trc di

T nm 1996, Vin Bo v thc vt hp tc vi Vin Nghin cu Nng nghipBang New South Wales (Australia) nghin cu nm chuyn tnh tr c lng vctrn la. phn lp c nm Exserohilum monoceras chuyn tnh trn c lngvc. Nghin cu iu kin nh hng n sinh trng pht trin ca nm v mitrng nhn nui nm hng lot sn xut ch phm sinh hc tr c. Kt qu thnghim trong nh li cho thy c lng vc cht vi t l 86,8% khi dng nm nhntrn mi trng Czapek hoc 100% nu dng nm nui trn mi trng PCA.


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III. CC T CHC U TRANH SINH HC

3.1. T CHC QUC T VU TRANH SINH HC (IOBC)T chc quc t vu tranh sinh hc ng vt v thc vt hi (International

Organization for Biological Control of noxious animals and plants /IOBC)

Mc tiu:

Thc y s pht trin bin php u tranh sinh hc v s dng n trong ccchng trnh qun l tng hp (Van Lenteren, 2005).

Lch spht trin

T chc quc t v bin php u tranh sinh hc (IOBC) l t chc mang tnhquc t c hnh thnh cch y 50 nm. Cc mc pht trin chnh gm:

1. Nm 1948 ti Stckhm hnh thnh tng v 1 t chc mang tnh quct

2. Lin on quc t v Khoa hc Sinh hc (International Union of biologicalsciences/IUBS) quyt nh thnh lp U ban quc t v bin php u tranhsinh hc Commission Internationale de Lutte Biologique vit tt l CILB.

Mt Hi ng chun b thnh lp tai Menton.3. 1955 IUBS ph duyt CILB.4. 1956 Phin hp chnh thc u tin ca CILB ti Antibes, Php.5. 1965 CILB i tn U ban thnh t chc v t c tn l T chc

quc t v bin php u tranh sinh hc i vi ng v thc vt hi/(International Organization of Biological control of Noxious Animals andPlants)/IOBC/OILB.

6. 1969 c s hu thun ca IUBS, t c tho thun thnh lp 1 tchc hp nht gia IOBC v T chc t vn quc t v bin php u tranhsinh hc (IACBC) thnh IOBC. Tip tc xut bn tp ch Entomophaga tpch chnh thc ca IOBC mi.

7. 1971 Chnh thc thnh lp IOBC Ton cu k tc IOBC trc y.

Mng li IOBC ton cu hin nay

IOBC iu phi mi hot ng bin php u tranh sinh hc mang tnh toncu chia theo 6 khu vc: Chu , Chu Phi, ng u, Ty u, Bc M v Nam M9 nhm lm vic (Working groups) ca IOBC:

a. Nhn nui chn t v qun l cht lngb. Bin php sinh hc i vi rp mui (Aphids) v rp sp (Coccids)c. Bin php sinh hc i vi c Lo Chromolaena odonata (Siam weed)d. Bin php sinh hc i vi su tPlutellae. Bin php sinh hc i vi Bo Nht Bn (water hyacinth)f. K sinh trng (pasitoids)g. Rui hi qu kinh t quan trngh. Ostrinia v su khc trn ngi. Sinh vt chuyn gen trong IPM v BPSH

Nh vy c 6 Nhm lm vic tp trung vo cn trng, 2 nhm lm vic tptrung vo BPSH i vi thc vt v 1 nhm lm vic lin quan n lnh vc mi mc tc pht trin v cng mnh m l cng ngh sinh hc. Khng c nhm lmvic no v BPSH i vi vi sinh vt gy bnh cho cy.


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Hnh 1. Cc khu vc ca IOBC (theo Van Lenteren, 2005)

3.2. CC T CHC C LIN QUAN N BIN PHP U TRANH SINHHC

Vin nghin cu khi thnh vng chung v bin php u tranh sinh hc(Comonwealth institute of biological control/CIBC)

Vin c thnh lp t nm 1927 ti Anh. Ban u cc nghin cu ch yutp trung Anh, Chu u, New Zealand, Canada, n , ch yu l phng tr suc thn ma Diatraea saccharalis (F.). Cc hot ng b dng li trong thi gianchin tranh th gii th II, Nm 1940 chuyn cc hot ng sang Ontario, Canada,cc d n thuc Khi thnh vng chung. n nhng nm 1970, CIBC hot ngtrn 30 nc thc hin 615 ln nhp ni 137 loi k sinh v bt mi.

Ngy nay, CIBC l 1 vin nghin cu thuc CABI, mt t chc lin chnhph phi li nhun. CIBC cung cp thng tin v BPSH i vi cn trng v c di,CIBC xut bn Biocontrol News and Information, y l tp ch ra hang qu, gmcc tm tt ca cc bi bo, sch, ti liu hi tho lien quan n dch hai cy trng,cy lm nghip, hc, th , c di, qun l tng hp, k thut, phn loi vcatalogues, sinh hc v sinh thi hc.

UN/FAO

T chc FAO cho rng BPSH l hp phn quan trng ca chng trnh IPM.FAO khuyn khch s dng cc loi thin ch nhp ni v hin nay ang n lc phttrin chng trnh IPM, trong nng cao vj th ca cc loi thin ch bn a.FAO cn thc u BPSH i vi c di v bnh hi cy. Cc hot ng bao gm

iu tra thu thp, trao i, nh gi s dng cc tc nhn sinh hc, hun luyn v xydng ch dn s dng cc tc nhn sinh hc tim nng.

Ngoi ra nhiu t chc nh Vin nghin cu quc t v Nng nghip nhiti (IITA) nghin cu v p dng thnh cng BPSH i vi rp sp (Planococcssp. v Nhn xanh (Mononychus tanajoa) hi sn.


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Cc a ch WEBSITE (t www. trc tn a ch (Lenteren, 2005)T chc quc t c cc hot ng lin quan n bin php u tranh sinh hc v IPMcgiar.org CGIAR institutesfao.org FAO United Nations Food and Agricultural Organizationiaea.org FAO IAEA International Atomic Engergy Agencysibweb.org Society for Invertebrate Pathology:

T chc quc gia v BPSHseb.br Brazil, see siconbiolbiocontrol.ca Canada (biocontrol network canada)centre-biological-control.dk Denmark (Danish Center for Biological Control)controlbiologico.org.mx Mexico

Cc t chc xy dng qui nh v nhp v phng thch thin chaphisweb.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/permits/biological/index.html USA Aphiscnpma.embrapa.br/biocontrol/ Brazilian regulations import natural enemiesepa.qld.gov.au/ USA EPAeppo.org/ EPPO (European Plant Protection Organization)eppo.org/Standards/era_finalversions.html EPPO pest risk analysis, white lists ofnatural enemiesfao.org FAOnappo.org NAPPO (North American Plant Prot. Org.)oecd.org/home/ OECDwho.int/whr/en/ WHO (World Health Organization, world health report)

Thng tin v BPSH v IPMfaculty.ucr.edu/~legneref Dr. Fred Legners biologicalcontrol encyclopedia ipmeurope.org/About%20IPME/Background.htmipm.ucdavis.eduipmworld.umn.edu/textbook.htm textbook on IPMnysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/pestinfo.org data base scientists biological control and IPM

Thng tin v cn trng, thin ch v dch hiaphisweb.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/permits/biological/index.htmlbba.de/eggpara/eggp.htm egg parasitoids newsletter; Trichogramma etc.cnia.inta.gov.ar/trichogramma bulletin on Trichogrammaent.iastate.edu/List/ IFAS.UFL.EDU/~ent2/wfly/index.html whitefliesinsectweb.inhs.uiuc.edu/soy/siric insects in soypest.cabweb.orgpestinfo.org pests and natural enemies

Cc nh sn xut thin ch chnhamwnuetzlinge.de Germany

anbp.org USA (Association of Natural Biocontrol Producers)appliedbionomics.com UKarbico.com USA avancebiotechnologies.combio-bee.com Israelbiobest.be Belgiumbiocont.cz Czech Republic (Biocont Laboratory)biocontrol.ch Switzerland (Andermatt Biocontrol)biocontrole.com.br Brazilbionativa.cl Chilebioplanet.it Italybioplant.dk Denmark (Borregaard Bioplant)


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biorend bioagro Chilebiotop.fr Francecertiseurope.co.uk UK (Biological Crop Protection / Certis)bugsforbugs.com.au [email protected] Canada (Applied Bionomics)

controlbiologico.cl degroenevlieg.nl/home.html The Netherlands

e-nema.de Germanyentocare.nl The Netherlandsibma.ch Internation Biocontrol Manufacturers Associationinsectary.com Canada (Beneficial Insectary)intrachem.com Italyipmlabs.om USA (IPM Laboratories)koppert.com The Netherlandskunafin.com USA (Trichogramma insectories)landireba.ch Switzerland mip-agro controladores biologicas Chilenatural-insect-control.com Canadanaturescontrol.com USAneudorff.de Germanynuetzlinge.de Germany (Sautter & Stepper)nuetzlingeanbieter.de overview of natural enemies / companies

in Germany nijhofbgb.nl The Netherlands, Nijhof BiologischeGewasbescherming syngenta-bioline.co.uk UKthebugfactory.ca Canadarinconvitova.com USAwyebugs.co.uk UK xilema ([email protected])

Cc tp ch v BPSHBiocontrol (Official Journal of IOBC) springeronline.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,11855,5-40109-70-35621340-0,00.htmlBiological Control elsevier.com/locate/issn/1049-9644Bulletin of InsectologyEntomologia Experimentalis et Applicata

blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0013-8703European Journal of Entomology eje.czJournal of Insect BehaviourNeotropical Entomology seb.org.br/bioassay

CU HI N TP

1. Nu khi qut qu trnh pht trin bin php sinh hc trn th gii?

2. Tnh hnh nghin cu pht trin bin php sinh hc Vit Nam?

3. Xu th chung v pht trin bin php sinh hc Vit Nam v trn th gii?

Ti liu tham kho chnh1. Andres L.A., C.J. Davis, P. Harris, A.J. Wapshere. Biological Control of

Weeds. In: Biological control (Ed. by C.B. Huffaker et al.). Plenum Press,New York, p.481-499. 1976.

2. Baker R. Biological control of plant pathogens: Definitions. In: Biologicalcontrol in Agricultural IPM Systems. Academic Press, Inc. New York, SanDiego, London. 1985.


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3. Lng Minh Chu. Nghin cu mt s bin php trong quy trnh tng hpphn

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