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Characteristics of Life• All living things are made of cells


• The discovery of the cell became possible with the development of the microscope

DISCOVERY OF THE CELL

• All living things are made of one or more cells

• Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism

• Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells

The Cell Theory

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Cell Size and Types• Cells, the basic units of organisms,

can only be observed under microscope

• Three Basic types of cells include:

Animal Cell Plant CellBacterial

Cellcopyright cmassengale

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Number of CellsOrganisms may be:• Unicellular – composed of one cell

• Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize

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• Size – Most cells cannot be seen with the naked eye. They range from 2 meters long to .2 micrometers

Cell Diversity

Longest cellNeuron = 1.3m

Largest cell= ovaSmallest cell=sperm

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Which Cell Type is Larger?

_________ > _____________ > ___________Plant cell Animal cell bacteria


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Multicellular Organisms• Cells in multicellular organisms

often specialize (take on different shapes & functions)


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Specialized Animal Cells

Muscle cells

Red blood cells

Cheek cells

Shape – The shape of a cell varies depending on the function of the

cellNerve cell

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Specialized Plant cells

Xylem cellsPollen

Guard Cells


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Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells

Plant Cell

Animal Cell


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Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles

Eukaryotes include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, fungi, & animals)

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells


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Organelles

Very small size

Can only be observed under a microscope

Have specific functions

Found throughout cytoplasm


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Organelles


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Golgi Bodies

• Have a shipping side & a receiving side

• Receive & modify proteins (by using enzymes) made by ER.

• Proteins are used either inside or outside of the cell

Transport

vesicle



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Lysosome• Contain digestive

enzymes• Break down food

and worn out cell parts for cells

• Programmed for cell death (lyse & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts)


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Nucleolus• Inside nucleus• Makes ribosomes

that make proteins


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Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumSmooth ER lacks

ribosomes & makes proteins Used in the cell, manufactures lipids, gets rid of poisons

Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORTcopyright cmassengale

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Rod shapeSite of energy production

Cell Powerhouse

Mitochondrion( mitochondria )


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Active cells like muscles have more mitochondriaBurn sugars to produce energy ATP

In Animal Cells:

Mitochondria

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Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells

Made of protein and phospholipids

Selectively permeable

Cell membrane

Surrounding the Cell


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Nonliving layerGives structure and shape to plant and bacterial cells

Cell wall

Cell Wall


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Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane

Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm of a Cell


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Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs

Examples: chloroplast & mitochondrion

Cytoplasm

More on Cytoplasm


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Controls the normal activities of the cell

Contain the DNABounded by a nuclear membrane

Contains chromosomes

Control Organelle

Nucleus


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Contain the green pigment chlorophyll

Traps sunlight to make to make sugars (food)

Process called photosynthesis

Plant Cell Organelles

Chloropla

st


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Plant Cell

Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers

Strong and rigidFound in plant cells

Cell wall


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Have a large central vacuole

Stores sugars, proteins, minerals, wastes, & pigments

Plant Cell Organelles

Vacuole


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Different kinds of plant cells

Onion Epidermal Cells

Root Hair Cell

root hair

Guard Cells


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mitochondrion

nucleus

glycogen granule

cell membrane

cytoplasm Animal cell

No cell wall or chloroplastStores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy

vacuole


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Different kinds of animal cells

white blood cell

red blood cell

cheek cells

sperm

nerve cell

muscle cell

Amoeba

Paramecium


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Similarities between plant cells and animal

cellsBoth have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm

Both have a nucleus

Both contain mitochondria


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Differences between plant cells and animal

cellsAnimal cells Plant cells

Relatively smaller in

sizeIrregular shape

No cell wall

Relatively larger in size

Regular shapeCell wall present


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Animal cells Plant cells

Vacuole small or absent

Glycogen as food storage

Nucleus at the center

Large central vacuole

Starch as food storage

Nucleus near cell wall

Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells


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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells


REVIEW• Organelle that digests waste/broken cell parts

• Like a highway transports proteins

• Like a post office-packages proteins getting them ready for transport

• Largest organelle in a plant – used to store things

• Responsible for making ribosomes


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Levels of organization• Cells are

grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions


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Tissue• A group of similar cells to

perform a particular function–Animals : epithelial tissue, muscular tissue

–Plants : vascular tissue, mesophyll


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Organ

• Different tissues group together to carry out specialized functions–Heart : consists of muscles,

nervous tissue and blood vessels

–Leaf : consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue


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Stoma

Air Space

Spongy Mesophyll Cell

Chloroplast

The Structures of a Leaf (Plant Organ)

Palisade Mesophyll Cell


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The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ)


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System• Several organs and tissues work

together to carry out a particular set of functions in a co-ordinated way– Human : digestive, respiratory,

excretory, circulatory and reproductive systems

– Plant : root and shoot systems


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Human Body Systems Examples of systems : Digestive System Respiratory System Circulatory System Nervous System Reproductive System


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Examples of a Human Body System


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The Respiratory System


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Circulatory System


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Nervous System


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Levels of Organization

CELLS (muscle cells,nerve cells)

TISSUES (muscle, epithelium)

ORGANS (heart, lungs, stomach)

SYSTEMS (circulatory system)

ORGANISM (human)


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It’s You!


The Liver• Largest organ• Weighs 3-3.5 lbs• Size of a football• Most important organ;

used to produce and store biochemicals

• Used to detoxify the body, removes bacteria, stores vitamins


The liver is located on the right side of your body beneath the ribs.

Copyright © 2004 Microsoft Corporation, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98052-6399 USA. All rights reserved.

Diseases• If the liver is exposed to

toxins for to long it can become damaged and not do it’s job

– Cirrhosis – drinking alcohol– Hepatitis C– Increased salt intake can

decrease the livers ability to break down toxins

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Biomedical Engineering• Can now grow artificial organs for people

who need new livers• http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7eM3zOffI4

• Engineers need to understand how the liver works in order to be able to create new organs or regenerate just a portion of the liver– Only need ¼ of the original liver


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7eM3zOffI4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7eM3zOffI4

Bioengineering Lab• As our bodies remove waste products and toxins to

keep us healthy hydrogen peroxide is produced (h2O2).

• An enzyme in our liver breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen which is not harmful to us.

• When we ingest excess salt the liver cells break down the hydrogen peroxide less effectively.

• You will be investigating• this process


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