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Ch. 9 Learning: Principles and Applications
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How do we learn?Most learning is associative learningLearning that certain events occur together.
Classical Conditioning
Ivan PavlovStudied Digestion of
Dogs.Dogs would salivate
before they were given food (triggered by sounds, lights etc…)
Dogs must have LEARNED to salivate.
Click above to see about Pavlov
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.
Unconditional Response (UCR): the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the UCS.
Conditioned Response (CR): the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with the UCS, comes to trigger a response.
Classical Conditioning• This is passive learning (automatic…learner does NOT have to
think).• Unconditional Stimulus (UCS)- something that elicits a
natural, reflexive response.• Unconditional Response (UCR)- response to the UCS.
Classical Conditioning
Next you find a neutral stimulus (something that by itself elicits no response).
You present the stimulus with the UCS a whole bunch of times.
Classical ConditioningAcquisitionAfter a while, the
body begins to link together the neutral stimulus with the UCS.
Classical Conditioning• We know learning takes places when the previously neutral
stimulus elicits a response.• At this point the neutral stimulus is called the conditioned
stimulus (CS) and the unconditional response becomes the conditioned response (CR).
Pavlov spent the rest of his life outlining his ideas. He came up with 5 critical terms that together make up classical conditioning. Write down these terms!!AcquisitionExtinctionSpontaneous
RecoveryGeneralizationDiscrimination
offthemark.com
Let’s play a game….I will need a special volunteer….One who does not get angry easily…One who does not mind getting wet…
Who will it be???
Classical Conditioning• TRICKY FACT: We
know learning exists because the CS is linked to the UCS.
• This is called ACQUISITION.
• Acquisition does not last forever.
• The moment the CS is no longer associated with the UCS, we have EXTINCTION.
CAN
Popular Classical Conditioning Examples
Classical Conditioning as portrayed in The Office.
See if you can identify the UCS, UCR, CS and CR.
http://vimeo.com/5371237
Spontaneous RecoverySometimes, after
extinction, the CR still randomly appears after the CS is presented.
CANhttp://www.flowgo.com/funny/2028_scary-jack-in-box-scary.html
GeneralizationSomething is so
similar to the CS that you get a CR.
Something so different to the CS so you do not get a CR.
Generalization and Discrimination
Discrimination
Learned Taste Aversions• When it comes to
food being paired with sickness, the conditioning is incredible strong.
• Even when food and sickness are hours apart.
• Food must be salient (noticeable.)
Operant ConditioningA type of learning in which behavior is
strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment.
Classical v. OperantThey both use acquisition, discrimination, SR,
generalization and extinction.
• Classical Conditioning is automatic (respondent behavior). Dogs automatically salivate over meat, then bell- no thinking involved.
• Operant Conditioning involves behavior where one can influence their environment with behaviors which have consequences (operant behavior).
The Law of Effect
• Edward Thorndike• Locked cats in a cage• Behavior changes because of
its consequences.• Rewards strengthen behavior.• If consequences are
unpleasant, the Stimulus-Reward connection will weaken.
• Called the whole process instrumental learning.
Click picture to see a better explanation of the Law of Effect.
Law of Effect: rewarded behavior is likely to recur.
B.F. Skinner• The Mac Daddy of
Operant Conditioning.
• Nurture guy through and through.
• Used a Skinner Box (Operant Conditioning Chamber) to prove his concepts.
Skinner Box
Reinforces
• A reinforcer is anything the INCREASES a behavior.
Positive Reinforcement:• The addition of something pleasant.Negative Reinforcement:• The removal of something unpleasant.• Two types of NR• Escape Learning• Avoidance Learning(Getting kicked out of class versus cutting class)
Negative Reinforcement examples:In Negative Reinforcement a particular behavior is strengthened by the consequence of the stopping or avoiding of a negative condition.
2. Driving in heavy traffic is a negative condition for most of us. You leave home earlier than usual one morning, and don't run into heavy traffic. You leave home earlier again the next morning and again you avoid heavy traffic. Your behavior of leaving home earlier is strengthened by the consequence of the avoidance of heavy traffic.
Hint:The concept of Negative Reinforcement is
difficult to teach and learn because of the word negative. Negative Reinforcement is often confused with Punishment. They are very different, however. Negative Reinforcement strengthens a behavior because a negative condition is stopped or avoided as a consequence of the behavior.
Punishment, on the other hand, weakens a behavior because a negative condition is introduced or experienced as a consequence of the behavior.
Positive ReinforcementIn Positive Reinforcement a particular
behavior is strengthened by the consequence of experiencing a positive condition. For example: A hungry rat presses a bar in its cage and receives food. The food is a positive condition for the hungry rat. The rat presses the bar again, and again receives food. The rat's behavior of pressing the bar is strengthened by the consequence of receiving food.
PunishmentMeant to decrease a
behavior.Positive Punishment• Addition of something
unpleasant.Negative Punishment
(Omission Training)• Removal of something
pleasant.Punishment works best
when it is immediately done after behavior and if it is harsh!
How do we actually use Operant Conditioning?
Do we wait for the subject to deliver the desired behavior?
Sometimes, we use a process called shaping.
Shaping is reinforcing small steps on the way to the desired behavior.
To train a dog to get your slippers, you would have to reinforce him in small steps. First, to find the slippers. Then to put them in his mouth. Then to bring them to you and so on…this is shaping behavior.
Same Terminology as Classical Conditioning
AcquisitionExtinctionSpontaneous
RecoveryGeneralizationDiscrimination
If I wanted to reinforce my son’s dancing by giving him lollipops when he dances. Identify the following….
Primary ReinforcerThings that are in
themselves rewarding.
Things we have learned to value.
Money is a special secondary reinforcer called a generalized reinforcer (because it can be traded for just about anything)
Primary v. Secondary Reinforcers Secondary
Reinforcer
ContinuousReinforce the behavior
EVERYTIME the behavior is exhibited.
Usually done when the subject is first learning to make the association.
Acquisition comes really fast.
But so does extinction.
• Reinforce the behavior only SOME of the times it is exhibited.
• Acquisition comes more slowly.
• But is more resistant to extinction.
• FOUR types of Partial Reinforcement schedules.
Continuous v. Partial ReinforcementPartial
Fixed RatioProvides a
reinforcement after a SET number of responses.
Provides a reinforcement after a RANDOM number of responses.
Very hard to get acquisition but also very resistant to extinction.
Ratio Schedules
Variable Ratio
Fixed Ration- She gets a manicure for every 5 pounds she loses.
Fixed-ratio Schedules
A schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
Example: I give cookie monster a cookie every FIVE times he sings “C is for cookie”.
Fixed IntervalRequires a SET
amount of time to elapse before giving the reinforcement.
Requires a RANDOM amount of time to elapse before giving the reinforcement.
Very hard to get acquisition but also very resistant to extinction.
Interval Schedules
Variable Interval
Fixed Interval: She gets a manicure for every 7 days she stays on her diet.
Observational LearningAlbert Bandura
and his BoBo DollWe learn through
modeling behavior from others.
Observational learning + Operant Conditioning = Social Learning Theory
Click pic to see some observational learning.
