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How Do We get From

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Animal Reproduction

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

“the creation of new individual's whose genes all come from one parents without the fusion of egg and sperm.”

-Campbell Biology

Essentially Cloning the Parent


Organisms are well adapted to stable environments cloning maintains the “best combination for the current situation”

Less of a chance to introduce detrimental traits into the gene pool

No need to find or compete for mates (saves time and energy and can reproduce in isolation)

Can produce a large amount of offspring in a short amount of time

• Asexual reproduction is best suited to stable environments in which individuals are already well adapted to survive

• This is because the “best traits” are identically copied into each successive generation


Fission

• The splitting of a parent into two roughly equal sized offspring

• Common among invertebrates

Protozoan

www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/ mag/art98/celldiv.html

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/art98/celldiv.html

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/art98/celldiv.html

http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~bi102vc/images/fission.jpg

Budding

• A new individual growing from and then splitting off from the parent

• The new offspring will either detach or remain attached to the parent. (This is common in tunicate, and cnidarians such as coral or hydra

http://www.nicerweb.com/doc/class/bio1151/Locked/media/ch13/13_02HydraBudding_LP.jpg

Hydra

http://http://www.indigo.com/software/gphpcd/zoo16.jpg

Hydra

Gemmules• Aggregates of several types of cells that

are surrounded by a protective coating in sponges

http://http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/faculty/DrewesC/htdocs/gemmule-hatch.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/faculty/DrewesC/htdocs/invert-thumbs.htm&h=510&w=454&sz=260&tbnid=elKKPkdxWHHsbM:&tbnh=128&tbnw=113&hl=en&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dgemmules%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26safe%3Dactive

http://www.uscg.mil/d7/units/as-borinquen/MWR_WEB/Dive_Club/Dive%20Pics/images/yellow%20tube%20sponge.jpg

Fragmentation & Regeneration

• This occurs when an adult is broken into pieces and these pieces grow into new adult organisms.

• This is common among sponges, cnidarians, and tunicates.

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

“the creation of Offspring by the fusion of haploid gametes to form a zygote, which is diploid.”

-Campbell Biology

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Adds more variety to the population so as a whole the population is better situated to survive and prosper in rapidly changing or new environment

Best in new or rapidly changing environment

Effects of sexual reproduction

• The Red Queen in “Alice in Wonder Land” had to run at full speed just to stay in the same place.

• This means that “a species must continually evolve to survive in a world full of other evolving species” –the science of ecology

• One example are diseases. A cloned (or asexually reproduced) population is highly susceptible to being wiped out by a contagion.

• Predator prey relationships are another example

• Sexes aren’t necessarily fixed or essential.

• Some species of frogs and tropical fish for example, change sexes depending on population dynamics (sometimes several times).

Types of Cellshttp://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/mba/lowres/mban836l.jpg

Types of Cells

Somatic

Any cell that is not a sex cell: egg (ovum) or sperm

Contain 46 chromosomes in humans

http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/mba/lowres/mban836l.jpg

Types of Cells

Sex Cells (gametes)

sex cells (egg or sperm) Contain 23 chromosomes in humans

22 autosomal chromosomes & 1 sex chromosome

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Y X

Sex Chromosome

• X & Y

• Females XX & Males XY

• Autosome- all chromosomes that are not X or Y

Diploid

• All somatic cells are diploid meaning they have a full set of 46 chromosomes

• This is represented by the denotation 2n

Haploid

• All sex cells are haploid meaning they have a half set of 23 chromosomes

• This is represented by the denotation 1n

Fertilization

• Fertilization- is the fusion of the two gametes after sexual intercourse (sperm from the father and ovum from the mother)

• The resulting fertilized diploid egg is known as a zygote

• 23 chromosomes from the father and 23 from the mother

Plant Reproduction

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