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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5cab4hgmoE
Unit 2 Biology of BehaviorObjective 1: Explain why psychologists are
concerned with human behavior.
Everything psychological is simultaneously biological
Biological psychologists (neuroscientists) - researchers who study the links between biology & behavior
Quick Review - Obj. 1: Explain why
psychologists are concerned with biology.1. In the most basic sense, every idea,
mood memory and behavior you have ever experienced is a _________ phenomenon.
2.Researchers who study the links between biology & behavior are called _______________.
biological
Biological psychologist
Quick Review - Obj. 2: Describe the parts of the neuron.
3. Our body’s neural system is built from billions of nerve cells, or
______________.
4. The extensions of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons are the ____________
5. The extension of a neuron that transmits information to other neurons is the ___________.
6. The neural impulse or _________ __________, is a brief electrical charge that travels down the _____________.
7. The junction or space between two neurons is called ____________.
action
dendrites
axon
neurons
potential
axon
Synapse.
8.
11.
10.
9.
12. dendrites
Cell body
axon
Myelin sheath
Terminal buttons
13. To fire a neuron must reach a certain minimum intensity called a ________.
14. Increasing a stimulus above this level __________ (will / will not) increase the neural impulse’s intensity.
15. This phenomenon is known as an _____- ___ - _____ response.
16. The strength of a stimulus (hug vs. light touch) _____ (does/does not) affect the speed of the neural impulse.
17. At the synapse, the neural impulse triggers the release of chemical messengers called________________.
18.Neurotransmitters influence neurons either by ______ or _______ their readiness to fire.
19. Excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by a process called _______.
Quick Review Obj. 3: Explain how nerve cells communicate.
threshold
will not
all or none
does not
neurotransmitters
excitatory inhibitory
reuptake
How fast are our
neurons?
Neural Communication
.
.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5cab4hgmoE
Objective 2: Describe the parts of a neuron
DENDRITE receives
messages and sends message toward cell body
Neurons
AXON: carries message
through the neuron & out to other neurons
Dendrites lesson. Axon’s speak.
Neurons
MYELIN SHEATH covers the axon
& helps speed the neural message
If myelin sheath deteriorates
message short circuits = MS
Threshold: an impulse (message) is triggered only when excitatory signals are
more than inhibitory signals meeting a minimum intensity called a threshold.
Functi
on
Neurons
ACTION POTENTIAL the messages that neurons carry are nerve impulses;
electrical signals
A nerve impulse fires when the neuron is 1.)stimulated by signals from
sensory receptors or when 2.)triggered by chemicals from other
neurons.
ALL-OR-NONE
response. Neuron either fires or
not (gun)
Before a neuron fires it is RESTING
A neuron cannot fire until it’s THRESHOLD is met.Excitatory signals
exceed inhibitory signals
Each neuron has a speed assigned to it (2mph to 200 mph).
An individual neuron cannot fire faster or slower…it as an ALL OR NONE response.
**A stimulus (hug) can trigger MORE neurons to
fire or to fire MORE OFTEN but not more intense or faster.**
**A stimulus (hug) can trigger MORE neurons to
fire or to fire MORE OFTEN but not more intense or faster.**
How then can we tell the difference
between a big hug & a gentle
touch?
How then can we tell the difference
between a big hug & a gentle
touch?
NeuronsTerminal Buttons:
the message ends (terminates)
When a message reaches the end of an axon, your body changes electrical charge to a chemical message
Neurons
Objective 3: Explain how neurons communicate
NeurotransmittersWhen the action potential (the message)
reaches the terminal button (end of
axon), your system converts the electrical charge into a chemical message called a NT.
Synapse Space between the axon tip of a sending
neuron and the dendrite of a receiving neuron
NT
How Neurons Communicate
How Neurons Communicate
How Neurons Communicate
How Neurons Communicate
How Neurons Communicate
Reuptake: the sending
neuron reabsorbs the NT left over in the synapse
Objective 4: Describe how NT influence mood & behavior & explain
how drugs affect NT.Acetylcholine (AcH)DopamineSerotoninNorepinephrineGABAGlutamateEndorphins
Look these up & put in your notes
…what is the
function of the
chemical?
Look these up & put in your notes
…what is the
function of the
chemical?
Tape in NB:
1) Neuron Diagram
2) Synapse Diagram
3) Mouse Party Lab
Sheet (after 7 NT definitions)
Put each mouse into the chamber
Read & listen to what happens in the brain when a particular drug is ingested
Record which NT is involved; explain what is happening; draw a diagram http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/
mouse.html
Heroin agonist; binds to opiate
receptors; dopamine floods synapse
Ecstasyagonist for serotonin;
stimulates release (ex) & blocks reuptake
Alcoholantagonist for glutamate
(ex) – prevents glutamate from binding to & exciting cell; increases GABA (in)
Marijuanaagonist; stimulates
anadomides (stimulate hunger; sleepiness); stops inhibitory NT that should be stopping the release of dopamine
Cocaine agonist for dopamine
LSDagonist for serotonin
Methagonist for dopamine
Objective 5: Identify the two major divisions of the nervous system & describe their basic functions.
Objective 5: Identify the two major divisions of the nervous system & describe their basic functions.
The Nervous System
decision maker
takes in information &
sends info to other body parts
nerves:
link nervous system w/ body’s senses, muscles, &
glands
motor
sensory
interneurons
carry from brain (CNS) to
body
carry from sense
receptors TO the brain (CNS)
process info between sense input & motor
output
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
voluntaryinvoluntar
y
The Nervous System
voluntaryinvoluntar
y
Sympathetic NS: makes you alert, needs a lot of energy to prepare you for action = heart rate blood pressure blood sugar digestion pupils lungs
dilate/bigger dilate/bigger
A Simple Reflex
Objective 6: Explain the endocrine system’s functions, & how it interacts w/ the nervous system.nervous system = NT
endocrine system = hormoneschemicals that act all over bodyslow
“endocrine hangover”adrenal gland
surge of energyadrenaline (fight-or-flight response)
pituitary glandcontrol center of endocrine sys.
growth & sex hormonesin brain / peas sizedcontrolled by hypothalmus (brains structure)
*endocrine & nervous system are on a constant feedback loop*
Definition Slides
Biological Psychology
= a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior.
Some biological psychologists call themselvesbehavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists.
Neuron= a nerve cell; the basic building block of the
nervous system.
Sensory Neurons= neurons that carry incoming information from the
sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.
Motor Neurons= neurons that carry outgoing information from the
brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.
Interneurons= neurons within the brain and spinal cord that
communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.
Dendrite= the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that
receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.
Axon= the extension of a neuron, ending in branching
terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands.
Myelin Sheath= a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the
fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.
Action Potential= a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that
travels down an axon.
Threshold= a level of stimulation required to trigger a neural
impulse.
Synapse= the junction between the axon tip of the sending
neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft.
Neurotransmitters= chemical messengers that cross the synaptic
gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.
Reuptake= a neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending
neuron.
Endorphins= “morphine within” – natural, opiatelike
neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure.
Nervous System= the body’s speedy, electrochemical
communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.
Central Nervous System= the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral Nervous System= the sensory and motor neurons that connect the
central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.
Nerves= bundled axons that form neural “cables”
connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.
Somatic Nervous System= the division of the peripheral nervous system that
controls the body’s skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system.
Autonomic Nervous System= the part of the peripheral nervous system that
controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.
Sympathetic Nervous System= the division of the autonomic nervous system that
arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.
Parasympathetic Nervous System= the division of the autonomic nervous system that
calms the body, conserving its energy.
Reflex= a simple, autonomic response to a sensory
stimulus such as the knee-jerk response.
Endocrine System= the body’s “slow” chemical communication
system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
Hormones= chemical messengers that are manufactured by
the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues.
Adrenal Glands= a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the
kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.
Pituitary Gland= the endocrine system’s most influential gland.
Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.