HTRAE The Planet

HTRAE’s Everything

What is the healthy Ecosystem of Htrae

How Many Biomes? By Dominic Sharman

How To Reduce “FOOTPRINT” BY ROOP PANESAR

PICTURE:  Htrae  

Publisher Roop P. Alice A. Tyler B.

Christian M. Dominic S.

BREAKING News Monster Bees BY TYLER B.

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HTRAE VOL. 187, NO. 01 2012

3/ Editors’ Desk

5/ Inbox Htrae’s 5 Biomes

Briefing

9/ Planet Composition

10/ Climate

11/ Food Chain & Tropic Level

14/ Human Impact

15/ “How To”

Notice

17/ Celebration

Interview Time

18/ Interview with the Htrae’s Ecologists / First

Colonists

Conference Review

21/New Cycles on the Htrae

Short Article

23/ How Organisms Adapt to changes surrounding Environment?

Questions

24/ 6 Questions with Roop

Breaking News

25/Monster Bees

The first law of ecology is that everything is related to everything else. ~Barry Commoner There should be more attention paid to scientific research in the ecology area, and I think that such attention to proper environmental concerns would make the public feel much better about it. ~Thomas R. Cech

“A nation that destroys its soils destroys itself. Forests are the lungs of our land, purifying the air and giving fresh strength to our people. ” ― Franklin D. Roosevelt

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Editors’ Desk Introducing Htrae’s Ecologists

Name: Roop Panesar Age: 15 School: Coppell High School Class of 2015

Name: Tyler Brasseaux  Age: 15 School: Coppell High School Class of 2015

Name: Alice An Age: 15 School: Coppell High School Class of 2015

Name: Christian Meyer Age: 15 School: Coppell High School Class of 2015

Name: Dominic Sharman Age: 15 School: Coppell High School Class of 2015

From Mrs. Richardson’s 2011-2012 Biology Class

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Htrae’s Biomes

HTRAE.COM

Welcome to Htrae’s FIVE

biomes

1. Tundra

The  Tundra  is  distinguished  from  other  plains  by  it  distinct  characteristics  such  as  low  temperatures,  low  average  precipitation,  lack  of  nutrients  and/or  infertile  soil.  The  Tundra  is  covered  in  snow  mostly  throughout  the  year.  During  its  short  summers,  the  snow  melts  forming  muddy  pools  of  water,  leaving  it  murky  and  grimy.   Organisms:   Musk,  Wolf,  Sheep

2. Grassland The  grasslands  are  a  biome  where  the  hot  dry  climates  are  perfect  for  growing  food.  This  biome  is  usually  an  inland  area  with  vast  areas  of  grassy  Cields  that  receive  so  little  rain  that  the  trees  cannot  grow.

Organisms:   elephants,  zebras,  deer  

Please  ignore  the  con>nents’  name  on  the  map  

3. Forest The  major  attribute  of  the  forest  biome  is  its  trees.  Since  trees  need  to  be  grown,  they  receive  almost  70  inches  of  rain  per  year.  There  are  more  species  of  plant  animal  and  insect  life  in  these  biomes  than  any  other  biomes.

Organisms:   rabbits,  black  bears,  trees  

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Htrae’s Biomes

4. Desert The  hot  and  dry  deserts  are  very  hot  and  can  range  from  20  to  49  degrees  C.  There  are  very  few  plants  and  animals  in  the  hot  and  dry  desert  because  it  is  so  hot.  In  the  cold  deserts  the  temperatures  are  very  cold  and  it  snows  in  the  winter.  The  temperatures  in  the  cold  desert  range  from  -­‐2  to  26  degrees  C.   Organisms: Antelope,  cacti,  lizards  

5. Aquatic

It  is  the  largest  biome  in  the  Htrae.  The  temperature  of  the  aquatic  biome  differs  

depending  on  where  in  the  world  it  is  located,  however  the  average  

temperature  is  around  4  degrees  Celsius.  The  Aquatic  biome  itself  has  great  effects  on  the  other  biomes.  Most  of  the  planet’s  

rainfall  is  from  the  evaporation  of  the  Htrae’s  oceans,  and  the  temperatures  of  the  oceans  strongly  affect  the  climate  

and  wind  patterns.   Organisms:

Cish,  octopus,  seaweed  etc..  

Please  ignore  the  con>nents’  name  on  the  map  

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Htrae Briefing ‘ I want to know what Hrae is made up of.’

1. Christian Meyer, Freshman, is showing the composition graphs.

‘ Could you tell me the climate of Htrae?’

2. Roop Panesar, Freshman, researched about climate on Htrae.

‘Relationships (Food Chain).’ 3. Alice An, Freshman, predicted the food relationship between the organisms. .

Human Impact Colonists’ Footprint on Htrae. Let’s talk about it Right Now!

“How To” Recommended suggestions from Ecologists to reduce “Footprint”

New Celebration Days! What days do we celebrate on Htrae?

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Briefing

Composition & Climate

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Briefing

Planet Composition Group of Scientists have discussed about the planet composition section ever since it was founded several years ago. They announced that Htrae has atmosphere and biosphere as same as the earth however, the percentages of each gas is little different than the earth. Nitrogen 53.09% Oxygen 30.11% Carbon dioxide .98% Other Trace Elements

Also, its composition ratio is 15% of Nutrient Rich Soil, 10% of Sand, 45% of Rocky and 30% of Water.

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Briefing

Climate

This graph shows the average rate of climate. Since Htrae has 5 different biomes, the relationships between temperature and rainfalls can be variety.

Average temperature and rainfall of Htrae

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Briefing

Food Chain & Tropic Level Pyramid

By. Alice An

Examples of Food Chain and Tropic Level pyramid for each biome.

Producer: Lichens Primary Consumer: Lemmings Small Predator: Arctic Fox Large Predators: Polar Bear

Producer: Algae Primary Consumer: Zooplankton Small Predator: Fish Large Predators: Shark

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Briefing

Food Chain example of Forest.

Food Chain example of Desert.

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Briefing

Grassland Food Web

Food  chains  and  webs  ensure  that  one  particular  species  cannot  become  too  large  and  therefore  destroy  the  species  it  feeds  on,  creating  a  massive  unbalance.  This  means  that  every  creature  has  a  predator  and/or  environmental  threats  so  their  population  cannot  increase  to  an  amount  that  is  unhealthy  for  the  surrounding  ecosystem.

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Article

Human Impact

A little while after humans colonized Htrae, the planet experienced a loss of animal habitats. The colonists were unknowingly destroying animals’ homes because of the deforestation as they built their own homes. Because there is now such a big population of people on Htrae, the water, fossil fuel, and tree supply has decreased. Also, the numerous factories and businesses that have opened have caused there to be air, water, and land pollution. For example, the buildings released harmful gases into the atmosphere. These buildings have wasted energy as well, as it is used abundantly.

Htrae’s ozone layer has been getting thicker every year and has caused the nights to be longer and the days to be shorter. There is noticeably less sunlight and higher temperatures, and some people do not get much vitamin D because the sun is more blocked out by the atmosphere. Plants are starting to die because they don’t get enough sunlight. Soon, there won’t be enough plants and trees to convert carbon dioxide to oxygen, so people will begin to die.

“Footprint” on Htrae

hFp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_IPqiJOS0G4&feature=youtu.be    

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“How To”

In  order  to  reduce  their  “footprint”  on  the  planet  Htrae,  more  energy  has  to  be  conserved.  This  can  be  done  by  learning  to  use  energy  wisely.  Instead  of  using  cars,  people  can  ride  their  bikes  or  take  the  bus.    Houses  that  are  insulated  well  do  not  use  up  much  energy  and  turning  off  the  lights,  the  TV,  and  the  stereo  every  time  you  leave  a  room.  Another  way  is  to  use  fans  during  the  summer  when  it  isn't  too  hot  yet  instead  of  just  using  energy  with  the  air  conditioner.

Humans  should  also  reduce  the  amount  of  pollution.  They  can  start  by  recycling  paper,  plastic,  glass,  aluminum,  and  other  materials,  just  like  on  planet  Earth.  All  of  these  things  will  reduce  the  amount  of  fossil  fuels  used  and  help  keep  the  amount  of  carbon  dioxide  released  into  the  air  at  a  minimum.  Carbon  dioxide  can  be  reduced,  as  well,  by  planting  many  of  new  trees  all  over  the  world  because  trees  decrease  the  amount  of  carbon  dioxide  in  the  air  and  add  oxygen.  

Something  else  that  can  be  done  is  Cind  new  energy  sources  such  as  solar,  wind,  geothermal  power,  and  nuclear  power.  The  way  humans  can  decrease  the  amount  of  habitats  being  destroyed  because  of  deforestation  as  they  build  their  own  homes  is  that  they  can  try  to  build  houses  in  areas  that  do  not  have  many  trees  and  are  empty.

Article

How  Humans  can  reduce  their  “footprint”  on  the  Htrae

How  to  Reduce  Carbon  Footprint?  hFp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJwt9nwCElA    

How  to  conserve  water  at  home?  

hFp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4MDLpVHY8LE&feature=relmfu    

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Celebration Days Notice

June 24- Alice Day November 27- Roop Day November 1- Tyler Day

November 5- Dominic Day December 11- Christian Day January 1st – Day We Arrive

April 23rd - Bee Conquering Day May 5th – Htrae Day

We are introducing New Celebration Days in the Htrae! Please come and enjoy our party on these following days.

Freedom of Religion “All Religious Holidays are remaining”

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Organisms on the Htrae

The colonists on Htrae realized that they needed to know about symbiotic relationships in order to make a healthy ecosystem on Htrae. Therefore, they researched different kinds of relationships in the ecosystem. Eventually, after the research was completed, they chose organisms to bring to Htrae that are suitable for each category: mutualism, commensalism and parasitism. We keep requesting for and interview regarding this topic. Upon mature consideration the colonists introduced some examples of organisms that they are going to take into the planet, Htrae.   Interviewer: Good morning! I am Alice from Bio Daily Report. I am so glad to have you in here today. So today, we would like to hear about the symbiotic relationships and organisms that you guys chosen. Could you tell me what exactly symbiotic relationship is and why it is so important?   Tyler: Sure! Symbiotic relationship is also called “symbiosis” which means any relationship in which two species live closely together. It basically means “living together”. These interactions are so essential because they help shape the ecosystem in which we live and Htrae in the future. Community interactions can powerfully affect an ecosystem.   Interviewer: Thank you, Tyler! I read an article about 3 different relationships before this interview. I want to know about specific details of each one. Christian, would you mind explaining mutualism?   Christian: I sure can tell you what it is. In mutualism, both species benefit from the relationship. One species that we are bringing to Htrae is the ant. Ants have multi mutualism to many other organisms. For example, there is ant-fungus mutualism where ants actively cultivate fungus much like humans farm crops as a food source. Sometimes, they are dependent on each other for survival as well. Surprisingly, many animals and fungi form a mutualistic relationship. Fungi grow by using animals as a source of food and Animals cultivating fungi as food.   Dominic: Therefore, we would like to take some fungi to Htrae with animals. Fungi are responsible for most of the recycling and are vitally important for the good growth of most plants and can be used as food for humans.  

Interview Time!

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Interview Interviewer: Oh, ok. That is a good idea! Roop, I heard that you have researched about commensalism. How does it work?   Roop: Well…commensalism means only one-member benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. An organism that we want to bring is algae regarding this relationship.   Interviewer: So why do you want to bring algae? Why is it so significant in ecosystem?   Roop: In the aquatic biome, many organisms such as turtles, sea slugs and snails use algae as their food source. As you can see, organisms get their food and algae doesn’t benefit. This shows commensalism. We will bring algae for our aquatic biome. Algae are aquatic producers. Most fish eat algae as at least part of their diet. It is also considered as oxygen producer and it is so critical to all life as well.   Interviewer: Fantastic! I really appreciate your answer. I think we have one more relationship left. It is parasitism. I shuddered at just name, parasitism. It seems like it is related to a parasite. Tyler, could you tell me the definition of parasitism?   Tyler: As you already said, it is the most dangerous and must take precautions. The term parasitism is defined as a two-species association in which one species, the parasite, lives on or in a second species, the host, for a significant period of its life and obtains nourishment from it. It is harmful to the second species.   Interviewer: Ok. What are some examples that we can see on the Earth?   Christian: On the earth, tick and dog would be one example because the tick takes blood getting energy and food from the dog but it would be able to kill the dog. Also, human can be infected by hookworms, which live in a small intestine in humans’ body.   Interviewer: Oops. That is too bad. I am pretty sure that you guys have decided not taking parasitism’s animals, right?  

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Interview

Dominic: Well… Even though we haven’t decided the parasitic organisms to bring, we should bring all organisms that fall into each category. Especially, parasitic relationship has played an important role in the evolution. Species that have evolved longer are able to increase their immune systems. That means there could be overpopulations of one certain organism. Parasitic relationship helps to balance and control not only population but also the ecosystem in larger picture in order to make healthy ecosystem.   Interviewer: I never thought of it like that. I now understand why you guys are picked as Htrae’s first colonists. Thank you for participating in this interview. Do you have anything to say to people regards relationships in an ecosystem?   Roop: I just want to tell you that a healthy ecosystem arises if and only if all different kinds of relationship such as competition, predation, mutualism, commensalism and parasitism coexist together and live together following law of nature.   Interviewer: Thank you so much Roop! That is such as impressive quote! Okay, it is time to finish up. Again, I was so glad to have you in here and I will visit you on Htrae!  

After the

interview, everyone in my Bio Daily Report team was expected to see the healthy ecosystem on Htrae. “Coexistence” is the word for new habitat, Htrae. Here we go, Htrae!

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Conference Review

Group  of  scientists  found  out  that  Htrae  is  including  cycle  called  biogeochemical  cycles.  Unlike  the  earth,  the  Htrae  has  one  cycle  containing  all  different  kinds  of  cycles  surprisingly.  Biogeochemical  cycles  in  earth  have  elements,  chemicals  compounds,  and  other  forms  of  matter  are  passed  from  one  organism  to  another  and  from  one  part  of  the  biosphere  to  another.  As  the  long  word  suggests,  biogeochemical  cycles  connect  biological,  geological,  and  chemical  aspects  of  the  biosphere.  Before  they  start  press  conference  about  new  biogeochemical  cycle  on  Htrae,  they  provided  facts  regarding  biogeochemical  cycles  that  exist  separately  on  the  Earth.  The  following  paragraph  is  what  they  offered  on  a  piece  of  paper  for  better  understanding.  

To:  All  interviewers  There  are  many  kinds  of  cycles  such  as  the  water  cycle,  carbon  cycle,  nitrogen  cycle,    the  phosphorus  cycle  and  oxygen  cycle.  Water  moves  between  ocean,  atmosphere,  and  the  land.    Sun  heats  the  water,  as  the  warm,  moist  air  arise,  it  cools.  Eventually,  the  water  vapor  condenses  into  >ny  droplets  that  form  clouds.  When  the  clouds  become  large  enough,  the  water  returns  to  the  surface  of  the  planet  in  the  form  of  precipita>on.  The  carbon  cycle  shows  that  where  carbon  can  be  found.  For  example,  carbon  is  found  as  carbon  dioxide  gas,  oceans  as  dissolve  carbon  dioxide,  on  land  in  organisms,  rocks,  and  soil;  and  underground  as  coal,  petroleum,  and  calcium  carbonate  rock.  Nitrogen  also  cycles  through  the  soil  and  through  the  >ssues  of  living  organism.  Last  example  is  the  phosphorus  cycle.  Phosphorus  in  the  biosphere  cycles  among  the  land,  ocean  sediments,  and  living  organisms.  Some  phosphate  stays  on  the  land  and  also  when  plants  absorb  phosphate  from  the  soil  or  from  water,  the  plants  bind  the  phosphate  into  organic  compounds.  Organic  phosphate  moves  through  the  ecosystem.        

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Eventually  they  started  introducing  new  cycle  on  Htrae.  The  new  cycle  is  including  the  water,  carbon  and  nitrogen  cycle.  As  the  sunlight  heats  up  the  surface  and  the  water  of  Htrae,  photosynthesis  is  occurred.  As  plant  expel  the  oxygen,  animals’  respiration  start.  Carbon  dioxide  is  brought  up  with  evaporation  and  transpiration.  When  the  precipitation  begins,  atmospheric  nitrogen  Cixation  is  also  occurred.  Plants  feed  the  animals  and  after  animals  die,  decomposition  begins  and  deposition  on  the  carbonate  rocks  also  begins,  which  could  lead  up  to  volcanic  activity  having  a  lot  of  carbon  dioxide.  It  is  same  cycle  under  the  sea.  Between  that,  decomposition  creates  ammonia  (NH3)  as  well.  Decomposition  leads  having  fossil  fuel  under  the  ground,  which  creates  human  activity  making  tons  of  Carbon  dioxide.  Nitrate  ions  and  nitrite  ions  are  also  absorbed  by  plants  with  water.  

Since  all  cycles  are  contained  one  

cycle,  there  would  be  complication  between  different  kinds  of  relationships.  However,  Htrae  created  one  cycle  naturally,  which  helps  balancing  out  the  ecosystem  more  efCiciently  than  the  earth.  

The  disrupt  in  bio-­‐geochemical  cycle  effects  the  ecosystem  and  the  surrounding  environment  as  well.  It  causes  various  diseases  to  the  living  organisms,  the  agricultural  products  also  gets  reduced,  number  of  plants  and  animals  can't  grow  in  a  proper  manner,  the  fertility  of  the  soil  decreases  and  many  more.  It  also  has  many  indirect  and  long  run  negative  impacts  as  well.  So  the  disrupt  in  natural  bio-­‐geochemical  cycle  reduce  economic  well  being  in  various  ways.  

They  also  mentioned  about  “Nutrient  Limitation”.  Because  it  is  serious  problem  on  the  earth,  scientists  are  Cinding  the  solutions  for  future  Htrae.  When  an  ecosystem  is  limited  by  a  single  nutrient  that  is  scarce  or  cycles  slowly,  this  substance  is  called  a  limiting  nutrient.  As  time  goes  by  and  as  population  grows,  the  number  of  limiting  nutrient  is  increasing.  Also  open  oceans  of  the  world  can  be  considered  nutrient-­‐poor  environments  compared  to  the  land.  When  an  aquatic  ecosystem  receives  a  large  input  of  a  limiting  nutrient,  the  result  is  often  an  increase  in  the  number  of  producers.  Therefore,  it  is  really  important  balancing  the  ecosystem.  

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How Organisms Adapt to changes surrounding Environment?

All  living  things  are  able  to  respond  to  stimuli  in  the  external  environment.  For  example,  living  things  respond  to  changes  in  light,  heat,  sound,  and  chemical  and  mechanical  contact.  To  respond  effectively  to  changes  in  the  environment,  an  organism  must  coordinate  its  responses.  A  system  of  nerves  and  a  number  of  chemical  regulators  called  hormones  coordinate  activities  within  an  organism.  The  organism  responds  to  the  stimuli  by  means  of  a  number  of  effectors,  such  as  muscles  and  glands.  Energy  is  generally  used  in  the  process.  Organisms  change  their  behavior  in  response  to  changes  in  the  surrounding  environment  as  well.  Sometimes,  organisms  fail  responding  changed  surrounding  environment  leading  to  extinction  however,  as  I  already  mentioned,  all  organisms  have  ability  to  respond  their  environment.  Adaptation  is  the  one  way  showing  response  system.    

Polar  bears  are  one  example  of  an  organism  that  has  adapted  to  their  environment,  their  white  coat  has  provided  them  with  camouClage  from  predators  and  environmentally  their  thick  layers  of  fat  and  fur  provide  insulation  from  the  cold  and  Because  they  have  a  small  surface  area  to  volume  ratio  heat  loss  is  minimized.Also  their  large  furry  feet  provide  grip  on  the  ice.

Camels  are  another  organism  that  has  adapted  their  fur  which  means  it  is  thick  on  the  top  of  their  body  to  provide  shade  and  thin  on  other  parts  to  allow  heat  loss.  They  have  the  ability  to  go  for  long  periods  without  water  and  are  able  to  tolerate  the  high  temperatures  of  the  desert.  They  also  have  the  unique  feature  of  2  rows  of  eyelashes  and  slit  like  nostrils  to  keep  sand  out.  

In  the  aquatic  biome,  dolphins  are  the  good  example  because  they  hold  their  breath  extended  period  of  time  being  underwater.  Dolphins  also  save  oxygen  via  their  muscles,  which  have  a  protein  called  myoglobin,  which  in  turn  stores  oxygen.  Their  Cin  shape  helps  it  dive  up  to  get  air.  The  shape  of  their  Cins  also  helps  to  propel  them  through  the  water.

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6 Questions

What  is  the  role  of  microorganisms?    

Htrae Researcher, Roop Panesar

Microorganisms  are  adapted  to  specific  niches  in  the  environment.  They  play  an  important  role  in  the  natural  recycling  of  other  organisms.  Microorganisms  like  bacteria  and  fungi  break  down  dead  organisms  and  release  nutrients  back  into  the  soil  for  plants  to  use.  They  can  also  be  harmful.  For  example,  bacteria  can  cause  disease.  

Why  Succession  is  important  in  Ecology?  

Ecological  succession  is  the  changing  sequence  of  communi>es  that  live  in  an  ecosystem  during  a  given  >me  period.  Some  of  the  organisms  in  an  area  are  gradually  replaced  over  >me  by  new  species.  The  organisms  get  bigger  and  more  complex,  and  the  biodiversity  also  rises.  

Importance  of  Adapta:on  &  Varia:on  

Adapta>on  is  the  change  in  the  physical  appearance  and/or  the  physiological  characteris>cs  of  an  organism  upon  exposure  to  different  condi>ons  of  environment  generally  the  harsher  ones  (such  as  temperature,  radia>ons,  and  the  nutrient  sources).  Gradually,  the  immune  system  of  an  organism  gets  acquainted  to  the  new  environment.  Varia>on  is  the  transmiFance  of  the  adapta>on  to  offsprings,  resul>ng  in  a  new  species  known  as  the  variants.  Adapta>on  is  considered  the  source  of  varia>on.  For  example,  the  various  breeds  of  dogs  in  the  world  vary,  even  though  they  belong  to  the  same  species.  This  is  because  they  adapt  to  the  different  clima>c  condi>ons.    

Significance  of  Symbiosis  

Symbiosis  is  the  close  associa>on  between  individuals  of  different  species,  occurring  within  a  whole  community.  It  is  the  interac>ons  of  different  species  and  it  is  important  to  maintain  a  healthy  ecosystem.      What  is  the  importance  of  the  different  biogeochemical  cycle?    The  cycles  are  the  key  to  the  movement  of  nutrients  through  an  ecosystem.  Living  things  need  these  nutrients  (like  nitrogen  and  phosphorus)  to  survive  and  grow,  and  when  they  die,  the  materials  are  recycled  through  the  system.      Phosphorus  is  used  in  nucleic  acids  and  is  a  nutrient  to  living  organisms.    Carbon  is  the  core  element  for  almost  all  living  things.    Nitrogen  is  needed  to  form  proteins.        

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BREAKING NEWS!

Monster Bees are HERE on the Htrae! Check this Video and Know what to Do!

hFp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-­‐tw6u8jMw4&feature=g-­‐upl    

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