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a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
ESvkH;vSpmay jzefYcsDa&;
trSwf...5?vrf; 100? vGwfvyfa&;&yfuGuf? r*FvmawmifnGefYNrdKUe,f? ( 11221 )&efukefNrdKU/
pmwdkufaowÅm ( 87 )? A[dkpmwdkufBuD;? urf;em;vrf;? &efukefNrdKU/
ykHESdyfrSwfwrf;
1997? azazmf0g&Dv? yxrtBudrf? tkyfa& ( 1000 )?150 usyf/
1998? Mo*kwfv? 'kwd,tBudrf? tkyfa& ( 500 )? 200 usyf/
twGif;ykHESdyfESifY xkwfa0ol
OD;a½TxGef;atmif? vkyftm;yHkEdSyfwdkuf ( 0207 )? ESvkH;vSpmay ( 01522 )
trSwf 5? vrf; 100? r*FvmawmifnGefY? &efukefNrdKU/
pmrlcGifYjyKcsuf.......... 50/98 ( 8 )
rsufESmzkH;cGifYjyKcsuf..........30/98 ( 8 )
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
i
rmwdum
(yxrydkif;)
tcef;(1)
ax&0g' ESifh r[m,me ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 1
Ak'¨jzpfawmfpOf tusOf; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 1
ouú&mZf &Sif;csuf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 1
oCm*dkPf; uGJjcif;taMumif; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 2
ax&0g'ESifh r[moHCdu ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 4
Ak'¨bmom *dkPf;uGJrsm; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 5
ax&0g'ESifh 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 7
jAm[®PwdkU\ aoG;cGJrSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 8
ok*Facwf Ak'¨omoem ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 9
uedoQurif;ESifh Ak'¨bmom ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 11
uedoQurif;\ oH*g,emwifyGJ ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 13
ax&0g'? r[m,me? [de,me ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 14
r[m,me*dkPf;\ y"mevrf;pOf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 15
tdE´d,ü omoemuG,fyHk ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 17
tcef; (2)
ax&0g'omoem jyefUyGm;&m ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 19
oD[dkVfEdkifiH ax&0g'jzpfpOf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 19
oD[dkVfoHCm*dkPf;rsm; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 20
,ckacwf*dkPf;rsm; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 22
xdkif;EdkifiH ax&0g'jzpfpOf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 23
xdkif;EdkifiH wnfaxmifjcif; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 24
uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiH ax&0g'jzpfpOf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 25
owår Z,0&refrif;ESifh Ak'¨bmom ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 26
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
ii
avmEdkifiH ax&0g'jzpfpOf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 27
tcef;(3)
ax&0g'oH0g,emyGJrsm; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 28
oH*g,emed'gef; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 28
yxr oH*g,emyGJawmf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 30
'kwd, oH*g,emyGJawmf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 32
wwd, oH*g,emyGJawmf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 33
pwkw¬ oH*g,emyGJawmf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 35
yOör oH*g,emyGJawmf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 36
q|r oH*g,emyGJawmf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 38
tcef;(4)
ax&0g' yd#uwfawmf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 40
ax&0g'[lonf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 40
0de, yd#uwfawmf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 41
okwå yd#uwfawmf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 41
tbd"r® yd#uwfawmf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 44
Ak'¨usrf;pm pdppf&m ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 45
tcef;(5)
ax&0g' "r®&wem ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 47
bmomrsm;xJu Ak'¨bmom ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 47
Ak'¨bmom0ifjzpfjcif; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 48
Ak'¨bmom oDv ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 49
umvmra'oem pHjyKp&m ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 50
raumif;rSK p&dkufqkd; 10 yg; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 51
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
iii
vlwdkUusifh&m r*Fvm ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 52
BuD;yGm;csrf;om a'oem ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 54
Ak'¨\ 'óew&m;awmf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 56
r*¾if&Spfyg; jrwfw&m; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 58
edAÁmef oabmw&m; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 60
tcef;(6)
ax&0g' ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 62
Ak'¨bk&m;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 62
omoemtp wykóESifh ov’du ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 64
'kwd,ajrmuf omoema&mufjcif; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 66
ax&0g'ESifh okawoetjrif ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 68
oa&acwå&macwf ax&0g' ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 70
jrefrmwdkU 0ifa&mufvmjcif; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 73
ax&0g' omoemh EdkifiHawmf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 75
jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxuf Ak'¨bmom ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 77
tcef;(7)
ax&0g' *dkPf;uGJrsm; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 79
yk*Hacwf*dkPf;uGJrsm; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 79
&mrn oHCm*dkPf;rsm; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 80
omoemawmf oefU&Sif;pifMu,fa&; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 82
t&nf;BuD;*dkPf; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 83
yGJausmif;*dkPf; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 86
oabmif*dkPf;ESifh t&Hk*dkPf; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 89
,aeUacwf*dkPf;rsm; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 91
bmom0ifOD;a& ESdkif;,SOfcsuf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 92
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
iv
( 'kwd,ydkif; )
tcef;(1)
ax&0g'ü a&maESmvmaom udk;uG,frSKrsm; ..... ..... ..... ..... 95
udk;uG,frSKxGef;um;vmjcif; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 96
jrefrmwdkU ewfudk;uG,frSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 98
odMum;ewfudk;uG,frSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 99
ol&ówDewf udk;uG,frSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 102
uGrf,ifr,fawmfudk;uG,frSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 105
N*dK[fewfudk;uG,frSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 106
ewfBuD; 5yg;ESifh a'0D 21yg; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 109
jynfwGif;jzpfewfrsm; udk;uG,frSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 111
bdk;awmf? r,fawmf udk;uG,frSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 114
rif;0wf&kyfyGm; udk;uG,frSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 117
'du©dPomcgESifh tjcm;&kyfyGm;udk;uG,frSK ..... ..... ..... ..... 121
&SifOy*kwf udk;uG,frSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 123
tcef;(2)
ax&0g'üa&maESmaom ,HkMunfrSKrsm; ..... ..... ..... ..... 127
*E¨m&Dtwuf ,HkMunfrSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 128
aA'if,HkMunfrSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 130
&aohwdkU pdwfajz&musrf;pmrsm; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 132
e*g;udk;uG,frSK vufusef,HkMunfrSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 136
t[dwfedrdwfponf ,HkMunfrSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 138
rEÅef&Gwfqdk ,HkMunfrSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 141
pdwfykwD;jyóem tajz&Sm ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 144
od'd¨wifjcif; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 146
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
v
tcef;(3)
ax&0g'ESifh jyify,HkMunfudk;uG,frSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 149
jyifyudk;uG,frSK awmfvSefa&; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 150
e*kF|Zmwfawmf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 152
ax&0g'tjrifESifh u,fwif&Sif ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 154
ax&0g'ESifh twdedrdwf,HkMunfrSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 156
edrdwfpGJqefUusifa&; Zmwfawmfrsm; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 159
ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom rl 5-&yf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 161
,HkMunfudk;uG,frSK rSefuefa&; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 163
ed*Hk; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 166
udk;um;pmpkpm&if; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 167
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
1
ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom
( yxrydkif; )
tcef; ( 1 )
ax&0g'ESifY r[m,me
Ak'¨jzpfawmfpOftusOf;
bk&m;tavmif;awmf od'¨w¬rif;om;onf uydv0wfjynfbk&if oka'¨g'er[m&mZm\ rdz&m;BuD;
oD&dr[mrm,ma'0DrS r[mouú&mZf 68 ck? uqkefvjynfY aomMumaeYwGif vkrdÁeDrnfaom
tifMuif;awmü zGm;jrifawmfrlonf/ tavmif;awmfonf touf 16 ESpft&G,fwGif
,aomf"&ma'0DESifYtwl eef;r 3aqmifü rif;pnf;pdrfudk 29 ESpft½G,ftxdcHpm;cJYonf/
xdkYaemuf edrdwfBuD; 4yg;udkjrifawmfrlí oHa0*&awmfrlojzifY awm0emodkYxGufum
w&m;"r®usifYMuHcJY\ 'kuú&p&d,[kqdkaom tusifYrsKd;udk yifyef;BuD;pGmusifYokH;cJY\/
w&m;rSefudkr&ojzifY rZdösry#dy'g usifYxkH;jzifYajymif;vJusifYokH;cJY&m r[mouú&mZf 103 ck?
uqkefvjynfY Ak'¨[l;aeYwGif bk&m;tjzpfodkY a&mufawmfrlavonf/
bk&m;tjzpfodkYa&mufawmfrlNyD;aemuf uGswfxdkufaoma0ae& owå0g vlewfjA[®mwdkYtm;
w&m;a&at;tNrdKufaq;udk wdkufauGs;awmfrl\/ 45 ESpfumvywfvkH; "r®a'oemwdkYudk
a[mMum;cJYonf/
oufawmf 80 jynfYaomtcg r[mouú&mZf 148 ck? uqkefvjynfY t*FgaeYü ukodem&kHjynf
rv’mrif;wdkY\ tifMuif;a[rm O,smOfom0,f y&dedAÁmef jyKawmfrlavonf/
ouú&mZf½Sif;csuf
r[mouú&mZf qdkonfrSm bk&m;ryGifYrDu bdk;awmftOöerif; wnfxm;aom ouú&mZfudk ac: onf/
omoemouú&mZf qdkonfrSm bk&m;y&dedAÁmefjyKNyD; yxroH*g,emwifonfYESpfrSpí
a&wGufaomESpfjzpfonf/ jrefrmouú&mZfqdkonfrSm ykyÜm;apm&[ef;rif;vufxuf wnfxm;aom
ouú&mZfjzpfonf/ c&pfESpf ( bD? pD )qdkonfrSm c&pfray:rDESpfudk ac: onf/ c&pfESpf (at?'D)
qdkonfrSm c&pfawmfay:NyD;ESpfrSpí a&wGufonf/ omoemouú&mZfonf jrefrmouú&mZfxuf
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
2
1182 ESpf BuD;onf/ c&pfouú&mZfxuf 554 ESpf BuD;onf/ c&pfouú&mZf ( at? 'D )onf jrefrm
ouú&mZfxuf 638 ESpf BuD;onf/ xdkYaMumifY bk&m;½Sif y&dedAÁmefjyKaomESpfudk c&pfray:rD bDpD 544
[k omoemYordkif;rsm;u twnfjyKxm;\/ urÇmYordkif;tqdkESifY tenf;i,fjcm;em;rlY½Sdonf/
oHCm*dkPf;uGJjcif;taMumif;
bk&m;½Sif y&dedAÁmefjyKNyD;aemuf wjynfYom; &[ef;oHCmwdkYonf bk&m;½Sifa[mMum;aom
a'oemwdkYudk wpfaoGrwdrf; vdkufemcJYMuonf/ usifYMuHcJYMuonf/ omoemESpf 100
odkYa&mufaomtcgürl &[ef;om;avmuü tawG;tjrifrsm;ajymif;vJvmMuonf/
oabmw&m;opfrsm; ay:aygufvmonf/ Ak'¨\ 0de,Oya'udk jyifqifrI jyKvmMuonf/
xdk&[ef;rsm;rSm a0omvDjynfrS 0ZdÆykwåuac: 0ZdÆwdkif;om;&[ef;rsm;jzpfonf/ 0ZdÆwdkif;om;
&[ef;wdkYonf bk&m;½Sif\ 0denf;a'oemESifYqefYusifaom t"r®0wåK10rsKd;udk
jyifqifusifYokH;aeMuonf/ ,if;yk*d¾KvfwdkY jyifqifusifYokH;aom t"r®0wåKrsm;rSm þodkYjzpfonf/
(1) o*ÐavmPuyÜ/ / om;csKdbl;xJüxnfYí aqmifxm;tyfaomqm;udk aeYpOf qGrf;pm;wdkif;
a&maESmípm;Edkifonf[k jyifqifonf/ ( &[ef;wdkYonf rdrdbmom odrf;qnf;í
aemuf&ufa&mufrS qGrf;ESifYa&mí okH;aqmifygvQif ygpdwftmywfoifY\/ )
(2) 'G*FkvuyÜ/ /rGef;wnfYNyD;aemuf ae&dyfvufESpfopfvGefonftxd &[ef;rsm; qGrf;paom
t[m&udk okH;aqmifEdkifonf[kjyifqifonf/ ( &[ef;wdkYonf rGef;wnfYNyD;aemuf
abmZOft[m&udkokH;aqmifvQif 0dumvabmZe odu©myk'ft& ygpdwftmywfoifY\/ )
(3) tm0gouyÜ/ / odrfwpfcktwGif;üyif udk,fYtkyfpkESifYudk,f wpfzGJYqDcGJí
oHCmYuHrsm;jyKvkyfEdkifonf[k jyifqifonf/ ( 0denf;a'oemt& odrfwpfcktwGif;rSm
oHCmnDnGwfrIYudkjyK&ef &[ef;wpfyg;ESifY wpfyg; wpfawmiYfxGm[w¬ygofpyfatmif
xdkifMu&onf/ udk,fYtkyfpkESifYudk,f oHCmuHjyKvkyfygu uHysufonf/
oHCmuGJjym;aeaomaMumifY tmywfoifYonf/ )
(4) tEkywduyÜ/ /oHCmYtpnf;ta0;jyKvkyf&mwGif oHCmpkHnDatmifrapmifYbJ
aemufrSa&mufvmaom oHCmYxHrS oabmwlnDcsufudk aemufrS&,lrnf[kMuHí
tvsifa&mufESifYaom oHCmrsm;u oHCmYuHjyKEdkifonf[k jyifqifonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
3
(oHCmYtpnf;ta0;odkY rwufa&mufEdkifaom oHCmrsm;onf xdktpnf;ta0;u
qkH;jzwforQudk oabmwlaMumif; BudKwifí qE´ay;Mu&onf/ tpnf;ta0;jyD;rS
ay;aomqE´onf w&m;r0ifay/ xdkYaMumifY oabmwlnDcsuf r&½SdbJ a&muforQ oHCm
wpfpdwfwpfydkif;jzifY qkH;jzwfrIYonf w&m;r0if/ oHCmrnDnGwfaom qkH;jzwfrIYrSmvnf;
atmifjrifrIYr½Sdacs/ )
(5) tmpdPÖuyÜ/ /rdrdwdkY\ q&morm;jyKvkyfcJYaom tpOftvmudk vufcHíjyKvkyfEdkif
cGifY½Sdonf/ q&morm;wdkYudk twkvdkufí jyKvkyfjcif;aMumifY tmywfroifY[k
jyifqifonf/( q&morm;wdkY jyKvkyfaom tpOftvmxkH;pHrsm;onfvnf; 0denf;ESifYnDvQif
tmywfroifY/ 0denf;ESifYrnDvQifum; tmywfoifYonfomjzpfonf/ )
(6) *grEå&uyÜ/ /tjcm;½GmodkYoGm;&ef udpö½Sdygu y0g&dyfoifYaom &[ef;onf
twd&dwf0denf;uHrjyKbJ qGrf;udkpm;Edkifonf[k jyifqifonf/ ( &[ef;onf qGrf;pm;pOf
]]awmfNyD;}} [kajymvQif y0g&dyfoifYonf[kac: \/ pm;cGifYr&SdawmYay/
tu,fípm;vdkjyefvQif tjcm;&[ef;tm;pGefYvdkuf&onf/ xdk&[ef;rS jyefay;rS
pm;cGifY&Sdonf/ þodkY jyKvkyfjcif;udk twd&dwf0Denf;uHjyKvkyfonf[kac: \/
twd&dwf0denf;uH rjyKbJ pm;okH;ygu ygpdwf tmywfoifYonf/ )
(7) trxdwuyÜ/ /y0g&dyfoifYaom &[ef;onf twd&dwf0denf;uHrjyKbJ EdkY&nftjzpfudkvGefí
'defcsOftjzpfra&mufao;aom EdkYcsOfudk aomufcGifY&Sdonf[k jyifqifonf/
( 0dwnf;odu©myk'fwGif EdkY&nfudkvnf;aumif;? 'defcsOfudkvnf;aumif;? abmZOfü
xnfYoGif;xm;&mpyful;ryful;umvjzpfaom EdkYcsOf&nfrSm bk&m;a[mabmZOfrS
tvGwfjzpfonf[k MuHqí avQmYaygYjyifqifjcif;jzpfonf/ )
(8) ZaVm*D/ /aumufn§if;qef? xef;vQuf? MuHoumponfwdkYudk pdrf&nfjzpfatmif az:pyf&mü
pdrf&nftjzpfra&mufao;aom ao&nftEkpm;? xef;&nfcg;wdkYudk &[ef;awmfrsm;
aomufokH;Edkifonf[kjyifqifonf/ ( &[ef;awmfrsm;onf pdrf&nf? xef;&nf? acgif&nf?
ao&nftEkpm; rl;,pfaq;0g;udk okH;aqmifcGifYr&Sd/ okH;aqmifygu ygpdyf
tmywfoifYonf/)
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
4
(9) t'ouHedoD'eH/ / &[ef;rsm;twGuf tNrdwftqmrygaom edoD'dkif ( ae&mxdkifcif; )
udkokH;aqmiftyfonf[k jyifqifonf/ ( tNrdwftqmrygaom ae&mxdkifcif; ( edoD'dkif )
udkrtyfpyf[k Ak'¨ynwfcsuf&Sdonf/ )
(10) Zmw½ly &Zw/ / &[ef;awmfrsm;onf a½T aiG tojym udktvlcHEdkifonf[k jyifqifonf/
( &[ef;awmfrsm;onf a½T aiGwdkYudk tvlrcH&[k Ak'¨ynwfcsuf½Sdonf/ )
ax&0g'ESifY r[moHCdu
0ZdÆwdkif;om; &[ef;wdkYonf txufygjyifqifcsuf 10 ck ( 'o0wåKu ) wdkYudk w&m;0iftvkyfuJYodkY
ajymifajymifwif;wif; vkyfudkifaeMuonf/ ½Sifr[m,orax&fBuD;onf xdkowif;udkMum;ojzifY
a0omvDjynf r[m0efausmif;wdkufodkY &muf½Sdvmonf/ xdktcsdefwGif oHCmrsm; OykofjyKcsdefESifY
wdkufqdkifae\/ xdkaeYwGif &[ef;wdkYonf oHCmYtv,frSm a½Tzvm;BuD; csxm;\/
OykofaeYwGifw&m;emaom 'g,um 'g,dumrwdkYudk y&du©&mzdk; vI'ef;Mu&efa[majymonf/
vlwdkYuvJ wwftm;oívl'ef;Muonf/ ½Sifr[m,oonf þvkyf&yf 0denf;w&m;awmfESifY
rnDaomaMumifY rjyKvkyf&efajymMum;onf/ odkYaomfvnf; 0ZÆd&[ef;wdkYu ½Sifr[m,o\ pum;udk
vufrcHay/
]]½Sifr[m,oonf 'g,umwdkY\ o'¨gw&m;udk wm;qD;ydwfyifol}}[lí jypfwif½IwfcsMuonf/
aemufqkH;wGif ½Sifr[m,otm; oHCmYabmifrS 0dkif;y,frl ( Oau©yeD,uH )jyKMuawmYonf/
½Sifr[m,oonf 0ZÆdwdkif;om;&[ef;wdkYESifY oabmxm;rnDnGwfojzifY rdrdESifYoabmwl&m
&[ef;wdkYudk pkpnf;&onf/ pnf;½kH;&onf/ xdktcg bk&m;½Sif\a'oemwdkYudk
&if;jrpfususvufcHvdkaom &[ef;rsm;pGmudk pkpnf;rdvm\/ ½Sifr[m,oonf rdrdESifY
oabmwl&moHCmwdkYudk aygif;pkí Ak'¨a'oemwdkYudk oH*g,emwifMu&onf/
oH*g,emwifyGJwGif <ua&mufvmaom oHCmawmftm;vkH;wdkYu....
]]Ak'¨bk&m;½Sif\ "r®a'oemwdkYudk jyifqifjcif;? jznfYpGufjcif;? Ekwfy,fjcif;rjyKbJ rlv½SdonfYtwdkif;
vufcHusifYokH;Mu&ef}} [líqkH;jzwfcsufcscJYMuonf/ xdk*dkPf;onf aemiftcgü ]]ax&0g'*dkPf;}}
[lí xif½Sm;vmavonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
5
þowif;udk Mum;&aomtcg 0ZdÆwdkif;om;&[ef;wdkYonfvnf; rdrdwdkYESifYoabmwl&m &[ef;wdkYudk
pnf;½kH;Muonf/ xdkYaemuf oabmwl oHCmaygif; 10000( wpfaomif; )jzifY aumorDÁjynfü
oD;jcm;oH*g,emwifyGJ jyKvkyfMuonf/ rdrdwdkYwifaom oH*g,emudk r[moH*Dwd[k ac:
qdkMuonf/ rdrdwdkYoHCmtzGJYtpnf;udkvnf; ]] r[moHCdu*dkPf;}} [kac: qdkMuavonf/
xdkaMumifY omoemESpf 100 tMumwGif Ak'¨bmom&[ef;awmf avmuü
(1) ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;
(2) r[moHCdu Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;
[lí*dkPf;BuD; 2 *dkPf; uGJjym;oGm;avonf/
Ak'¨bmom *dkPf;uGJrsm;
rlvAk'¨bmomxJrS r[moHCdu*dkPf;BuD; cJGxGufoGm;jyD;aemuf tjcm;&[ef;tkyfpkwdkYuvJ
*dkPf;cGJrludk pdwf0ifpm;vmMu[efwlygonf/ tiftm;&Sdaom oHCmYacgif;aqmifwdkYonf
tajctaeay;wdkif;? tcGifYtcgoifYwdkif; *dkPf;opfrsm;udk zGJUpnf;cJYMuonf/
r[moHCdu*dkPf;BuD;rS.....
(1) a*gukvdu*dkPf;
(2) {uaAsm[m&du*dkPf; [lí 2 *dkPf; uGJjym;onf/
..........wpfzef a*gukvdu*dkPf;rS
(3) yPÖwdå0g'*dkPf;
(4) A[kókwdu*dkPf; [lí 2 *dkPf; uGJjym;onf/
wpfzef A[kókwd*dkPf;rS
(5) apwd,*dkPf;[lí 1 *dkPf;cGJxGufonf/
xdkaMumifY r[moHodu*dkPf;rS *dkPf;&if;ESifYwuG oHCm ( 6 )*dkPf; uGJjym;oGm;avonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
6
r[moHodu*dkPf;BuD;udk twkvdkufí rlvax&0g'rSvnf; *dkPf;trsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;ukefMuunf/
a½S;OD;pGm rlvax&0g'*dkPf;BuD;rS......
(1) r[domou*dkPf;
(2) 0ZdÆykwå*dkPf; [lí 2 *dkPf;uGJjym;onf/
(3) "r®Kwå&d,*dkPf;
(4) bj',medu*dkPf;
(5) qEé*g&du*dkPf;
(6) ord®wd,*kdPf;[lí 4 *dkPf;uGJjym;onf/
.........wpfzef r[domu*dkPf;rS
(7) oAÁwd¬0g'*dkPf;
(8) "r®*kwdåu*dkPf;[lí 2*dkPf;uGJjym;onf/
......... wpfzef oAÁwd¬0g'*dkPf;rS
(9) uóydu*dkPf; cJGxGufjyefonf/
...........wpfzef uóydu*dkPf;rS
(10) ouFEdåu*dkPf;cGJxGufjyefonf/
...........wpfzef ouFEdåu*dkPf;rS
(11) okwå0g'*dkPf; cGJxGufjyefonf/
xdkYaMumifY rlv ax&0g'ESifYaygif;vQif ax&0g'*dkPf;aygif; ( 12 )*dkPf;½Sdayonf/ ax&0g'ESifY
r[moHCdu *dkPf;rBuD;rsm;ESifY *dkPf;uGJtm;vkH;aygif;vQif *dkPf;aygif; ( 18 )*dkPf;½Sdavonf/
xdk 18 *dkPf;uGJykHudk 'Dy0Housrf;üjyqdkxm;\/ ,if;*dkPf;rsm;tjyif ykAÁaovd,*dkPf;
ty&aovd,*dkPf;? &mZ*d&du*dkPf;? od'¨wd¬u*dkPf;? a[r0wdu*dkPf;? 0gZd&d,*dkPf;?
Owå&myx*dkPf;? a0wkv’*dkPf;? a[wk0g'*dkPf; ponfjzifYqufvufuGJjym;aMumif; uxm0w¬K
t|uxmü jyqdkxm;onf/
xdkYjyif ouúwbmomjzifY a&;om;xm;aom 0okrdMw\ rSwfwrf;wGif tjcm;*dkPf;trnfrsm;vnf;
yg½Sdao;onf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
7
ouúwpma&;q&mBuD; bAs\rSwfwrf;wGif xl;jcm;aom *dkPf;trnfopfrsm;udk awGU&jyefonf/
bAsrSwfwrf;xJwGif ] 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;} [laom emrnfwpfckudk xnfYoGif;xm;\/ xdk*dkPf;emrnf
txuf 18 *dkPf;üvnf; ryg½Sday/ xdk*dkPf;onf ax&0g' yifr*dkPf;twGufyg ta&;ygaom
*dkPf;wpfckjzpfygonf/ omoem0ifusrf;rsm;ü trSwfrJYjzpfaeaom *dkPf;vJjzpfonf/
azmfjycJYaom *dkPf;rsm;onf omoESpf 200 cefYtwGif; uGJjym;cJYaom*dkPf;rsm;jzpfonf/
taomurif; eef;wufcsdefavmufwGif *dkPf;toD;oD;wdkYonf udk,fYtifudk,fYtm;ESifYBuD;yGm;aeMujyD;
xdktxJwGif 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;onf taomurif;w&m;\ ajr§mufpm;ylaZmfrIudk cH&aom
*dkPf;BuD;jzpfayonf/
ax&0g'ESifY 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;
0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;onf rlvax&0g'rS*dkPf;cJGwpfckjzpfonf[k rSwfwrf;üqdkygonf/ rnfonfYtcsdefu
uGJjym;onf[k rajymEdkifay/ odkYaomfvnf; 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;rSm taomurif;BuD;vufwufwGif
BuD;yGm;aeNyD;vdkY ajymEdkifygonf/ taomurif; eef;wufNyD;aemuf Ak'¨bm0ifjzpfcsdefwGif tEd´,EdkifiHü
Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m t½IyftaxG;rsm;ay: aygufaeNyD;/ oefY½Sif;aomAk'¨bmomr[kwfawmYay/
omoemYjyifyjzpfaom wdwd¬wdkYuvJ Ak'¨omoemxJ0ifí &[ef;jyKaeMu\/ odkYaomf
&[ef;w&m;udktm;rxkwfMu/ wdwd¬wdkY\tvkyfudkomvkyfaeMuonf/ Ak'¨w&m;awmfudk
em;rvnfMuay/ taomurif;onf omoemawmfoefYpifa&;twGuf aqmif½Guf&onf/
&[ef;w&m;udk ar;ppfonf/ xdktcg &[ef;a,mifwdkYu rajzEdkifMu/
]]jrwfAk'¨onf tb,ft,l½Sdygoenf;/}} [kar;vQif &[ef;wcsKdUu ]]jrwfAk'¨onf oów
t,l½Sdygonf}} [kqdkoluqdkonf/ tcsKdUvnf; ]]jrwfAk'¨onf Oapät,l½Sdygonf}}
[kajzoluajzonf/ taomurif;onf xdk&[ef;wkrsm;udk vlxGufapí omoemYabmifrS
ESifxkwfavonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
8
taomurif;onf &[ef;aumif;wdkYtm; ]]t½Sifbk&m;wdkY? jrwfAk'¨[m tb,ft,l ½Sdygoenf;}}
[kar;onf/ xdktcg &[ef;wdkYu ]]rif;BuD; jrwfAk'¨[m oówt,l? Oapä't,l wdkYudk
cGJjcm;a0zefí tavYtm;jzifYqdkawmfrlwwfaom 0dbZÆ0g'Djzpfygonf}} [kajzqdkMu\/
taomurif;onf xdktajzudkMum;&ojzifY &[ef;ppf &[ef;rSefudkawGU&NyD;[k qkH;jzwfí
xdk0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;oHCmwdkYudk csD;jr§ifY ylaZmfavawmYonf/ xdktcsdefu 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;onf
taomurif;BuD;\ t"du udk;uG,f&m*dkPf;jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifayonf/
0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;\ t,l0g'wdkYudk omoemYordkif;wdkYüazmfjyrxm;ay/ þodkYraz:jyonfrSm
rlvax&0g'ESifY t,ltqcsif; w&m;"r®csif; cH,lrlU wlnDaomaMumifY[k qdk&ayrnf/ þodkY
t,l0g'csif; wlnDaomaMumifYvnf; aemiftcgwGif 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;onf rlvax&0g'ESifY
jyefvnfaygif;pyfEdkifcJYjcif; jzpfayonf/
jAm[®PwdkY\ aoG;cGJrlY
&mpkESpf tenf;i,ftwGif; Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;rsm; þrQuGJjym;oGm;&onfrSm jAm[®PwdkY\
aoG;cGJxdk;ESufrlYvnf;ruif;Edkifay/ jAm[®PwdkYonf Ak'¨bmomudk rsufrkef;usKd;aeolrsm; jzpfMu\/
Ak'¨bk&m; yGifYay: vmpOfuyif jAm[®wdkYu &efoltjzpf rSwf,lcJYMuonf/
rSefygonf/ Ak'¨bk&m;onf jAm[®PwdkYvufcHxm;aom ta&;ygonfY t,ltqrsm;udk
acszsufa[mMum;cJYonf/ jAm[®PwdkYu twåw&m;udk vufudkifxm;ía[mMum;aeMu\/
Ak'¨bk&m;url tewåw&m;udk t"dua[mMum;&m jAm[®PwdkYrSm t½dIufudktxdk;cH&ovdk
emMunf;oGm;\/ xdkYtjyif vlrIa&;avmuüvnf; jA[®PwdkYu Zwfpepfudk tajccHí
vlwef;pm;rsm;udk ykHaocJGjcm;xm;Mu\/ þZwfpepfudkvnf; Ak'¨bk&m;u
acszsufa[mMum;jyefonf/ jAm[®PwdkYu b,frSmESpfoufEdkifMurnfenf;/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
9
jAm[®PwdkYu xm0&bk&m;ocif zefqif;½Sifudk twnfjyKonf/ Ak'¨bk&m;u zefqif;½Sifudk
jiif;y,fonf/ jAm[®PwdkY\ t"dut,ltqrsm;udk Ak'¨bk&m;uacszsufa[mMum;aeojzifY Ak'¨onf
jAm[®wdkY\ &efoljzpfcJY&onf/ ¤if;wdkYu &efNidK;zGJYcJYMuavonf/
taomuacwfodkY a&mufaomtcgwGif Ak'¨bmomudktm;ay;ojzifY jAm[®PwdkY
arS;rdSefjrKyfwdrfae&onf/ xdktcgrsKd;wGif tcsKdUjA[®PwdkYonf Ak'¨bmomtwGif;odkY0ifí
yl;owfcJYMuonf/ Ak'¨bmomtwkta&mif jA[®PwdkYonf Ak'¨bmomyd#uwfawmfwdkYudk
avYvmvQuf usrf;pmrsm;udk a&;jyKMu\/ rdrdwdkY\ oabmt,ltqrsm;udk Ak'¨bmomtwGif;odkY
oGwfoGif;Muonf/ topfxJYoGif;xm;aom t,ltqrsm;udk BudKufESpfoufolrsm;vnf; ½Sdvmonf/
xdkyk*d¾KvfwdkYonf vufopft,ltqygaom usrf;pmwdkYudkvufcHí *dkPf;*PtopfwdkYudk
xlaxmifMuonf/ þodkYjzifY *dkPf;opfrsm; wzGm;zGm; ay: aygufvmcJYavonf/
bDpD 3 &mpk taomurif;vufxufavmufuyif r[moHCdu*dkPf;rS ay:xGufvmaom
r[m0wåKt0'geusrf;ü t0avmudawo&ac: bk&m;avmif;oabmw&m; 0g'rsm;udk
Ak'¨bmomtwGif;odkY oG,f0dkufí oGwfoGif;vmMuNyD; jzpf\/ aemiftcgwGif xdkbk&m;avmif;onf
r[m,me*dkPf;\ t"duudk;uG,f&m bk&m;avmif;BuD;wpfyg; jzpfvmcJYavonf/
r[m,me*dkPf;[lí yDjyifpGm jzpfay: vmaomtcsdefü jAm[®PwdkY\ t,l0g'rsm;jzpfaom wEå&?
rEå&oabmw&m;rsm;udkyg odrf;,lvufcHcJYMujyefonf/ aemufqkH;wGif tdEd´,½Sd Ak'¨bmomonf
[dE´LjAm[®P0g'ESifY a&maxG;,Sufwif jzpfoGm;&avonf/
ok*Facwf Ak'¨omoem
Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;rsm;onf tdE´,e,fajr tESHtjym;wGif vIyf½Sm;aeMu&m tcsKdU*dkPf;rsm;vnf;
BuD;yGm;wdk;wufMuonf/ tcsKdU*dkPf;rsm;rSmrl tm;enf;vQuf½SdMu\/ EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfaomrif;wdkYu
ajr§mufpm;vQif xdk*dkPf;rSm BuD;yGm;pnfyifvm&jrJjzpfonf/ xdk*dkPf;rsm;xJwGif
taomurif;ajr§mufpm;ojzifY awmuf<um;cJY&aom*dkPf;rSm ax&0g' 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;BuD; jzpfonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
10
0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;ESifYtwl xif½Sm;aom*dkPf;BuD;ESpf*dkPf;vnf;½Sdao;onf/ xdk*dkPf;rsm;rSm
ax&0g'rScGJxGufxm;aom oAÁwd¬0g'D*dkPf;ESifY r[moHCdu*dkPf;wdkYjzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifY taomuacwfaemufydkif;wGif xif½Sm;aom*dkPf;BuD; 3 *dkPf;udkawGUjrif&ayrnf/
,if;wdkYrSm........
(1) ax&0g'ESifY 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;
(2) ax&0g' oAÁwd¬0g'D*dkPf;
(3) r[moHCdu*dkPf;wdkYjzpfonf/
xdk*dkPf;BuD;rsm; xGef;um;aepOf taomurif;\EdkifiHawmfü rif;quftajymif;tvJrsm;
jzpfvmonf/ r*"EdkifiHawmfwGif taomuaemuf 6 qufajrmufü bDpD 185 ckESpfwGif
jAm[®PvlrsKd;jzpfaom ykoQrdwå&ppfolBuD;u arm&d,{u&mZfudk eef;csum ok*Frif;qufudk
xlaxmifavonf/ ok*FykoQrdwå&rif;onf jAm[®PrsKd;jzpfonfYtavsuf jAm[®Pbmomudk
t"duudk;uG,fonf/
jAm[®Pbmomudkyif EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf aMunmonf/ wd&pmäefwdkYudk owfí
,ZfewfylaZmfyGJBuD;rsm; tBuD;tus,f jyKvkyfavonf/ jAm[®PwdkYonf rdrdwdkY
tmPmpuf&½SdvmNyD;jzpf&m t"du&efNidK;xm;aeaom Ak'¨bmomudk zdESdyfMuawmYonf/
rif;\tmPmudk aemufcHjyKí Ak'¨bmomudk tjywfNzdKMuonf/
ok*FykoQrdwå&rif;uvnf; jAm[®wdkY\ tvdkudkvdkufavsmí trdefYaMunmcsufrsm; xkwfjyefonf/
rdrdEdkifiHawmftwGif; Ak'¨bmom&[ef;\ OD;acgif;wpfvkH;udkjzwfí qufoEdkifygu qkaiG 1000
ay;rnf[kyifaMunmxm;onf/ Ak'¨bmom &[ef;awmfwdkYonf rm*"wdkif;? aumovwdkif;paom
rZdösra'owdkYü rae0HMuawmYojzifY wdkif;pGef;jynfzsm;odkY xGufajy;ykef;a½SmifMu&avawmYonf/
xdktcsdefwGif tiftm;½Sdaom ax&0g'*dkPf;oHCmawmfwdkYrSm 0d'dom ( 0d'd½Sm ) NrdKUteD;½Sd qefcsD
( oODö ) apwD½Sd&m apwd,yAÁodkY a½TUajymif;oGm;Muonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
11
ax&0g' oAÁwd¬u*dkPf; oHCmwdkYum tdEd´,taemufajrmufydkif; rxk&mNrdKU teD;½Sd O½krk@
( a*g0E´e ) awmifodkY a½TUajymif;oGm;Muavonf/
xdktcsdefwGif 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;oHCmwdkYvnf; awmifydkif;a'oodkYyif a½TUajymif;Mu&ygonf/ xdk
0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;oHCm wdkYonf aemiftcgwGif ½Sifr[dE´ESifY oHCrdwåmwdkY tquftEG,frsm;½Sd&m
oD[dkVfuGsef;odkY ul;a&mufoGm;MuNyD; oD[dkVfoHCmwdkYESifYyl;aygif;í omoemjyKaecJYMuonf/
xdktcsdefrSpí 0dbZÆ0g'Dtrnfaysmufum yifr ax&0g'ESifY wpfaygif;wnf;? wpfom;wnf;
jzpfoGm;avawmYonf/
uedoQurif;ESifY Ak'¨bmom
r*wdkif;wGif ok*Frif;quf ukefqkH;NyD;aemuf uefArif;qufudkxlaxmifMuonf/ xdkrif;qufudkvnf;
tE¨&rif;rsm;u odrf;ydkufvdkufaomaMumifY tdEd´, ta½SUawmifydkif;wpfckvkH;rSm tE¨&rif;wdkY\
vufatmufodkY usa&mufoGm;ayonf/ xdktcsdefwGif tdEd´,taemufajrmuf
a'oBuD;wpfckvkH;rSmvnf; wdkif;wpfyg;vlrsKd;wdkYu qifYuJvma&mufí pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfvsuf½Sdonf/
xdktxJwGifxif½Sm;aomrif;qufrSm ukoQefrif;quf jzpfavonf/
ukoQefvlrsKd;wdkYonf tdEd´,taemufajrmuf a'oBuD;wpfckvkH;udk odrf;ydkufvsuf at'D 40
ckESpfrSpí ukoQefrif;qufudk xlaxmifonf/ xdkrif;rsm;teuf at'D 120 rS 162 txd
pdk;pHoGm;aom uedoQu bk&ifonf wefcdk;tBuD;qkH; jzpfonf/
uedoQurif;onf rlvu yg½Sifbmom0if rif;wpfyg;jzpfonf/ aemufydkif;wGif
Ak'¨bmom0ifjzpfvmNyD;aemuf Ak'¨omoemxGef;um;a&;udk tBuD;tus,f tm;ay;onf/
Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkYu xdkrif;udk 'kwd, taomurif;[lí ac: Muonf/ uedoQrif;onf
ax&0g'*dkPf;uGJrsm;jzpfaom oAÁwd¬0g'D*dkPf;&[ef;awmfwdkYudk t"duxm;í MunfndKudk;uG,fonf/
odkYtavsmuf ax&0g' oAÁwd¬*dkPf;u wefcdk;BuD;xGm;aeonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
12
xdktcsdefwGif yif&if;ax&0g'ESifY 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;oHCmwdkYrSm tdEd´awmifydkif; qefcsDü tajccsaeMu\/
wpf*dkPfESifY wpf*dkPf;tvGefa0;uGmaeMuNyD/
uedoQurif;onf Ak'¨bmom0ifjzpfvmNyD;aemuf omoedu aqmufttkHtrsm;tjym;udk
wnfxm;onf/ Ak'¨\"mwfawmfarGawmfwdkYudk ½SmazGvQuf apwDykxdk;wdkYwGif Xmyemonf/
yk½koQyl&NrdKUawmfü tjrifY oHawmif 160 ausmf? t0ef;oHawmif 300 rQ½Sdaom apwDawmfBuD;udk
wnfxm;onf/ uedoQuapwDawmf [kxif½Sm;onf/ xdkYtjyif apwDawmfteD;rSmyif r[maAm"dudk
pdkufysKd;ylaZmfonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm; oDwif;okH;&ef ausmif;wdkufBuD;udk wnfaxmifonf/ ]] uedoQu
ausmif;wdkuf }} [kyifac: Muonf/
rif;BuD;onf uedoQuausmif;wdkufBuD;ESifY apwDawmf paom omoetaqmufttkHrsm;udk
oAÁwd¬0g'D*dkPf;rS q&mawmfBuD;rsm;tm;tyfESHí tkyfcsKyfapmifYa½Smufaponf/ xdkacwfwGif
uedoQuausmif;wdkufBuD;onf Ak'¨omoemjyK&m A[dkXmeBuD;jzpfavonf/ uedoQurif;
r½Sdaomtcgüvnf; xdkausmif;wdkufBuD;udk ax&0g' oAÁwd¬0g'D*dkPf; oHCmawmfwdkYuyif
tpOftquf omoemjyKvkyfief;udk aqmif½GufaecJYMuonf/
omoemESpf 1000 cefYtxd xdkausmif;wdkufBuD;rSm ax&0g'tpOftvm yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk
ydkYcsaeaomausmif;wdkufBuD;jzpfaMumif; w½kwf&[ef;awmfwdkY\ rSwfwrf;üqdkygonf/
w½kwfrSwfwrf;t& oAÁwd¬0g'D*dkPf;0if &[ef;awmfwdkYu rdrdwdkYudk,fudk ]ax&0g'} [kyif okH;EIef;ac:
qdkcJYMuygonf/ odkY&mwGif ¤if;wdkY\ ax&0g'rSm rlvyifrax&0g'r[kwfbJ oAÁwd¬0g'D*dkPf;cJG
ax&0g'om jzpfEdkifygonf/
a½S;a[mif; okawoeXmerS avYvmcsuft& xdka'o½SdapwDysufrS &½Sdaom uedoQurif;\
"mwfawmfMuKwfwGif ouúwbmomjzifY urÜnf;pma&;xdk;xm;onf/
]]tmus&,meH q&Aofqwd Am'DeH y&d*&a[}} t"dyÜm,frSm ]]oAÁwd¬*dkPf;0if q&m½SifwdkY
odrf;qnf;ydkifqdkifonf/}} [líjzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifY uedoQuausmif;wdkuf½Sd ax&0g'oHCmwdkYrSm
oAÁwd¬0g'D*dkPf;0if ax&0g'om jzpfEdkifaMumif; aumufcsufcs&ygonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
13
uedoQdurif;\ oH*g,emwifyGJ
uedoQurif;vufxufwGif tdEd´,jynfü Ak'¨omoem*dkPf;uGJrsm; t½Sdeft0gaumif;aeqJjzpfonf/
*dkPf;tcsif;csif; t,ltqa&;&mrsm;ESifY ywfoufí rnDnGwfMuay/ oabmw&m;a&;qdkif&m
t½IyftaxG;rsm; jzpfae\/ uedoQurif;onf þuJYodkY Ak'¨bmomtcsif;csif;
*dkPf;*PuGJjym;aerIudk tm;r&jzpf&onf/ *dkPf;tm;vkH; aygif;pnf;nDnGwfapcsifonf/
þodkYaygif;pnf;&efrSm taomurif; vufxufuuJYodkY oH*g,emwifyGJ jyKvkyfrSjzpfrnf[k
oabmaygufonf/ xdkYaMumifY rdrdudk;uG,faom ax&0g' oAÁwd¬*dkPf; oHCmwdkYudk avQmufxm;í
Ak'¨a'oemwdkYudk oH*g,emwif&ef qkH;jzwfonf/ rdrdtkyfcsKyf&m EdkifiHtwGif;rS *dkPf;aygif;pkH
oHCmwdkYudk yifYaqmifonf/ r[moHCdu*dkPf;rSpí *dkPf;aygif;pkHavmufyif
<ua&mufawmfrlMuonf/
þoH*g,emwifyGJodkY awmifydkif;ax&0g'&[ef;awmfrsm; tenf;i,fom <ua&mufonf
[kqdkygonf/ oH*g,emyGJrSm ax&0g' oAÁwd¬0g'D*dkPf;u OD;aqmifjyKvkyfojzifY ax&0g' ( yifr )
oHCmwdkYrSm avYvmoltjzpfom <ua&mufcJYMuygonf/ xdkYjyif yifrax&0g'oHCmwdkYu
xdkoH*g,emwifyGJudk rdrdwdkY oH*g,emyGJp&if;ü xnfYoGif;jcif;rjyKcJYMuay/
þoH*g,emyGJodkY vkH;0rwufa&mufaom oHCm*dkPf;vnf;½Sdao;onf/ ,if;*dkPfum; taomurif;
oH*g&emyGJudk OD;aqmifcJYMuaom ax&0g' 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;jzpfonf/ xdk*dkPf;onf
yifrax&0g'*dkPf;ESifY aygif;pnf;cJYaom *dkPf;yifjzpfygonf/ uedoQurif;onf oAÁwd¬0g'D*dkPf;rS
q&mawmf 0okrdMwrax&fudk tBuD;trl;jyKí *dkPf;aygif;pkHrS &[ef;awmf 500 wdkYjzifY
oH*g&emwifyGJudk usif;yavonf/
xdkoH*g&emwifyGJrS oHCmwdkYonf okwf? 0denf;? tbd"r®mwdkY\ tzGifYjzpfaom
r[m0dbmomusrf;udk jyKpkMu\/ ,if;wdkYrSm...............
(1) okwåEÅyd#utzGifY 0dbmomusrf; ( *gxmwpfodef; )
(2) 0de,yd#utzGifY 0dbmomusrf; ( *gxmwpfodef; )
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
14
(3) tbd"r®myd#utzGifY 0dbmomusrf; ( *gxmwpfodef; ) wdkYjzpfavonf/
uedoQurif;onf xdkoH*g,emrS xGufay: vmaom *gxm 3 odef;&Sd 0dbmomusrf;rsm;udk
aMu;jym;ay: wGif ouúwbmomjzifY a&;om;í ausmufaowåmBuD;rsm;jzifY xnfYoGif;um
apwDwpfqlü Xmyemonf[kqdkygonf/
xdk0dbmomusrf;rsm;udk aemiftcgü w½kwfbmomjzifY jyefqdkavonf/
uedoQurif;onf tdEd´,jynfüomrubJ jynfyEdkifiHrsm;odkYvnf; omoemjyKvkyfief;rsm;udk
aqmif½GufcJYonf/ odkYjzpfí ¤if;\vufxufrSmyif tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;wGif Ak'¨bmom
jyefYyGm;cJYavonf/
ax&0g'? r[m,me? [de,me
uedoQurif; oH*g,emwifpOfu r[m,me[laom emrnfr½Sdao;acs/ uedoQurif;onf
omoem*dkPf;uGJwdkYudk yl;aygif;nDnGwfapvdkojzifY *dkPf;aygif;pkH pkqkHí oH*g,emwifcJYjcif;
jzpfayonf/ odkYaomfvnf; uedoQurif;\ apwemrSm t&mra&mufcJYay/ omoem*dkPf;uGJrsm;
yaysmufjcif;r½SdcJYay/ qufívnf; *dkPf;uGJrsm;ay: aygufcJYonf/
uedoQurif;vufxuf twnfjyKcJYaom ax&0g' oAÁwd¬0g'D*dkPf;\ a'oemwdkYudk
wpfcsKdU*dkPf;rsm;uvufrcHcJY/ qufvufí oabmw&m;topfrsm;udk jyKpkysKd;axmifcJYMuonf/
xdk*dkPf;uGJrsm;onf ajrmufydkif;aooü rdrdwdkY\*dkPf; BuD;yGg;rlYudkjyKvkyfcJYMuonf/
oabmw&m;topfrsm;udk jzefYa0cJYMuonf/ odkYtavsmuf ,if;wdkY\ omoemjyKvkyfief;rsm;vnf;
us,fjyefYoGm;cJYavonf/
þodkY us,fjyefYvmaomaMumifY at'D 2 &mpkrS 4 &mpktwGif;wGif xdk*dkPf;oHCmwdkYu
rdrdwdkY\*dkPf;trnfudk BuD;us,faom*dkPf;[lí t"dyÜm,f&onfY ]r[m,me*dkPf;} [líac:
qdkvmMuonf/ rdrdwdkYESifY t,l0g'rwlrQonfY oAÁwd¬0g'D*dkPf;ponfwdkYudk [de,me*dkPf; ( 0g )
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
15
r[m,meatmuf ,kwfavQmYaom*dkPf;[lí ac: qdkcJYMuonf/
xdktrnfrSnfYac: csdefü rlvyifr ax&0g'rSm r[m,mewdkYESifY tquftoG,f r½SdawmYay/
r[m,mewdkYu [de,me[kac: qdkaom *dkPf;rsm;rSm uedoQu\oH*g,emrS
uGJjym;oGm;aom*dkPf;tcsKdUudk ac: qdkjcif;jzpfonf/ aemufydkif;wGif r[m,me*dkPf;BuD;rSm wdAuf?
qpfuif;? blwef? eDayg? rGef*dk,m;? w½kwf? AD,uferf? udk;&D;,m;? *syefEdkifiHwdkYü
xGef;um;oGm;onf/
rlvu [de,me[kac: cJY&aom *dkPf;rsm;rSmrl tdEd´,EdkifiHü wjznf;jznf; tm;enf;
arS;rdSefoGm;onf/ xdktcsdefwGif yifrax&0g'*dkPf;BuD;rSm oD[dkVf? jrefrmpaomEdkifiHwdkYü
a&muf½SdjyefYESHYoGm;onf/ aemiftcgwGif rdrdwdkYESifY t,l0g'rwlnDaom ax&0g'*dkPf;udkvnf;
[de,me[lí a&maxG;ac: qdkvmMuavonf/
tcsKdUokawoDwdkYurl yifrax&0g'xGef;um;&m EdkifiHrsm;rSm awmifydkif;a'oü½SdojzifY
] awmifydkif;omoem} [kac: Muonf/ r[m,me*dkPf;rSm ajrmufydkif;a'oü xGef;um;
aeaomaMumifY ] ajrmufydkif;omoem } [mac: qdkMuonf/ awmifydkif;omoem ax&0g'ESifY
ajrmufydkif;omoem r[m,mewdkYrSm t,l0g'a&;&mü rsm;pGmjcm;em;aeMuNyD;/ tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif
aumufoif;aumufovdk ½SmazGrS wlnDrI tenf;i,fudk awGY&awmYonf/
oabmw&m;trsm;tjym;rSmrI wGJr&atmif uGJjym;aeavonf/
r[m,me*dkPf;\ y"mevrf;pOf
r[m,me*dkPf;\ pmayrsm;t& tusifY 3 rsKd;udk azmfjyxm;onf/
,if;wdkYrSm
(1) om0u,me
(2) yapöuAk'¨,me
(3) Ak'¨,mewdkY jzpfayonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
16
þ ,me 3 rsKd;onf ax&0g'üygaom om0uaAm"d? or®moarÁmwdkYESifY twljzpfonf/ tqdkyg 3
rsKd;onf edAÁmefodkY a&mufEdkifaom vrf;pOfcsnf;jzpfonf/ odkYaomfvnf; r[m,mewdkYurl
om0u,meESifY yapöuAk'¨,mewdkYrSm wpfudk,faumif;tusifYjzpfonf[k ,lqNyD; tm;ay;jzif;
rjyKMuay/
Ak'¨,metusifYrSm owå0grsm;udk u,fwifEdkifonf/ Ak'¨,meonfom tjrwfqkH;jzpfonf[k
vufcHMuonf/ xdkYaMumifY aAm"dowåac: bk&m;avmif;vrf;pOfudk tav;xm;Muonf/ rsm;pGmaom
aAm"dowåwdkYudk &nfrSef;í ½kyfwkrsm;jyKvkyfum udk;uG,fqnf;uyfMuonf/ tvm;wlyif a*gwrAk'¨
½kyfyGm;rsm;udkvnf; xkvkyfudk;uG,fMuonf/ aemiftcgwGif *gxmrEÅefrsm;jzifY ylaZmfrIrsm;vnf;
xGef;um;onf/
r[m,mewdkY udk;uG,faom aAm"dowåac: bk&m;avmif;rsm;teuf xif½Sm;aom aAm"dowåudk
þodkYawGU&\/
t0avmudawo&aAm"dowå/ / ,if;aAm"dowfrSm txif½Sm;qkH;jzpfonf/ Muifemoem;wwfaom
aAm"dowfjzpfí t0Dpdi&JodkY usa&mufaeolrsm;udkyif u,fwifoljzpfayonf/
rOÆLoD&d aAm"dowf/ / vlom;wdkYtm; trSefw&m;udk em;vnfap&ef vIHUaqmfay;olljzpfonf/
vufwpfzufwGif "m;vG,fudkudkifaqmifxm;NyD; tjcm;wpfzufwGif pmtkyfudkudkifaqmifxm;onf/
"m;udkudkifaqmifxm;jcif;rSm raumif;rIjyKolwdkYudk acsrIef;&efjzpf\/ pmtkyfudk udkifaqmifxm;jcif;rSm
yg&rD 10 yg;udk tjrJvufudkifusifYokH;aeaMumif; azmfjyonf/
0Zd&ygPd aAm"dowå/ / £E´ewfuJYodkY 0&Zdefrdk;BudK;vufESufudk udkifaqmifxm;onf
,if;aAm"dowfrSmvnf; raumif;rIudkjyKvkyfol tjypfusK;vGefolwdkYudk acsrIef;avY½Sdonf/
arawå,s aAm"dowå/ / ,if;aAm"dowfrSm todrfarGUqkH;jzpfonf/ ,if;onf tem*wfumvwGif
Ak'¨pifppfjzpfrnfY aAm"dowfjzpf\/ ( ax&0g'üvnf; ,if;aAm"dowfudk awGU&rnf/ )
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
17
r[m,me*dkPf;t& vlwdkif;onf owå0grsm;udk u,fwifEdkif&eftwGuf aAm"dowfqkudk
,lMu&onf/ aAm"dowfwdkY\ udk,fusifYw&m;rsm;wGif 'ge? oDv? 0D&d,? cEDÅ? psmef? ynm xdk yg&rD
6 yg;udk jznfYusifY&\/ xl;jcm;onfrSm r[m,mewdkYonf 0denf;w&m;rsm;udk
rsm;pGmtav;rxm;jcif;yifjzpfonf/ bk&m;qkyefaom bk&m;avmif;rsm;twGuf usyfwnf;
usif;ajrmif;aom 0denf;Oya'rsm; rvdktyf[k ,lqMuonf/
r[m,mewdkY ,kHMunfcsuft& ouf½Sdowå0gtm;vkH;rSm aAm"dowfrsm;BuD;jzpfonf/ yg&rD
tEkt&ifYomvQif uGmjcm;í tajccHcsif; twlwlyifjzpfonf/ aemufqkH;ü owå0gtm;vkH;yif
uGswfwrf;0ifí edAÁefodkY a&mufMu&rnf jzpfavonf/
tdEd´,ü omoemuG,fykH
Ak'¨yGifY&m rZdösra'oü omoemuG,fy&jcif;taMumif;udk avYvmaomtcgtaxGaxGaom
taMumif;&yfrsm;udk awGUMu&\/ xdktxJwGif Ak'¨bmom&[ef;awmfwdkY\usifY0wfusifYxkH;rsm;
vGJrSm;rIudkvnf; taMumif;wpf&yf taejzifYawGUMu&onf/ &[ef;awmfwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\
t"duusaomusifY0wfwdkYudk raqmif½GufMu? pdwful;,Of tpGJtvrf;wdkYudk tajccHaom
pdwful;,Ofb0rsKd;udk arQmfvifYí vkyfudkifaeMuonf/
þb0rsKd;wdkYrSm od'd¨½Sifb0? apwvkH;ydkif½Sifb0? 0dZÆmb0? xGuf&yfaygufq&mb0? arSmfq&mb0
ponfYb0rsm;jzpfMuonf/ þpdwful;,Ofb0rsKd;udk ½SmazGaomtvkyfrSm tdEd´,acwfOD;uyif
&aoYwdkY wDxGifcJYaom vrf;pOfjzpfonf/ þ0g'onf [dE´L jAm[®P wdkYvufxufü
wEÅ&*dkPf;[kac:um wGifus,fpGm vkyfudkifaeMuonf/
a½S;acwfOD; &aoYwdkYonf ewftrsKd;rsKd;? bk&m;trsKd;rsKd;wdkY\ *kPfudk zGJUqdkxm;aom *gxm? rEÅ&m;?
arSmf? yOövufponfY yg0ifaom wEÅ&usrf;rsm;udk a&;om;cJYMuonf/ xdkusrf;rsm;udk tajccHí
vdkufemusifYokH;aom*dkPf;udk ] wEÅ&*dkPf; }[kac: \/ wEÅ&*dkPf;ü vuf0J*dkPf;? vuf,m*dkPf; 2
rsKd;½Sdonf/ vuf0J*dkPf;om;wdkYonf pkef;? wapä? ajrzkwf? ewfbDvl;? ewfrdpäm? &ud©KofponfY
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
18
qif;&J'ku©udk ay;wwfaom wd&pämefrsm;udk apcdkif;Edkifaom *gxm? rEÅ&m;? tif;tdkif? cg;vSJY?
vufzGJUponfwdkYudk pD&ifMuonf/ þvuf0J*dkPf;pD&ifenf;udk jrefrmEdkifiHom;wdkYu
] atmufvrf;pD&ifenf; } [kac: Muonf/
vuf,m*dkPf;rSm b&m;? ewfwdkY\*kPfudk zGJUqdkxm;aom *gxmrEÅefwdkYjzifY a&m*ga0'em
yaysmufa&;? pnf;pdrfOpömwdk;wufa&; ponfwdkYudk NyD;ajrmufap&ef tm;xkwfMu&onf/ jrefrmwdkYu
] txufvrf;pD&ifenf; } [kac: Muonf/
þ[dE´L jAm[®PwdkY\ wEÅ&*dkPf;udk twk,lí Ak'¨bmombkef;BuD;wdkYuvJ ] Ak'¨wEÅ&*dkPf;}
udkxlaxmifMuonf/ usifY0wfusifYxkH;rsm;udk wDxGifMuonf/ xdktxJwGif [dE´L jAm[®PwdkY\
usifYxkH;udk xyfwlvdkufrIrsm;vnf;½Sdonf/ cGJjcm;usifYokH;rIrsm;vnf;½Sdonf/
wEÅ&Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;\ vkyfief;rsm;rSmvnf; *gxmrEÅef? tif;tdkif? cg;vSJY? vufzGJY? arSmftwwf?
pkef;twwf? ya,m*twwf? aA'iftwwf? t*d¾&wftwwfponfwdkYudk avYvmvdkufpm;aom
bmomjzpfonf/ wdAufjynfwGif arSmfynmudk wwfajrmufojzifY od'd¨ajrmufoGm;aom y*¾dKvf 84
a,muf½Sdonf[k tqdk½Sd\/ b,fvdkaygufoGm;onf[kum; rod&ay/
tdEd´,½Sd Ak'¨bmom&[ef;wdkYonfvnf; þuJYodkY pdwful;,Of od'd¨½Sifb0ponfwdkYudk &vdrfYEdk;jzifY
arQmfudk;usifYokH;aeMuonf/ Ak'¨bk&m;\ vufawGUusaom vlom;tusKd; jyKvkyfief;udkrI
vspfvsL½IaeMu\/ tdEd´,wGif tvGefxif½Sm;cJYaom emvE´Ak'¨wuúodkvfuJYodkY
r[mynmXmeBuD;uvnf; tdrfrufxJu tvSr,fudk wu,f&Edk;jzifY arQmfudk;½SmazGaeaom
ynmrskKd;udk tm;ay; oifMum;aecJYonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
19
tcef;(2)
ax&0g'omoem jyefYyGm;&m
at'D 12 &mpkwGif tdEd´,EdkifiHü Ak'¨bmomuG,faysmufoGm;cJY&onf/ xdktcsdefwGif
tm&SwdkufwpfcGifü Ak'¨bmom jyefYyGm;xGef;um;aeavNyD;/ tm½Swdkufa'owpfcsKdUwGif
taomuvufxuf? odkYr[kwf xdkxufapmaom umvuyif Ak'¨omoem a&muf½SdjyefYyGm;aecJY\/
r[m,meAk'¨bmomonf ajrmufydkif;a'oBuD;rsm;ü pnfyifaeouJYodkY
ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomonfvnf; awmifydkif;a'orsm;ü xGef;jyefYaeavonf/
ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomxGef;jyefY&m EdkifiHrsm;um; ,ck oD&dvuFmac: oD[dkVfEdkifiH? jrefrmEdkifiH? xdkif;EdkifiH?
uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiH? avmEdkifiHwdkYjzpfonf/ xdkEdkifiHrsm;odkY ax&0g'Ak'¨bmom a&muf½SdjyefUyGm;vmykH
ordkif;tcsKyfudk xkwfEkwf avYvmMuygOD;pdkU/
oD[dkVfEdkifiH ax&0g'jzpfpOf
Ak'¨bk&m;½Sif y&dedAÁmefjyKNyD;aemuf omoemouú&mZf 235 ckESpfü taomurif;w&m;onf
9wdkif;a'o 9 XmeodkY omoemjyKvkyfief;rsm; aqmif½Guf&ef &[ef;awmfrsm;udk apvGwfonf/
þXmersm;wGif oD&dvuFm ac: oD[dkVfEdkifiHvnf;yg0ifonf/
oD[dkVfEdkifiHü wm0efusaom rax&frsm;rSm om;awmft½Sifr[dE´ESifY aemufyg oHCmawmf
5yg;jzpfonf/ t½Sifr[dE´rax&fESifY tzGJYonf 236 ck? e,kefvjynfYaeYwGif oD[dkVfEdkifiHodkY
a&muf½Sdonf/ xdkYaemuf orD;awmf oHCrdwåmax&Dudkvnf; oD&dvuFmol trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;
bdu©KeD ( &[ef;r )jyKvkyfay;&eftwGuf apvGwfcJYjyefonf/
oHCmrdwåmax&Dr,fonf Ak'¨*g,m½Sd r[maAm"dyifrS awmifudkif;udkyGm;,lum oD[dkVfodkY
yifYaqmifcJYonf/ oD[dkVfEdkifiH tEk&m"NrdKUü pdkufysKd;xm;&m ,ckwdkif rsKd;qufrjywf½Sdaeavonf/
t½Sifr[dE´wdkY a&mufoGm;csdefwGif oD[dkVfEdkifiHü a'0geHyd,wdórif; tkyfpdk;aecsdefjzpfonf/
xdkrif;onf tbdodufcHí wpfvrQom½Sdao;onf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
20
yd,wdórif;onf rif;jzpfí wpfvajrmufaom e,kefvjynfYaeYwGif rdóuawmifodkY
awmupm;xGufvmonf/ xdkawmifay:üyif t½Sifr[dE´raxESifY awGYqkHzl;MuKH&onf/
t½Sifr[dE´raxu a'0geHyd,wdórif;tm; plV[wd¬ya'gyrokwfudk a[mMum;onf/
a'oemawmftqkH;wGif aemufvdkuftacGst&H 40000 ( av;aomif; )ESifYwuG o&P*HkwnfMuNyD;
Ak'¨bmom0ifjzpfMuukef\/
t½Sifr[dE´rax&fESifYtzGJYonf 0gqdkvjynfYaeYwGif Oykoftdrf odrfudkorkwfMuNyD; t&d|trwfESifY 55
a,mufwdkYudk &[ef;cHay;onf/ xdkESpfwGif rdóuawmifüyif 0guyfí omoemjyKawmfrlMuonf/
a'0geHyd&wdórif;onf rax&frsm; oDwif;okH;&eftwGuf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufudk
aqmufvkyfvl'ef;onf/ xdkYjyif apwD? ykxdk;? aAm"d? odrf? t&mrfrsm;udkvnf;
wnfxm;aqmufvkyfavonf/
aemufrif;rsm;vufxufwGifvnf; Ak'¨omoemudk qufvuftm;ay;cJYMuonf/ xdkrif;rsm;xJwGif
Ak'¨bmomudk txl;tm;ay;aom rif;rsm;vnf;ay: xGufcJYonf/
'k|*grPdrif;onf avm[ygom'ac: ausmif;wdkufBuD;udkwnfaxmifonf/ tEk&m"NrdKUawmfü
r[mapwDBuD;udkvnf;wnfaxmifonf/ xdkapwDBuD;onf oD&dvuFmü ,ckwdkif xif½Sm;aom
apwDBuD;jzpfonf/ oD[dkVfoHCmwdkY\ xl;jcm;aomaqmif½GufcsufrSm Ak'¨a'oemwdkYudk
oH*g,emyGJusif;yí ayvGm½GufjzifY tu©&mwifEdkifjcif;yif jzpfygonf/
oD[dkVf oHCm*dkPf;rsm;
oD[dkVfEdkifiHüvnf; ax&0g'omoema&;qdkif&m *dkPf;uGJrsm;ay: xGufcJYygonf/
þodkYuGJjym;vmcJYonfrSm EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfaomrif;wdkYu tm;ay;cJYaomaMumifYvnf;jzpfonf/
oD[dkVfEdkifiHwGif a½S;OD;acwfuuGJjym;aom *dkPf;BuD; 3 *dkPf;½Sd\/ ,if;wdkYrSm
(1) r[m0d[m&0goD*dkPf;
(2) tb,*d&d0goD*dkPf;
(3) aZw0e0goD*dkPf; wdkYjzpfayonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
21
r[m0d[m&0goD*dkPf;/ / þ*dkPf;BuD;rSm t½Sifr[dE´rax&fwdkYacwfu wnf½Sdvmaom
yifr*dkPf;jzpfonf/ a'0geHyd&wdórif; wnfaxmifay;aom r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufBuD;ü
rax&frsm; pOfqufrjywf apmifYa½SufvmcJYaomaMumifY ] r[m0d[m&0goD*dkPf; } [k
ac:wGifvmjcif;jzpfonf/
tb,*d&d0goD*dkPf;/ / 0#*grPdrif;onf usnf;om;wdkY\ ab;&efaMumifY xGufajy;
ykef;a½Sifae&pOf &[ef;awmfwdkYu jyKpkaxmufyHYxm;cJYonf/ xdkrif;onf aemufxyf
wpfBudrfrif;jzpfvQif tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufESifY tb,*d&dapwDawmfudkwnfxm;í
aus;Zl;jyKcJYzl;aom t½Sifwdórax&ftm; wifvSLonf/
xdkt½Sifwdórax&fonf ukvoHo| jzpfaomaMumifY r[m0d[m&0goD &[ef;wdkYu yAÁmZed,uH
jyKMuonf/ xdktcg t½Sifwdó\wjynfYjzpfol r[m'|d,wdó&[ef;u wm;jrpfonf/
xdk&[ef;udkvnf; rpifMu,frIudk twkvdkufol[k qdkum 0dkif;y,frI ( Oau©yed,uH ) jyKMujyefonf/
xdk&[ef;onf rdrdtm;0dkif;y,frIudk rauseyfaomaMumifY oHCm 500 wdkYudkcJG,lí
r[m0d[m&0g'D*dkPf;rS xGufoGm;\/ xdktcsdefrSpí tb,*d&d0goD*dkPf;[k xif½Sm;oGm;\/
xdk*dkPf;cGJaomESpfrSm omoemESpf 454 ckESpf wnf;/
aZw0e0goD*dkPf;/ / xdk*dkPf;onf r[maoerif; vufxufwGif ay:aygufvmonf/
r[maoerif;onf r[m0d[m&0goDausmif;wdkufBuD;twGif;ü aZw0efausmif;BuD;udk
wnfaqmufonf/ xdkausmif;BuD;odkY 'ud©P*d&dausmif;wdkufrS oHCmrsm;vma&mufaexdkifMuonf/
xdkoHCmrsm;onf r[m0d[m&0goD &[ef;wdkYESifY aygif;azmfrIrjyKbJ
oD;jcm;*dkPf;wpfckudkwnfaxmifMuonf/ aZw0e0goD*dkPf;[k ac: Muonf/
aZw0e0goDwdkYonf r[m0d[m&0goD*dkPf; ysufpD;ap&ef r[maoerif;ESifYwdkifyifí
r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufBuD;udk zsufqD;Muonf/ 'k|*grPdrif;BuD; aqmufvkyfcJYaom
avm[ygom'jymom'fausmif;BuD;udk zsufqD;Muonf/ xdkYaMumifY r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufBuD;rSm
9ESpfrQ oHCmqdwfokOf; ae&avonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
22
azmfjyyg *dkPf;BuD; 3 *dkPf;wdkYrSm oD[dkVfEdkifiHü ESpfaygif; tawmfMumrQ wnfwHYaecJYonf/
oD&docFaAm"d y&uúrAm[krif; eef;wufaomtcgwGif r[m0d[m&0goD oHCmwdkYtm;
oefYpifaom*dkPf; oHCm[lí todtrSwfjyKonf/ usef 2 *dkPf;rS oHCmwdkYudk tusifYrJYaom
'kóDvrsm;jzpfonf[kqdkum vlxGufaponf/
xdktcsdefrSpí r[m0d[m&0goD*dkPf;om usef½SdawmYonf/
,ckacwf*dkPf;rsm;
,cktcsdefwGif oD&dvuFmEdkifiHü a½S;OD;*dkPf;BuD; 3 *dkPf;pvkH; uG,faysmufcJYNyD;/ xdkEdkifiHü
wdkif;wpfyg;om;rsm; 0ifa&mufpdk;rdk;aomaMumifY vnf;aumif; obm0ab; tEå&,frsm;aMumifY
vnf;aumif; ax&0g'omoem tm;enf;arS;aysmYcJY&onf/ xdkYaMumifY aemufydkif;acwfrsm;wGif
jrefrmEdkifiHESifYxdkif;ESdifiHwdkYrS tultnDjzifY omoemawmf jyefvnftm;qufcJY&ayonf/
,cktcsdefwGif oD&dvuFmEdkifiHü atmufyg*dkPf;BuD;rsm; xGef;um;jyefYyGm;vsuf½Sdonf/
oQmrf;*dkPf;/ / omoemouú&mZf 2289 ckESpf eef;wufaom udwdåod&d &mZoD[rif;vufxuf
&[ef;oHCmrsm;r½SdaomaMumifY ,dk;',m; ac: xdkif;EdkifiHrS &[ef;wdkYudk yifYaqmifí
omoemudkjyKpkcJY&\/ xdk*dkPf;udk oQmrf;*dkPf; ( oQmredum, )[kac: onf/
tr&yl&*dkPf;/ / omoemESpf 2344 ckESpfwGif oD[dkVfomraP 6 yg;ESifY Oygoumwpfa,muf
jrefrmEdkifiH tr&yl&NrdKYawmfodkY a&muf½SdvmNyD; qifBudK;a½T*lodrfü ÓPmbd0Ho
"r®aoemywdrax&fudk OyZösm,fjyKí yOöif;cHMuonf/ xdkYaemufvnf; oD[dkVf&[ef;wdkYvma&mufNyD;
odu©mopfwif,lMuonf/ xdk&[ef;wdkY\ tquftEG,frsm;onf oD[dkVfEdkifiHü tr&yl&*dkPf;
( tr&yl&edum, ) [kxif½Sm;onf/
&mrn*dkPf;/ /omoemESpf 2406 ckESpfwGif oD[dkVfrS t½Sif"r®mvuFm&? t½SifokrewdóESifY &[ef;
17 yg;wdkYonf &mrnwdkif; yJcl;NrdKUodkY <ua&mufvmMuNyD; &efukefNrdKUrS o'¨r®"&r[max&fudk
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
23
OyZösm,fjyKí uvsmPDodrfawmfü odu©mopf wif,lMuonf/ xdk*dkPf;udk &mrn*dkPf; ( &mrn
edum, ) [k ac: onf/
xdkjyif 'kwd,urÇmppf rwdkifrDu oD[dkVfom;wpfcsKdUonf rEÅav;NrdKU r[m0dok'¨g½kHwdkufodkY
vma&mufí ynmoifcJYMubl;onf/ xdk&[ef;rsm;xJrS ½Sifod&do'¨r®q&mawmfonf
oD[dkVfjyefa&mufaomtcg r[m0dok'¨g&mrausmif;wdkufudk wnfaxmifí omoemjyK&m
qufyGm;wynfY oHCmrsm;xGefum;cJYonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkq&mawmf ysHvGefonfYaemuf
wynfY&[ef;rsm;\ tm;enf;rIaMumifY oD&dvuFm a½Tusif*dkPf;rSm xif½Smjcif;r½SdawmYacs/
xdkif;EdkifiH ax&0g'jzpfpOf
xdkif;EdkifiHonf acwfOD;umvu xdkif;vlrsKd;rsm;e,fajrr[kwfay/ rGefvlrsKd;wdkY tajcpdkufcJYaom
EdkifiHjzpfonf/ rGefvlrsKd;wdkYonf ,ck xdkif;EdkifiH e,fajrü rGefjynfaxmif 2 ckudk
wnfaxmifcJYMuonf/ awmifydkif;rGefEdkifiHudk 'Gg&0wD[kac: onf/ NrdKUawmfrSm avmYyl&D ( v0yl& )
jzpfonf/ avmYyl&DNrdKUum; ,ckwdkif ½Sdao;onf/ AefaumufNrdKUawmf\ajrmufbuf
rJerfjrpfurf;ay:ü wnf½Sdonf/
ajrmufydkif;EdkifiHudk [&dbkOÆ[kac: onf/ NrdKUawmfrSm vefzkef;jzpfonf/ xdkNrdKUrSmvnf;
Zif;r,fNrdKUawmif,Gef;ü ,ckwdkif ½Sdaeygao;onf/
'Gg&0wDEdkifiHonf at'D 700 ckwGif wefcdk;tBuD;rm;qkH;aomumvjzpfonf/ at'D 10
&mpkausmfavmufwGif uarÇm'D;,m;vlrsKd;rsm; vma&mufwdkufcdkufMuaomaMumifY rGefEdkifiH
ysufpD;cJY&onf/ ,if;crm ( uarÇm'D;,m; ) vlrsKd;wdkYonf xdkif;EdkifiHtv,fydkif;txd
pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfaeMuonf/ xdkYaMumifY avmYyl&Drif;orD; cskmra'0Donf tiftm;opfrsm;pk½kH;í
[&dykOö,EdkifiHudk jyefvnfxlaxmifcJYonf/
xdktcsdefwGif w½kyfjynf taemufydkif;rS xdkif;vlrsKd;wdkYonf awmifbufodkY wjznf;jznf;
a½TUqif;vmMuonf/ xdkif;vlrsKd;wdkYonf 11 &mpkavmufwGif uarÇm'D;,m; ac: crmwdkY
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
24
tkyfcsKyf&me,fajrodkY a&muf½SdvmMuonf/ crmwdkY tkyfcsKyfrIatmufü cdkvIHaecJYMuonf/ xdkpOfu
xdkif;vlrsKd;wdkYonf tkyfpdk;ol crmwdkY udk;uG,faom r[m,me Ak'¨bmomESifY
jAm[®PbmomwdkYudkyif udk;uG,fMuonf/ xdkYaMumifY xdkif;vlrsKd;wdkYtay:ü r[m,meESifY
jAm[®PwdkY\ ,Ofaus;rIrsm; vTrf;rdk;cHcJY&onf/
,ckwdkif xdkif;wdkY\ "avYxkH;pHrsm;ESifY yGJvrf;obiftcrf;tem;rsm;wGif r[m,me ESifY
[dE´Lbmom,Ofaus;rI t&dyftaiGUrsm; xif[yf xifusefaeqJ jzpfayonf/
xdkif;EdkifiH wnfaxmifjcif;
c&pfESpf 13 &mpk tv,fydkif;avmuf a&mufaomtcg xdkif;vlrsKd;wdkYonf tiftm;aumif;vmojzifY
uarÇm'D;,m;wdkYudk wdkufxkywfvdkufMuonf/ [&dykOö,EdkifiHi,fudkvnf; zsufqD;í
odrf;ydkufvdkufMuonf/ xdkif;vlrsKd;wdkYonf ajrmufydkif;ü vefem ( Lanna ) EdkifiHudkvnf;aumif;?
tv,fydkif;ü qlcdkxdkif; ( Sukhothai ) EdkifiHudkvnf;aumif; wnfaxmifvdkufMuonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí
xdkif;EdkifiH[k xif½Sm;ay: aygufvmavonf/
xdkif;vlrsKd;wdkYonf vefemESifYqlcdkxdkif; 2 EdkifiHudk wnfaxmifNyD;onfYaemufwGifrl xdkif;bk&ifwdkYonf
oD&dvuFmEdkifiHodkY &[ef;awmfrsm;udk apvGwfí ynmoif,lapcJonf/ oD&dvuFmrS
ynmwwfq&mawmfrsm;udkvnf; xdkif;EdkifiHodkYyifYaqmifí ax&0g'omoemawmfudk
jyKpkapcJYMuonf/
þodkYaqmif½GufcJYMuojzifY uarÇm'D;,m;vufatmufcHb0u cH,lcJYaom r[m,meESifY
jAm[®Pt,l0g'rsm;rSm wjznf;jznf; jrKyfwdrfarS;rdSefoGm;&onf/ aemufydkif;wGif
ax&0g'uvTrf;rdk;vmNyD; ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomonfomvQif EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpfodkY
a&muf½Sdvmavonf/
c&pfESpf 19 &mpktv,fydkif;wGif tkyfpdk;aom armif;uGwf ( Mongkyt )bk&ifonf bkef;BuD;aom
rif;wpfyg;jzpfonf/ ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomudkvnf; tvGef½dkaoaomoljzpf\/ armif;uGwfbk&ifonf
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
25
omoemawmf oefY½Sif;ap&efESifY 0denf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk vdkufemap&eftwGuf xr,kwfac:aom
"r®,kwdå*dkPf;udk pwif wnfaxmifonf/
xdktcsdefrSpí xdkif;EdkifiHü
(1) xr,kwf*dkPf; ( "r®,kwdå*dkPf; )
(2) r[meDudkif*dkPf; ( r[medum,*dkPf; )
[lí *dkPf;BuD; 2 *dkPf; jzpfay: vmavonf/
uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiH ax&0g'jzpfpOf
tif'dkcsKdif;em;uGsef;qG,fBuD;onf at'D 1 &mpkavmufuyif tdE´d,ukefonfrsm; ul;oef;oGm;vm&m
jzpfcJYonf/ tif'dkcsKdif;em;udk a½S;tcgu tmeH[k ac: Muonf/ tdEd´,EdkifiHrS yv’0gvlrsKd;wdkYonf
tmeHa'oodkY ukefa&mif;ukef0,f vma&mufMuonf/ tcsKdU yv’0gwdkYonf prÜm ( Chanpa )t&yfwGif
tajccsum plrMwm; (okrdwå)? *smAm;ESifY ta½SUtdEd´,uGsef;pkrsm;odkY ul;oef;aecJYMuonf/
ESpf½Snfvmaomtcg prÜmonf ukefoG,fqdyfurf;jzpfí pnfum;vmonf/
yxrOD;qkH; prÜma'oudk tkyfpdk;aombk&ifrSm tdEd´,EdkifiH yv’0gaejynfawmf uefcsDrS
jAm[®PtEG,f0if aum@nonf rif;jyKí bdodufcHaomtcg yv’0grif;rsm; cH,laombJGUtwdkif;
0&ref ( Varman ) [laom bGJUudkcH,lonf/ xdktcsdefurif;rsm;onf [dE´Lbmomudk t"dutm;jzifY
udk;uG,fMuonf/ ax&0g'rS cGJxGufxm;aom oAÁwd¬0g'D*dkPf;vnf; tenf;tusOf;
½Sdonf[kod&onf/
uarÇm'D;,m;awmifydkif;ü [dE´Lrif;rsm; tkyfpdk;aecsdefwGif ajrmufydkif;a'oürI urÇLZ[laom
vlrsKd;rsm;aexdkifMuonf/ xdkvlrskKd;wdkYonf at'D 435 ckESpfwGif uarÇmZEdkifiHudk xlaxmifMuonf/
uarÇmZrif;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\e,fwGif Ak'¨omoemYtaqmufttkHrsm;udk aqmufvkyfMu\/
apwDykxdk;wdkYudk wnfxm;Mu\/ Ak'¨bmomudk pkrMwmuGsef;? oD&d0dZ,EdkifiHrS &,ludk;uG,fMuonf/
at'D 9 &mpkwGif Z,0&ref ( Jaya Varman ) rif;onf uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiHwGif tifaumtrnf½Sdaom
NrdKUawmfudk wnfaqmufonf/ tifaum t"dyÜm,frSm rif;aejynfjzpfonf/ tifaumaejynfawmfü
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
26
tifaum0yfac: bk&m;ausmif;BuD;udkvnf; BuD;us,fcrf;em;pGm aqmufvkyf\/ xdkausmif;BuD;onf
urÇmYtHYzG,frsm;teuf wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/ tifaumbk&ifwdkYonf [dE´Lbmom0ifrsm;
jzpfaomfvnf; r[m,me Ak'¨bmomudkvnf; tm;ay;csD;ajr§mufcJYMuonf/
owår Z,0&refESifY Ak'¨bmom
at'D 11 &mpkcefYwGifrl Ak'¨bmomudk MunfndKudk;uG,faomrif;rsm; ay:aygufvmonf/ xdktcsdefu
Ak'¨bmomrSm r[m,meAk'¨bmomjzpf\/
Ak'¨bmomudktm;ay;aom rif;rsm;teuf owårajrmuf Z,0&refrif;onf tBuD;us,fqkH;
tm;ay;aom rif;wpfyg;jzpfonf/ xdkrif;onf tjcm;EdkifiHawmfzGHUNzdK;a&;udkvnf; pGrf;pGrf;wrH
aqmif½Gufonf/ tifaumNrdKUawmfopfudk 12 &mpk twGif;ü wnfaqmufcJYonf/
tifaumNrdKUawmfopfudk tvsm; 2 rdkif? teH 2 rdkif us,f0ef;aom pwk&ef;ykHjzifY
wduspGmaqmufvkyfxm;\/ NrdKUawmftvnfA[dkwGif bm,Geftrnf½Sd Ak'¨bmomausmif;BuD;udkvnf;
wnfaqmufonf/ bm,Gefausmif;BuD;onf ayaygif; 130 jrifYonf/ 0&refrif;onf
ausmif;awmfBuD;udk tEkynmvuf&mrsm;pGmjzifh jc,frIef;wnfaqmufonf/ ausmif;awmf\
A[dkarQmfpOfBuD;wGif ÓPfawmf 102 ay½Sd Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfBuD;udk xkvkyfylaZmfxm;cJYavonf/
0&refrif;onf eef;pHNyD;aemuf 5 ESpftMumwGif wmy½Gefac: ausmif;wdkufBuD;udkvnf;
wnfaqmufcJYonf/ ausmif;awmfBuD;rSm rdbk&m;BuD;\ r,fawmftwGuf &nfpl;í
aqmufvkyfcJYjcif;jzpfayonf/ wmy½Gefausmif;awmfBuD; aqmufvkyf&eftwGuf aus;½Gmaygif; 3140
rS ½Gmol½Gmom;aygif; 79365 a,mufudk tvkyfwm0ef ay;cJYonf[k qdkygonf/
xdkausmif;wdkufBuD;ü -
q&mawmfBuD;aygif; 18 yg;
&[ef;awmfaygif; 2740 yg;
omraPaygif; 2202 yg; oDwif;okH;aexdkifMuonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
27
at'D 1200 ckavmufrSmyif 0&refrif;qufvnf; ukefqkH;cJYygonf/ at'D 12 &mpkavmufwGif
jrefrmEdkifiHrS &[ef;wpfyg;onf uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiHodkY <ua&mufí ax&0g'Ak'¨omoemudk
a[mMum;jzefYjzL;cJYonf/ xdktcsdefwGif uarÇm'D;,m;bk&ifwdkYonf ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomudk
ESpfNcdKufMuojzifY tm;ay;ulnDcJYMuonf/ aemufydkif;wGif ax&0g'omoem jyefYyGm;vm&m 13 &mpk
ukefcsdefü r[m,meESifY [dE´LbmomwdkY aysmufuG,foGm;&\/
14 &mpkavmufwGif oD&dvuFm ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomESifY vnf;aumif; xdkif;EdkifiH ax&0g'
Ak'¨bmomwdkYESifYvnf;aumif; qufoG,frdMuonf/ xdkrS aemufydkif;wGif ax&0g'om tajccdkifí
wnfwHYvmcJYonf/
,cktcsdefwGif uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiHü ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomonf aerif;yrm vrif;tvm;
xif½Sm;aeavonf/
avmEdkifiH ax&0g'jzpfpOf
avm ( vmtdk )EdkifiHonf 14 &mpka&mufrS oDjcm;EdkifiHay: aygufvmjcif;jcpfonf/ avmEdkifiHjzpfay:
vma&;twGuf crmwdkYu tultnDay;cJMu&onf/ avmEdkifiHwGif tapmydkif;umvrsm;u
r[m,meAk'¨bmomvnf; xGef;um;cJYbl;onf/ ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomudkrl crm(uarÇm'D;,m;)ESifY
xdkif;EdkifiHwdkYrSwpfqifY &½SdcJYonf[k qdkayonf/
avmEdkifiHbk&ifwdkYonf ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomudk tm;ay;csD;ajr§mufcJYojzifY 14 &mpkausmf umvuyif
ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomudk edkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf aMunmEdkifcJYonf/ avmEdkifiHonf uGefjrLepfrsm;
tkyfpdk;aom umvüvnf; ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomrSm ,dkifvJjydKuGJjcif;r½SdbJ wnfwHYjrJwnfwHYaecJYonf/
Ak'¨bmomt½Sdeft0g usqkH;jcif;r½SdbJ ydkíyif wdk;wufaeonf[k qdk&ayrnf/
,cktcsdefwGif avmEdkifiH½Sd vlOD;a& 95 &mcdkifEIef;rSm ax&0g'Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; jzpfaeMuavonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
28
tcef; ( 3 )
ax&0g'oH*g,emyGJrsm;
oH*g,em ed'gef;
Ak'¨bk&m;½Sifonf r[mouú&mZf 148 ck? ( bDpD 544 ) uqkefvjynfY t*FgaeYwGif ukodem½kHjynf
tifMuif;O,Ofü y&dedAÁmefjyKawmfrlavonf/ ½Sifr[muóyrax&fjrwfonf aemufyg &[ef; 500
jcH&Hvsuf jrwfpGmbk&m;udk zl;jrif&ef yg0gjynfrS ukodem½kHjynfodkY<uvmMuonf/
raxjrwfESifYtzGJUonf vrf;c&D;tMum;ü &moDOwkyljyif;aomaMumifY opfyifatmufü
em;cdkaeMuonf/ xdkpOf tmZD0u wuúwGef; wpfa,mufonf ukodem½kHrSyg0gjynfodkY vmae\/
wuúwGef;onf tem;,laeaom ½Sifr[muóyESifY awGYqkHMuonf/
½Sifr[muóyraxjrwfu jrwfpGmbk&m;½Sif\ taMumif;ar;jref;&m ]] bk&m;½Sif
y&dedAÁmefjyKoGm;NyD;jzpfaMumif; }} avsmufxm;\/ &[ef;oHCmwdkYonf xdkowif;udk odvdkuf&ojzifY
aqmufwnf&mr&awmYbJ 0rf;enf;ylaqG;í idka<u;Muavonf/
tjcm;&[ef;awmfrsm; idka<u;aeMuaomfvnf; okb'f&[ef;rSmrl idka<u;&rSef;rod?
bk&m;r½SdawmYonfudkyif 0rf;om\/ okb'f&[ef;onf idka<u;aom&[ef;wdkYudk tm;ay;pum;
ajymMum;onf/
] igY½SifwdkY? bmjzpfvdkY idka<u;aeMuoenf;? igwdkY[m a*gwr&[ef;BuD;vufrS vGwfajrmuf
oGm;MuNyD;? a*gwr½Sdwkef;uqdkvQif igwdkYudk 'DtrIYrvkyfESifY? 'DtrIYudk vkyf&rnf } qdkNyD;
uefYowfcsufawG jyKvkyfaecJYonf/ olrBudKufwmvkyfrdvQif b,ftmywfoifYapqdkNyD;
Oya'ynwfcsufawGESifY wm;qD;aeonf/ a*gwr[m igwdkYudk EdSyfpufnOf;qJaeoljzpfonf/ ckawmY
igwdkYjyKvdkorQ jyKEdkifMuNyD;? vkyfcsif&mudk vkyfEdkifNyD;? vGwfvyfNyD; }
okb'f&[ef;\ pum;udkMum;&ojzifY ½Sifr[muóyrax&fBuD;onf ]] ,cktcsdefuyif rzG,fr&m
ajymqdkpnf;½kH;aeNyD;? aemifwpfcsdef 'D&[ef;rsKd;awGwdk;yGm;vmygu t"r®rIrsm; wGifus,f
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
29
vmawmYrnf/ Ak'¨bk&m;½Sif a[mMum;xm;aom "r®a'oemawmfwdkYudk oH*g,emwifxm;rSomvQif
oifYawmfvdrfYrnf/ }} [k MuHpnfpOf;pm;rdavonf/
½Sifr[muóyESifYtzGJYonf ukodem½kHjynfodkY a&mufvmaomtcg bk&m;½Sif\½kyfuvmyfawmfudk
awaZm"mwfavmifuGsrf;jcif;? "mwfawmfjzefYcsDjcif;udpöwdkYudk aqmif½Guf&onf/ xdkYaemuf
e,kefvqef; 5 &ufaeYwGif "mwfawmfxm;&mZ&yfü oHCmtpnf;ta0; usif;yonf/
oHCmtpnf;ta0;BuD;wGif ½Sifr[muóyrax&fBuD;u oH*g,emwifyGJusif;ya&;udk
tqdkjyKavQmufxm;\/
]igh½SifwdkY? okb'f&[ef;vdk &[ef;zsif;rsm; toif;tyif;rsm;cJYvQif Ak'¨bk&m;½Sif\
Mo0g'a'oemawmfrsm; uG,fyoGm;Edkifygonf/ bk&m;½Sif\ a'oemawmfrsm; rysufrpD;
wnf½SdaerSomvQif bk&m;½Sif\omoemawmf t½SnfwnfwHYaernfjzpfygonf/ a'oemawmf
wnfwHYaeorQ bk&m;½Sif oufawmfxif½Sm; ½SdaeouJYodkY jzpfygrnf/
odkYjzpfí...
rolawmfw&m; rjyefYyGm;rD
olawmfaumif;w&m; raysmufysufrD
tvZDÆwdkY 0denf;w&m; rysufjym;rD
t"r®0g'DwdkY tiftm;raumif;rD
"r®0g'DwdkY tm;renf;rD...
bk&m;½Sif a[mMum;awmfrIaom okwåefa'oemawmf? 0denf;a'oemawmf? tbd"r®m
a'oemawmfwdkYudk pkaygif;í oH*g,emwifMuygukeftHY? } [k avQmufxm;onf/
½Sifr[muóy\ tqdkjyKcsufudk oHCmawmfwdkYu ] t½SifwifjyaomtaMumif;rSm tvGef
oifYavQmfvSygonf? oH*g,emwif&eftwGuf t½Sifbk&m;u OD;aqmifOD;½GufjyKí oifYavQmfrnfY
oHCmwdkYudk a½G;aumufawmfrIyg? } avQmufxm;Muonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
30
yxr oH*g,emyGJawmf
½Sifr[muóyrax&fBuD;onf oH*g,emwifyGJ usif;yEdkif&eftwGuf y&d,wåd"r®
uGsrf;usifawmfrlaom y#dordÇ'gywå&[EÅm 499 yg;udk a½G;cs,fpdppfí pm&if;aumuf,lonf/
oH*g,emwifyGJtwGuf &[EÅm 500 yg0if&ef &nf½G,fxm;onf/ xdktxJwGifvnf;
½SiftmeE´myg0if&efvnf; &nf½G,fxm;onf/ odkYaomfvnf; xdktcsdefü ½SiftmeEÅmrSm
aomwmyeftqifYom ½Sdaeao;onfYtwGuf pm&if;roGif;Edkifao;ay/
xdktcg tjcm;oHCmawmfwdkYu ½SiftmeEÅmonf aou©yk*¾dKvfyifJjzpfaomfjim;vnf;
w&m;awmft&mrSm b@mpdk;BuD;jzpfaMumif;? "r®u©E¨maygif; ½Spfaomif;av;axmifudk
bk&m;½Sifa½SUawmfrSm oifMum;í EIwfwGifaqmifxm;EdkifoljzpfaMumif;? jrwfpGmbk&m;\
tvkyftauGs;jzpfcJYaom vuf&if;wynfYBuD; ½SiftmeE´mudkcsefxm;NyD; oH*g,em rwifoifYaMumif;
avQmufxm;Muonf/
xdktcgrS ½Sifr[muóyonf ½SiftmeE´mudka½G;aumufí oHCmawmf 500 jynfYoGm;\/
½SiftmeE´monf rdrdudka½G;cs,fNyD;aemuf &[EÅmtjzpf oH*g,emwifyGJ0if&ef w&m;"r®udk
½IUMunfYtm;xkwfav&m oH*g,emwifyGJrwdkifrD &[EÅm jzpfoGm;avonf/
½Sifr[muóyonf oHCmawmf 500 udk a½G;cs,fNyD;aemuf oH*g,emwifrnfY ae&mtwGuf
&mZN*dK[fjynfudk a½G;cs,fvdkufonf/ oH*g,emwifrnfY oHCmwdkYonf &mZN*dK[fjynfü
0gqdk0guyf&rnf/ tjcm;oHCmwdkYudkrl tjcm;NrdKU½Gmrsm;ü 0gqdkap\/ oHCmawmfwdkYonf
&mZN*dK[fjynfü 0guyfNyD;aemuf &[ef;awmf 8 yg;udk a½G;cs,fí tZmwowfrif;xH apvGwfonf/
oH*g,emwifyGJBuD;wGif tZmwowfrif;u ypönf; 4 yg; 'g,um jyKvkyfí tmPmpufjzifY
ulnD&ef arwåm&yfcHonf/
tZmwowfrif;onf &[ef;awmfwdkYtrdefY½Sdonfudk 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omvufcHvdkuf\/ xdkYaemuf
oH*g,emwif&eftwGuf a0bm&awmif p&nf;yifBuD;½Sd&m owåyPÖdvdkPf*l0ü BuD;us,fcef;em;aom
r@yfBuD;udk aqmufvkyfay;onf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
31
½Sifr[muóyESifY oHCm 500 wdkYonf bk&m;½Sif y&dedAÁmefJjyKNyD;aemuf 3 v tMum r[mouú&mZf
148 ck? 0gacgifvjynfY ( vqkwf 4 [kvnf;qdk\ ) aeYü oH*g,emwifyGJudk
qifEGJusif;yMuavonf/
oH*g,emwifyGJwGif yxroH*Dwdem,u ykpäu ( tar;yk*d¾Kvf ) tjzpf ½Sifr[muóyrax&fu
aqmif½Gufonf/
0denf;yd#uawmfudk bk&m;½SdpOfu {w'*fxm;cJYaom ½SifOygvdrax&fu 0dóZÆu ( tajzyk*d¾Kvf )
jyKí ajzqdk&onf/
½SiftmeE´monf yd#uwfawmftm;vkH;udk rsufuG,fr½Sd emMum;cJYolljzpfonf/ odkYaomfvnf;
½SifOygvdrSm 0denf;t&mü {w'*fxm;cJYonfudk av;pm;aomtm;jzifY ½SifOygvdudk 0dóZÆutjzpf
aqmif½Gufapjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf okwåefyd#uESifY tbd"r®myd#ua'oemwdkYudk
½SiftmeE´mraxu 0dóZÆujyKí ajzMum;avonf/
þuJYodkY tar;tajzrsm; jyKvkyfNyD;aemuf oHCmawmf 500 wdkYuaygif;pkí
½Gwfjyefo&Zösm,fawmfrlMuonf/ xdkyxrtMudrf oH*g,emwifyGJrSm 7 v MumNyD;rS
NyD;ajrmufcJYavonf/
Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkYonf omoemouú&mZfudk xdkESpfrSpí a&wGufcJYMu\/ omoemESpftpudk
urÇmYordkif;ynm½SifwdkYu bDpD 487 [kvnf;aumif;? 485 [kvnf;aumif; trSwftom;jyKMuonf/
oD[dkVfrlü bDpD 544 udk twnfjyKxm;Muonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
32
'kwd, oH*g,emyGJawmf
omoemawmfESpf 100? c&pfray:rD ( bD?pD ) 387 ta&mufwGif a0omvDjynf 0ZdÆwdkif;om;
&[ef;wdkYonf 0denf;awmfESifY rnDaom t"r®0wåK 10 yg; ( 'o0wåKu )tusifY
usifYMuHjyKrlvmMuonf/ ( þ 10 yg;udk txufuazmfjycJYNyD;/ )
xdktcg "r®0g'Drax&fwdkYonf t"r®0g'DwdkY\ 0denf;a'oem jyKjyifusifYokH;rlUudk
y,f½Sm;vdkaomaMumifYvnf;aumif;? "r®0g'Dudk uspfvspfcdkifrmapvdkaomaMumifYvnf;aumif;
oH*g,emwif&ef pDrHMu&jyefonf/
xdkoH*g,emwifyGJudk ½SiftmeE´m\ wjynfYBuD;rsm;jzpfaom oufawmf 180 ½Sd
t½Sifa&owrrax&f? t½SifoAÁumrdrax&f? t½SifomVrax&f? t½SifckZÆaombdwrax&f
t½Sifr[m,orax&f? t½SiforÇLvrax&fwdkYonfvnf;aumif;? t½SiftEk½k'¨g\
o'd¨0d[m&duwjynfY t½Sif0dob*grdrax&f? t½Sifokrerax&fwdkYonfvnf;aumif;
'kwd,oH*g,emwifyGJtwGuf OD;aqmifOD;½GufjyKolrsm; jzpfMuonf/ xdktxJrS tcsKdUrax&fwdkYonf
Ak'¨bk&m;½Sifudk awGUMuKH zl;jrifcJY&olrsm;jzpfonf/
txufyg rax&fwdkYtxJu t½Sifr[m,orax&fudk trSL;xm;í &[EÅm 700 wdkYonf
a0omvDjynf 0gvdum½kHausmif;awmfBuD;ü 8 vwdkifwdkif 'kwd,tBudrf oH*g,emwifyGJudk
usif;yMuonf/ ,if;oH*g,emwifyGJudk a0omvDjynf umvmaomu rif;BuD;u ypönf;av;yg;jzifY
omoemY'g,um jyKvkyfí tmPmpufjzifY jznfYpGufulnDcJYavonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
33
wwd, oH*g,emyGJawmf
yg#vdykwfjynf taomu ( oD&d"r®maomu ) rif;vufxufwGif Ak'¨omoemawmf
pnfa0zGHUNzdK;ae\/ taomurif;onf apmapmydkif;u Ak'¨bmom0ifr[kwfaomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGif
Ak'¨bmom0if jzpfvmcJYonf/ taomurif;onf Ak'¨bmom0if jzpfNyD;aemuf Ak'¨omoemudk
tBuD;tus,f csD;ajr§mufonf/ odkYtavsmuf omoemY0efxrf; &[ef;a,musfm;? &[ef;rdef;rrsm;
tajrmuftrsm;wdk;yGm;vm\/
þtajctaeudk tcGifYaumif;,lvsuf omoemYjyifyrS wdwd¬wdkYonf Ak'¨omoemwGif;odkY0ifí
&[ef;jyKMuonf/ ,if;wdwd¬wdkYonf Ak'¨bmomudk ,kHMunfí 0ifa&ufvmolrsm; r[kwfMu/
omoemawmf w&m;udkvnf; roifMum;Muay/ xdk&[ef;wk &[ef;a,mifwdkYonf
Ak'¨w&m;ESifYrpyfqdkifaom t,l0g'rsm;udk Ak'¨w&m;awmftjzpf a[majymaeMuonf/ rdrdwdkY\
t,l0g'rsm;udk Ak'¨w&m;xJodkY xnfYoGif;aeMuonf/ Ak'¨\ "r®a'oemrsm;rSm oefYpifrIr&SdawmY/
tcsKdU&[ef;wdkYurI rD;udkylaZmfMuonf/ vkyfa<u;Muonf/ aeudkylaZmfMuonf/ vkyfa<u;Muonf/
Ak'¨&[ef;awmf trnfcHNyD; omoemYjyifyudk;uG,frlrsm;udk ylaZmfudk;uG,faeMuonf/
oHCmppfoHCmrSefwdkYonf azmfjyyg &[ef;wkrsm;ESifY taygif;toif;rjyKMu/ Oykofy0g&Pm paom
oHCmYuHrsm; rjyKvkyfMuay/
taomu½kH ausmif;wdkufBuD;ü aexdkifaom oHCmwdkYonf þodkY t,l0g'uGJjym; aeonfrSm 7
ESpfrQ MujrifYcJYonf/ taomu tkyfcsKyfaome,fajrt&yf&yfwGifvnf; þodkYyif omoemawmfa&;
rpifMu,frIrsm;? t,l0g' a&maxG;aerIrsm; us,fyGm;jyefYyGm;aeavonf/ taomurif;onf
þuJYodkY roefY½Sif;rpifMu,fjzpfaeaom Ak'¨omoemawmfudk oefY½Sif;aom omoemjzpfap&ef
pDrHonf/
taomurif;onf Ak'¨omoemwGif; 0ifa&mufaeMuaom &[ef;wk&[ef;a,mifwdkYudk
0g'a&;&mESifYywfoufí ppfar;onf/ &[ef;a,mifwdkYonf Ak'¨'tppftrSefudk rajzMuEdkifMu/
Ak'¨0g'jyifyt,l0g'rsm;udk Ak'¨0g'tjzpf a&maESmajzqdkMuonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
34
taomurif;onf þuJYodkYppfaq;NyD;aemuf Ak'¨0g'trSefudk rajzEdkifaom &[ef;wk wdwd¬aygif;
60000 (ajcmufaomif;) udkt0wfjzLvJí vlxGufaponf/ taomu½kHausmif;wdkufrS
ESifxkwfypfvdkufonf/ taomrif;onf omoemawmfoefYpifa&;udk aqmif½GufNyD;aemuf
½Sifr[marm*¾vdykwåwdó trI;jyKaom &[EÅmaygif; 1000 (wpfaxmif)wdkYonf/ Ak'¨\
"r®a'oemoefYpifa&;twGuf wwd,tBudrf oH*g,emwif&jyefonf/
wwd,oH*g,emwifyGJudk omoemESpf 235 ( bD? pD 252 )ck? e,kefvrSpíjyKvkyf&m 9 v-MumrS
NyD;ajrmufonf/ xdkwwd,oH*g,em wifyGJBuD;\ omoemY'g,umrSm taomurif;w&m;BuD;yif
jzpfavonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
35
pwkw¬ oH*g,emyGJawmf
pwkw¬oH*g,em rwifrD tBudKESpfrsm;u oD[dkVfuGsef;ü 0#*grPdrif; eef;pHcJYonf/ eef;pHí
rMumrDrSmyif usnf;om;vlrsKd;wdkY\ jA[®Pwdó olykefab;BuD;jzpfyGm;onf/ 0#*grPdonf
olykef&efab;aMumifY eef;rSqif;í xGufajy;ykef;atmif;ae&\/ xdkumvrSmyif rdk;uvnf;acgifojzifY
oD;ESHrsm;ysufcJY&m wpfuGsef;vkH; iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jyD; 'kAdÇu©EÅ&uyfBuD;ESifY &ifqdkifMu&avonf/
oHCmawmfwdkY tpmjywfojzifY Ak'¨\ yd#uwfa'oemawmfwdkYudk ½GwfqdkEdkifjcif;r½SdMuay/
xdktcsdefxd oHCmwdkYonf Ak'¨\ "r®a'oemwdkYudk EIwfjzifYom xdef;odef;vmcJYMu\/ þuJYodkY
iwfrGwfab;ESifYMuHKawGU&aomtcg &[ef;wdkYavema&m*gxí a&m*gb,rsm; jzpfay:vmMuonf/
odkYaomfvnf; yd#uwfawmfrsm; rarYaysmuf&ef BudK;pm;í ½Gwfqdkxdef;odrf;aeMu&onf/
tcsKdU&[ef;awmfrsm;rSm t[m&jywfí jyefvGefawmf rlukefMuonf/
raoraysmufbJ usef&pfaomoHCmwdkYu yd#uwfawmfwdkYudk EIwfqifYurf;í xdef;odrf;aeMu&onf/
þodkY yifyef;BuD;pGm apmifYa½Smufae&onfrSm 12 ESpfrQ MumjrifYcJYavonf/ xdkESpfrsm;twGif;
0#*grPdrif;onf olykef&efudk jyefvnfEdSrfeif;EdkifojzifY 'kwd,tBudrf xD;eef;udk pHjref;&jyefonf/
xdktcg yd#uwf 3 ykHudk EIwfikHaqmifcJYaom &[ef;wdkYonf EIwfqifYurf; o,faqmif&ojzifY
wm0efBuD;vSonf/ tu,fí ab;'ku©ESifyMuKHojzifY jyefqdkjcif; rjyKEdkifvQif Ak'¨a'oemawmfrsm;
uG,faysmufoGm;Edkifonf/ xdkYaMumifY a'oemawmf t&yf&yfudk pmayjzifY rSwfwrf;wifxm;rS
pdwfcs&rnf[k pOf;pm;rdMuonf/
xdkYaMumifY oD[dkVfoHCm &[EÅmwdkYonf yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk ayvGm½Gufay:ü tu©&mpmjzifY
rSwfwrf;jyKí oH*g,emwifMu&ef qkH;jzwfMuonf/ ,if;odkY qkH;jzwfNyD;aemuf t½Sifr[m"r®&ud©w
trI;jyKaom &[EÅm 500 wdkYonf omoemESpf 450 ckESpfwGif rv,Zeyk'f tmavmu vdkPf*lü
pwkw¬ oH*g,emwifyGJudk usif;yMuonf/ yd#uwfa'oemwdkYudk ayxuftu©&m
wifawmfrlMuavonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
36
yOör oH*g,emyGJawmf
NrefrmEkdifiHudkpdk;tkyfaom rif;wkef;rif;onf Nrefrmouú&mZf 1221 ckESpfwGif rEÅav;&wemyHkNrdKUudk
wnfaxmifonf/ rif;wkef;rif;onf NrdKUawmfopfü aumif;rIawmf avmurm&Zdef
ausmufawmfBuD;bk&m; twkr&Sdausmif;awmfBuD;paom aumif;rIawmfrsm;pGmwdkYudk wnfxm;onf/
&efukefNrdKU&Sd a&Twd*HkapwDawmfBuD;udkvnf; xD;awmftopf wifvIonf/
rif;wkef;rif;onf 1222 ck wefaqmifrkef;vupí yd#uwfoHk;yHk ygVdawmfwdkYudk
ayxuftu©&mwifonf/ xdkrQNzifYtm;r&ao;bJ yd#uwfawmfrsm; t&SnfwnfwHYa&;twGuf
a&S;acwfomoemNyKrif;rsm; raqmif&Gufbl;aom yd#uwfawmf ausmufxuftu©&mwif&ef
qE´&SdvmNyefonf/
xdkYaBumifY pusifawmifrS ausmufNym;rsm;udkrSm,lí yd#uefawmf ausmufxuftu©&mwifvkyfief;udk
aqmif&Gufonf/ yd#uwfawmfwdkYudk rlrSefoefYpifa&;twGuf atmufyg q&mawmfBuD;rsm;udk
avQmufxm;wm0efay;onf/
1/ rdzk&m;acgifBuD; pBuma'0D\q&mNzpfaom ]Zm*&mbd0Ho wdyd#u "&r[m"r®&mZm"d&mZ*k&k}
bGJYawmf& 'u©dPm&mrq&mawmf?
2/ aoewf0efBuD;\ q&mNzpfaom ]e&dE´mbd od&d o'¨r aZmwdygv"Z &mZm*k&k} bGJU&q&mawmf?
3/ ]okr*Fvomrd od&d y0& rPd"Z r[m"r®&mZm"d &mZ*k&k} bGJY&q&mawmfwdkYNzpfonf/
vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;bufrSvnf; cef;ywfNrdKUpm;? a,mNrdKUpm;? rdkif;cdkif;NrdKUpm; ponfYyk*¾KdvfwdkYudk BuD;Buyf
aqmif&Gufap\/
rif;wkef;rif;\ausmufxuftu©&mwifvkyfief;rSm ouú&mZf 1230 NynfYESpf?uqkefvqef; 14
&ufaeYwGif NyD;pD;atmifNrifcJYonf/ yd#uwfawmfwdkYudk ausmufpmtNzpfrSwfwrf;wif&mü
1/ 0denf;ig;usrf;ygVdawmf...............111 csyf
2/ tbd"r®mygVdawmf........................208 csyf
3/ okwåefygVdawmf............................410 csyf
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
37
pkpkaygif;ausmufcsyfa& 729 csyf&Sdayonf/
rif;wkef;rif;onf a&S;a&S;aomrif;rsm;NzpfonfY tZmwowf? umvmaomu? oD&d"r®maomu?
0#¨*grPdrif;wdkY vufxufuuJYodkY yd#uwfawmfudk EIwfNzifY&Gwfqdkaom oH*g,emwifyGJudk
NyKvkyfvdkaomqE´ Nzpfay:vmNyefonf/ xdktaBumif;udk a&TNrdKUawmf&Sd wHqdyf&? r&
q&mawmfrsm;ESifYnSdEIif;í oH*g,emwifyGJ usif;y&ef qkH;jzwfonf/ xdkYaemuf
'ud©Pm&mrq&mawmf? qD;befeDq&mawmf? pD;awmfjrif;0efwdkufq&mawmf wdkYudk trSL;xm;í
oHCmawmf 2400 wdkYudk a½Teef;awmfodkY yifYaqmifNyD;vQif jrefrmouú&mZf 1233 ck? omoemESpf
2415 ck? c&pfESpf 1871 ck? wefcl;vjynfYausmf 11 &ufaeYwGif yOöroH*g,emwifyGJudk usif;yonf/
xdkoH*g,emwifyGJwGif yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk EIwfjzifY ½GwfqdkMu&m 5-vESifY 3-&ufMumrS
NyD;ajrmufcJYavonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
38
q| oH*g,emyGJawmf
jrefrmouú&mZf 1247-ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiHonf t*Fvdyf ukdvkdeDwkdY\ vufatmufokdY
usa&mufcJh&onf/ jrefrmwkdYonf t*FvdyfwkdY\ vufatmufu ½kef;xGuf&ef enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh
BudK;pm;cJhMuonf/ vlyk*d¾Kvfrsm;omr[kwf? Ak'¨bmom &[ef;awmfwkdYvnf; vGyfvyfa&;twGuf
yg0ifa[majymMuonf/ toif;tzGJUrsm; wnfaxmifí vlrsdK; bmom omoemtwGuf
tm;BudK;rmefwuf aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ xkdtcsdefu rsdK;cspftoif;rsm;pGm ay:aygufcJh\/
oHCmawmfwkdYonfvnf; toif;tzGJUxlaxmifí omoema0NzdK;a&;ukd BudK;pm;cJhMuonf/
xkdtzGJUrsm;teuf ] oHComr*D¾ } ac:tzGJUBuD;onf tiftm;aumif;aom tzGJUBuD; jzpfonf/
oHComr*D¾tzGJUrS oHCmawmfwkdYonf c&pfESpf 1920-jynfhvGefESpfavmufuyif q|rtBudrf
oH*g,emwif&ef aqmfMocJhMuonf/ okdYaomfvnf; t*Fvdyftpkd;&onf oH*g,emwifa&;ukd
pdwftawG;rQ r0ifcJhMuay/ þokdYjzifh 1948-ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&; &vmonf/
xkdtcsdefü jrefrmq&mawmfBuD;rsm;onf q|oH*g,emwif&eftwGuf Ekd;Mum;wuf<u vmMuonf/
vuf&Sd yd#uwfawmfrsm;rSm wpfqifh ul;,l&mwGifvnf;aumif;? ykHESdyf&mwGifvnf;aumif;? yk'f? ygXf?
tu©&m? 0gus csKdU,Gif;rIrsm; wjznf;jznf; ay:aygufvm aeonf/ yk'f? ygXfrrSef
tu©&mcsdKU,Gif;ygu t"dyÜm,fjyefqkdrIvnf;vGJrSm;Ekdifonf/ t"dyÜm,f vGJrSm;ygu
y&d,wdåa'oemrsm; ysufpD;oGm;Ekdifayonf/
xkdYaMumifh y&d,wdåa'oem oefYpifa&;twGuf q|rtBudrf oH*g,emwif&ef qkH;jzwfMuonf/
xkdoH*g,emwifyGJBuD;twGuf jrefrmEkdifiHawmfor®w OD;bOD;u omoem'g,umtjzpf cH,lonf/
EkdifiHawmf tpkd;&tzGJU\ tBuD;tuJjzpfol 0efBuD;csKyf OD;Eku taxGaxG tmPmpufjzifh
ulnDaqmif&Guf&ef wm0ef,lonf/
owdk;oD&dok"r® olaX;BuD; qmOD;oGifOD;aqmifaom EkdifiHawmf Ak'¨omoemtzGJUBuD;uvnf;
wkdif;oljynfom;wkdY\udk,fpm; ypönf;av;yg;jzifh axmufyHhylaZmf&ef wm0ef,lMu\/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
39
0efBuD;csKyfuawmf a':jr&DtrSL;jyKaom trsdK;orD;rsm;uvnf; oH*g,em a0,sm0pö vkyfief;rsm;ukd
tm;wufoa&m yg0ifí vkyftm;'gersm; vSL'gef;Muonf/
þokdY tzufzufrS jynfhpkHNyD;aemuf rEÅav;NrdKUrS anmif&rf;q&mawmf tbd"Z r[m&|*k½k
b'´EÅa&0wrax&f trSL;jyKaom oHCmawmf 2500-wkdYonf &efukefNrdKU? urÇm at;ukef;ajr&dS
r[mygomPvkdPf*lawmfBuD;ü-
- omoemouú&mZf 2498-ck?
- c&pfESpf 1954-ck? arv (17) &uf ?
- jrefrmouú&mZf 1316-ck? uqkefvqef; (15) &uf-
aeYwGif q|rtBudrf oH*g,emwifyGJukfd usif;yMuavonf/
q|oH*g,emwifyGJBuD;okdY xkdif;? uarÇm'D;,m;?avm? oD&dvuFmEkdifiHwkdYrS ax&0g'&[ef;awmf
144-yg;? jrefrmEkdifiHrS &[ef;awmf 2473-yg;wkdYu 245-&uf MumjrifhpGm &GwfyGm;awmfrlMuonf/
xkdoH*g,emwifyGJokdY ax&0g'r[kwfaom *syef? wdAuf? AD,uferf? ukd&D;,m;? *smAm;uRef;?
rav;uRef;? qpfuif;jynfpaom EkdifiHwkdYrS r[m,me*kdPf; &[ef;awmfwkdYvnf;
oH*Dwdum&utjzpfvnf;aumif;? tm*EÅK{nfhonfawmftjzpfvnf;aumif; <ua&mufMu ayonf/
xkdoH*g,emyGJBuD;wGif q|oH*Dwdykpäu (tar;yk*d¾Kvf) tjzpf t*¾r[my@dw r[mpnfq&mawmf
b'´EÅaombP rax&fuvnf;aumif;? q|oH*Dwd 0dóZÆu (tajz yk*d¾Kvf)tjzpf wdyd#u"&
"r®b@m*g&du t*¾r[m y@dw? tbd"Z r[m&X*k&k b'´EÅ 0dpdwåom&mbd0Ho
rax&fuvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufawmfrlMuonf/
xkdYaemuf yd#uwfa'oemawmfwkdYukd puúLxufü tu©&mwifí oefYpifa&;ukd
aqmif&GufawmfrlMuonf/
þq|oH*g,emwifyGJBuD;onf omoemawmf 2500-jynfonfhESpf? jrefrmouú&mZf 1318-ck?
uqkefvjynfhaeY? c&pfESpf 1956-ckESpf? arv 24-&ufaeYwGif NyD;qkH;cJhavonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
40
tcef; (4)
ax&0g' yd#uwfawmf
ax&0g'[lonf
ax&0g'\ t"dyÜm,fukd ] Ak'¨a'oemawmfa0g[m&tbd"mef } usrf; pmrsufESm 274-ü-] ]] rax&f
tqufqufwkdY raysmufrysuf&atmif aqmifxm;tyfaom xdef;odrf;tyfaom bk&m;pum;awmf
t,lpum;pOf }}
]] t&Sifr[muóy tp&Sdaom rax&f tqufqufwkdY rl&if;rysuf oH*g,emwifvsuf xdef;odrf;
apmifha&Smufxm;tyfaom bk&m;pum;ygVdawmftwkdif; usifhMuHaexkdifaom t,l0g'ukd ] ax&0g' }
[k ac:onf/ }}-
[lí zGifhjyxm;onf/
ax&0g'&[ef;awmfwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ "r®a'oemrsm;ukd ygVdbmomjzifh EIwfqifhurf;í
vnf;aumif;? pmrSwfwrf;jzifhvnf;aumif; xdef;odrf;vmcJhMu\/ xkda'oem t&yf&yfwkdYukdpkaygif;í
] yd#uwfawmf } [k ac:qkdMuonf/
yd#u\ t"dyÜm,frSm ] jcif;awmif; } [lí jzpfonf/ vlwkdYonf o,f,lp&m ypönf;rsm;ukd
jcif;awmif;wkdYjzifh o,f,lMu\/ xkdYtwl Ak'¨w&m;awmfwkfdYukdvnf; Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif
vufxufawmfrSpí acwftqufquf rax&fjrwfwkdYu vufqifhurf;í o,f,lcJhMuojzifh
jcif;awmif;ESifh wifpm;um yd#u[lí ac:qkdvmcJhMujcif; jzpfayonf/
ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdY xdef;odrf;vmcJhaom yd#ursm;rSm-
(1) 0de, yd#u?
(2) okwåEÅ yd#u?
(3) tbd"r® yd#u-
[lí okH;rsdK; &Sdonf/ xkdokH;rsdK;vkH;ukd aygif;½kH;í ac:qkdaomtcgü ] yd#uwf } [lí
ac:qkdMuavonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
41
(1) 0de, yd#uawmf
&[ef;a,musfm;ESifh &[ef;rdef;rrsm;twGuf owfrSwf ynwfxm;aom usifh0wfpnf;urf;rsm;
jzpfonf/ xkd0de,yd#uukd 5-usrf; xyfrH cGJjcm;xm;\/
(u) yg&mZduPf ygVdawmf . &[ef;awmfrsm;twGuf &nfnTef;aom odu©myk'f 49-yg; yg&Sdonf/
(c) ygpdwf ygVdawmf . &[ef;awmfrsm;twGuf &nfnTef;aom odu©myk'f 178-yg;ESifh
bdu©KeDwkdYtwGuf &nfnTef;aom odu©myk'f 311-yg; yg&dSonf/
(*) r[m0*¾ ygVdawmf . oHCmrsm; vkdufem&rnfh usifh0wfrsm;? vkyfenf;vkyf[efrsm;ukd tcef; 10-
ckjzifh azmfjyxm;onf/
(C) plV0*¾ ygVdawmf . oHCmhtzGJUESifh ywfoufaom pnf;rsOf; Oya'wkdYukd tcef;aygif; 12-ckwkdYjzifh
azmfjyxm;onf/
(i) y&d0g ygVdawmf . 0denf;odu©myk'fwkdYukd usufrSwfvkdolwkdYtwGuf tusOf;csKyf jyKpkxm;aom
usrf;jzpfonf/
(2) okwåEÅ yd#uawmf
Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif a&S;OD;pGm a[mMum;aom "r®pMumw&m;awmfrS pí y&dedAÁmefjyKcgeD; aemufqkH;jzpfaom
Mo0g'a'oemawmftxd 45-ESpfywfvkH; a[mMum;awmfrlonfh a'oemawmf trsdK;tpm;rsm;
jzpfonf/
þokwåEÅ yd#uukd edum,ftm;jzifh 5-pk zGJUxm;onf/ ,if;wkdYrSm-
(u) 'DCedum,f ?
(c) rZÑdredum,f ?
(*) oH,kwåedum,f ?
(C) t*kFwå&edum,f ?
(i) ck'´uedum,fwkdY jzpfayonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
42
(u) 'DCedum,f . &Snfvsm;aom okwfwkdYukd aygif;pnf;xm;aomaMumifh 'DCedum,f[k ac:onf/
,if;'DCedum,fü-
(1) oDvu©E¨0*¾ 13-okwf ?
(2) r[m0*¾ 10-okwf ?
(3) ygxdu0*¾ 11-okwf yg0ifonf/
(c) rZdÑredum,f . r&SnfvGef; rwkdvGef;tv,ftvwfjzpfaom okwfwkdYukd
aygif;pnf;xm;aomaMumifh rZdÑredum,f[k ac:onf/
,if;rZdÑredum,fü-
(1) rlvyPÖmo 50-okwf ?
(2) rZdÑryPÖm, 50-okwf ?
(3) Oy&dyPÖmo 52-okwf yg0ifonf/
(*) oH,kwåedum,f . a'oemawmfcsif; wlnDaom tcsufwpfckckukd rlxm;í pkpnf;
aygif;pyfxm;aom okwfrsm;ukd oH,kwåedum,f[k ac:onf/
,if;oH,kwåedum,fü-
(1) o*gxm0*f oH,kwfaygif; 11 ?
(2) ed'ge0*f oH,kwfaygif; 10 ?
(3) cE¨0*f oH,kwfaygif; 13 ?
(4) oVm,we0*f oH,kwfaygif; 12 ?
(5) r[m0*f oH,kwfaygif; 12- yg0ifonf/
(C) t*Fkwå&edum,f . {uedygwfrS {um'oedygwfwkdifatmif tykdif;i,f edygwf 11-ck? okwfaygif;
9557-okwf/
(i) ck'´uedum,f . a&S;edum,f av;&yfwkdYrS aemufxyfjzpfaom ck'´uygXponfh usrf;tpkukd
ac:onf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
43
,if;ck'´uedum,fü atmufygusrf;rsm; yg0ifonf/
(1) ck'´uygX . wkdawmif;onfh tpk 9-rsdK; yg0ifonf/
(2) "r®y' . 0*faygif; 26? *gxmaygif; 423-yg0ifonf/
(3) O'ge . Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif usL;&ifhaom pum;rsm; jzpfonf/ 0*faygif; 8-ckESifh O'gef;aygif; 82-yk'f
yg0ifonf/
(4) £wd0kwåu . edygwf 4-ck? okwfaygif; 120-yg0ifonf/
(5) okwåedygw . okwfi,frsm; pkaygif;xm;onf/ 0*f 5-ck? okwf 54-ESifh ykpäm 61ck yg0ifonf/
(6) 0drme0w¬K . bkHeef;Adrmefqkdif&m tjzpftysufwkdYukd azmfjyxm;\/ 0*f 7-ck? Zmwf 83-yk'f
yg0ifonf/
(7) ayw0w¬K . i&Javmu\ qif;&JwkdYukd azmfjyxm;\/ 0*f 4-ck? 0w¬Kyk'faygif; 50- yg0ifonf/
(8) ax&*gxm . rax&fBuD; 107-yg;\ tqkdtrdefYrsm;ukd edygwf 21-ckjzifh cGJjcm; azmfjyxm;onf/
(9) ax&D*gxm . ax&Dr,f 73-yg;wkdY\ wifjycsufrsm;ukd edygwf 16-ckjzifh zGJUpnf;xm;onf/
(10) Zmwu . Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif\ a&S;jzpfpOfwkdYukd azmfjyxm;\/ tykdif;i,f edygwf 22-ck?
Zmwf0w¬Kaygif; 547-Zmwf yg0ifonf/
(11) r[meda'´o .okwåedygwfusrf;vm t|u0*f\ a0g[m&t"dyÜm,fwkdYukd xyfrH zGifhqkdxm;onf/
(12) plVeda'´o . okwåedygwfusrf;vm aemuf0*f 3-ckukd xyfrH csJUzGifhxm;onf/
(13) y#dorÇd'gr*¾ . "r®\ tajccH tcsufwkdYukd o½kyfcGJí a0zefjyonf/ u@BuD; 3-ckESifh
u@i,f rsm;pGm yg0ifonf/
(14) ty'ge . rGefjrwfaom usifhxkH;wkdYukd usifhokH;cJhaom yk*d¾KvfwkdY taMumif;ukd azmfjyxm;onf/
u@ 55-ckjzifh rax&f 550-wkdY b0ukd azmfjyxm;\/ xkfdYjyif u@ 4-ckwkdYjzifh ax&D 40-wkdY\
b0ukdvnf;aumif;? aemufqufwJGtjzpf Ak'¨y'geESifh yapöuAk'¨y'gewkdYukd qufvuf
azmfjyxm;onf/
(15) Ak'¨0Ho . bk&m;&SifwkdY\ b0jzpfpOfukd tpDtpOfjzifh azmfjyxm;\/ xkdYjyif Ak'¨yudPÖu
u@ESifh "mwkbmZed, uxmwkdYukdvnf; xnfhoGif; azmfjyxm;onf/
(16) p&d,myd#u . bk&m;tavmif;awmf yg&rD jznfhqnf;cJhonfh b0wkdYukd azmfjyonf/ Ak'¨\
a&S;b0aygif; 35-ckom yg0ifonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
44
(3) tbd"r® yd#uawmf
okwåef? 0denf;wkdYxuf uJvGefaom oabmw&m;rsm;? eufeJaom obm0"r®rsm;ukd pkpnf;
azmfjyxm;aomaMumifh tbd"r®yd#u[k ac:onf/ þtbd"r® yd#uukd usrf;tm;jzifh 7-usrf;
cGJjcm;xm;onf/
(u) "r®o*FPD . tykdif;BuD; 4-ykdif; cGJvsuf ouf&Sdf oufrJhtm;vkH;wkdY\ ½kyfemrfobm0ukd
a&wGufjyonf/
(c) 0db*F . "r®obm0ukd t"dyÜm,f cGJjcrf;jyoxm;aom 0db*Fac: tzGifhaygif; 18-ck yg0ifonf/
(*) "mwkuxm . y&rw¬w&m;wkdYukd u@ 14-ck cGJjcm;um enf; 4-yg;wkdYjzifh tus,fw0ef;
&Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;onf/
(C) yk*¾vynwdå .u@BuD; 10-ckwkdYü 1-rS 10-txd yk*¾dKvftrsdK;tpm;wkdYukd eda'´otvkduf
xnfhoGif;xm;\/
(i) uxm0w¬K . Ak'¨0g' *kdPf;uGJrsm;\ t,l0g'rsm;ukd pkaygif;wifjyxm;onf/ 0*faygif; 23-
ckjzifh ax&0g'rS okwfaygif; 500-ESifh y&0g'rS okwfaygif; 500-wkdYukd EdIif;,SOfjyxm;onf/
(p) ,ru . tbd"r®moabmw&m;rsm; jzpfwnfaeykHukd rlv? cE¨? tm,we? "mwk? opö? ocFg&?
tEko,? pdwå? "r®? £`Ed´,[laom ,ru 10-yg;wkdYjzifh azmfjyxm;onf/
(q) y|me . "r®tEkavmrponfwkdYü wduy|mepaom y|mef; 6-yg;wkdYjzifh yGm;tyfonf jzpfí
24-yg;aom y|mef;wkdYukd &&Sdonf/ y|mef;wpfyg;pDü y#dpö0g&paom 0g& (7) yg;wkdYjzihf
wefqmqifxm;onf/
txufu azmfjycJhNyD;aom yd#uwfawmfrsm;rSwpfyg; tjcm;aom ygVdusrf;*ef rsm;vnf;
&Sdao;onf/ xkdusrf;rsm;onf yd#uwfokH;ykH\ aemufqufwGJusrf;rsm; jzpfonf/ t|uxmwkdY\
a&SUajy;jzpfaom ygVdusrf;pmrsm; jzpfonf/ ,if;usrf;wkdYukd atmufygtwkdif; awGU&onf/
(1) aewdåyu&P ."r®a&;&mESifh ywfoufaom a0g[m&ESihf t"dyÜm,fwkdYukd &Sif;vif;
azmfjyxm;onf/
(2) ay#aumya'o . yd#uwfokH;ykHrS aumif;Ekd;&m&m tcsufwkdYukd aygif;pk wifjyxm;onf/
(3) rdvdE´yO§m . yd#uwfawmfwGif tus,fw0ifh yg&Sdaom owd? orm"d?ynm ponfh
tusifhw&m;rsm;? zó? a0'empaom tjzpfw&m;rsm;ukd aphpyfpGm aqG;aEG;wifjyxm;onf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
45
Ak'¨usrf;pm pdppf&m
ax&0g' Ak'¨0g'Dyk*d¾KvfwkdYonf Ak'¨bk&m; a[mMum;aom yd#uwfokH;ykH w&m;pkHwkdYukd
pwkw¬oH*g,emwifyGJü ay&Gufjzifh tu©&mwifcJhMu\/
yOör oH*g,emwifyGJü ausmufpmjzifh tu©&mwifí rSwfwrf;jyKcJhMuonf/
q| oH*g,emwifyGJwGifrl puúLjzifh tu©&mwifí rSwfwrf; jyKcJhMuonf/ q| oH*g,emrSrSwfwrf;
jyK&mü ] q|rl } ac: pmtkyfrsm;jzifh þokdY cGJjcm; ½kdufESdyfxm;Mu\/
usrf;trnf........... usrf;a&............... pmtkyfa&
0denf;.................. 5........................ 5
'DCedum,f.......... 3........................ 3
rZdÑredum,f......... 3........................ 3
oH,kwåedum,f..... 5........................ 3
t*Fkwå&edum,f.... 11...................... 3
ck'´uedum,f....... 19...................... 11
tbd"r®m............. 7........................ 12
pkpkaygif;............. 53...................... 40
pwkw¬? yOör? q| oH*g,emwifyGJwkdYü aypm? ausmufpm? puúLpmwkdYjzifh rSwfwrf;wifcJhMu&mwGif
ta&twGufwkdYukd þokdY awGU&Sd&onf/
- ay&Gufa&.................. 6345 - &Guf ?
- ausmufcsyfa&............ 729 - csyf ?
- pmtkyfa&................... 40 - tkyf ?
- pm&Gufa&................... 6547 - &Guf ?
- pmrsufESm................... 13094 - rsufESm ?
- pmaMumif;a&.............. 404070 - aMumif; &Sdayonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
46
yd#uwf okH;ykHvkH;ü yg0ifaom tu©&m vkH;a&rSm 11021750 (wpfuka# wpf oef; ESpfaomif;
wpfaxmif ckepf&mh ig;q,f) &Sdavonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
47
tcef; (5)
ax&0g' "r®&wem
bmomrsm;xJu Ak'¨bmom
urÇmhorkdif; wpfavQmufwGif vlom;wkdY ukd;uG,fcJhMuaom bmom0g'rsm;um; rsm;jym;vSayonf/
orkdif;OD; bmoma&;onf vlom;wkdY\ t,ltqt& jzpfay:vmaom bmomt,l0g'rsm;
jzpfonf/ aemufykdif;wGif bmom0g'ukdxlaxmifaom vlom;rsm; ay:aygufvm\/ bmomw&m;ukd
a[majymaom yk*d¾Kvfrsm;onf bmom&Sifrsm; jzpfvmMuonf/
bmom0g'ukd xlaxmifa[majymaom olwkdYonf omrefyk*d¾Kvfrsm; r[kwfMu/ obm0ukd
avhvmvsuf tawGUopf? todopfwkdYukd &SmazGMuolrsm; jzpfonf/ rdrdwkdY\ ywf0ef;usifwGif
cH,laeMuaom ,kHMunfcsufrsm;ukd todopfjzifh acszsufí a[mMum;Muonf/
xkda[mMum;csufrsm;ukd aESmif;vlwkdYu rSwfwrf;wifcJhMuonf/ xkdrSwfwrf;BuD; rsm;onf
bmom&SifwkdY\ "r®pmayrsm;tjzpf wnf&Sdaeavonf/
bmom0g'rsm;ukd avhvm&mü tcsdKUaom bmom&SifwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ "r®opfrsm;ukd
½kd;&m,Ofaus;rIjzifh csOf;uyfí a[majymMuonf/ "avha[mif; ,Ofaus;rIukd rSDckdí bmom0g'ukd
xlaxmifMuonf/ xkdbmom0g'rsm;rSm-
(1) [dE´Lbmom ?
(2) c&pf,mefbmom ?
(3) tpövmrfbmom ponfwkdY jzpfonf/
urÇmay:wGif xif&Sm;aom txufyg bmomBuD; 3-ckwkdYonf a&S;a[mif;,Ofaus;rI
t,l0g'rsm;wGif yg0ifaeaom xm0&bk&m;ukd tajcjyKonfh bmom0g'rsm; jzpf ayonf/
xm0&bk&m; qkdonfum; urÇmavmuBuD;ESifhwuG ouf&Sd oufrJh t&mtm;vkH;ukd zefqif;aom
teEÅwefckd;&Sif jzpfonf/ tvkH;pkHukdodaom ÓPfawmf&Sifvnf; jzpfonf/ arwåm&Sifvnf;
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
48
jzpfonf/ xkdt&Sifonf pMu0VmteEÅü tpOfxm0& wnf&Sdaeonf/ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; r&Sdaom
wefckd;&SifBuD; jzpfonf/
vl wd&pämefESifh rnfonfht&m0w¬Krqkd xm0&bk&m;ocif\ tvkdqE´twkdiff;om jzpfay:vm&onf/
ysufpD;oGm;&onf/ pMu0Vm avmu"mwfBuD; r&SdrDuyif xm0&bk&m;&Sif &SdaeNyD jzpf\/
pMu0VmBuD; ysufpD;oGm;aomfvnf; xm0&bk&m;ocifum; ysufpD;jcif; r&Sd/ qufvufí
wnf&SdaeOD;rnf jzpf\/ þum; xm0&bk&m;ocif\ oabmyif jzpfonf/
xm0&bk&m;ukd jiif;y,fvsuf obm0w&m;ukd azmfjyaom bmomum; Ak'¨ bmom jzpfonf/
Ak'¨bmomü-
- xm0&bk&m;ukd jiif;y,f\/
- twåw&m;ukd vufrcH/
- u,fwif&Sif[lí r&Sd/
- zefqif;rIukd twnfrjyK/
rdrdukd,fukd rdrdomvQif zefwD;onf[laom "r®a'oemopfukd a[mMum;vsuf bmom0g'ukd
xlaxmifcJholum; a*gwrAk'¨ jzpfonf/ Ak'¨bk&m;onf "avh½kd;&m pdwful;,Of0g'rsm;ukd vufrcHbJ
tajccHusaom vlom;b0ukd t"duxm;í w&m;"r®wkdYukd a[mMum;cJhavonf/
Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf rdrd\ "r®opfa'oemwkdYukd 45-ESpfywfvkH; aumovwkdif;? r*"wkdif;ESifh
**Fgjrpf0Srf;ajrmufbuf&Sd a'otESHYtjym;ü a[mjycJhonf/ rdrd\ bmom0g' jyefYyGm;a&;twGuf
oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;ukd xlaxmifí atmifjrifpGmaqmif&GufEkdifcJhonf/
Ak'¨bmom0if jzpfjcif;
Ak'¨bmom0ifwpfOD; jzpf&eftwGuf us,fjyefYaom Oya'rsm; r&Sday/ Ak'¨bmom avmuü
ukd;uG,f&m 3-rsdK; &Sdonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm-
(1) Ak'¨bk&m;ukd ukd;uG,f&m[lí qnf;uyfjcif;?
(2) Ak'¨\ w&m;awmfukd ukd;uG,f&m[lí qnf;uyfjcif;?
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
49
(3) Ak'¨\ oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;ukd ukd;uG,f&m[lkí qnf;uyfjcif;-
wkdY jzpfayonf/ þokH;yg;ukd ,kHMunfvufcHvkdufygu Ak'¨bmom0if jzpfayNyD/ xkdokH;yg;ukd
o&P*kH 3-yg;[k Ak'¨bmomwkdY ac:qkdMuonf/
Ak'¨bmom oDv
Ak'¨bmom0if wpfOD;twGuf vkdufemusifhokH;&onfh usifh0wf 5-rsdK; &Sdonf/
(1) olUtoufukd owfjcif;rS a&SmifMuOf&jcif;?
(2) olwpfyg; ypönf;ukd ckd;,ljcif;rS a&SmifMuOf&jcif;?
(3) umr*kPf azmufjyefrIrS a&SmifMuOf&jcif;?
(4) r[kwfrrSef ajymqkdjcif;rS a&SmifMuOf&jcif;?
(5) rl;,pfypönf; okH;pGJjcif;rS a&SmifMuOf&jcif; wkdY jzpfonf/
Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdYonf tcgBuD; &ufBuD;rsm;wGif 8-yg;oDvukd aqmufwnf usifhokH;Mu\/ xkdYjyif
tjcm; usifh0wfoDvrsm;vnf; &Sdao;\/ Ak'¨bk&m;\ "r®a'oemrsm;ü vlom;wkdYtwGuf vufiif;
vufawGU tusdK;jzpfaprnfh "r®a'oemrsm;vnf; rsm;jym;aX;<u,fvSonf/ Ak'¨bk&m;u ol\
"r®a'oemwkdYrSm vufiif;csrf;omukd &&Sdap&rnf/ tcgrqkdif; tusdK;&Sdap&rnf/ prf;oyfcHEkdifaom
pGrf;&nf &Sdonf[lí twdtvif; a[mMum;cJhonf/
Ak'¨bk&m;vufxufwGif bmom0g'ukd xlaxmifaeMuaom *kfdPf;q&mBuD;rsm; ay:aygufae\/
,if;q&mBuD;wkdYuvnf; rdrdwYkd\ w&m;omvQif trSefjzpfygonf[k a<u;aMumf atmf[pfvsuf
a[m>rufaeMu\/ tdEd´,jynfolwkdYonf 0g'rsm;tMum;ü Asmrsm;aeMuolrsm;vnf; &Sdaeonf/
rnfonfh0g'urSefonf rSm;onf[lí ra0cGJwwfolrsm; &Sdaeonf/ xkdtxJwGif
auorkwåed*kH;&Gmom; umvmrrif;om;wkdYvnf; tygt0if jzpfonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
50
umvmra'oem pHjyKp&m
auorkwå&Gmom; umvmrrif;om;wkdYu Ak'¨bk&m;&Siftm; þokdY avQmufxm;\/
]] jrwfpGmbk&m;? auorkwåed*kH;okdY a&mufvmMuonfh &[ef;ykPÖm; *kdPf;q&mrsm;u rdrdwkdY\
t,l0g'om rSefonf? tjcm; t,l0g'rsm; rSm;onf[k ½IwfcsuJh&JhNyD; ajymqkdMuygonf?
wynfhawmfwkdUYrSm b,ft,l0g'u trSefjzpfonf[k ra0cGJEkdifatmif jzpfae&ygonf? t,l0g'awG
tay:rSm oHo,jzpfae&ygonfbk&m;? 0g'rSef &rnfh enf;vrf;ukd a[mMum;awmfrlyg? }}
xkdtcg Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifu t,l0g'a&;&mESifh ywfoufí pHxm;p&m a'oem 10-csufukd
a[mjyawmfrlonf/
]] tkd- umvmr rif;om;wkdY? oifwkdYonf t,l0g' wpf&yfukd-
(1) wpfqifhpum; Mum;&kHjzifhvnf; vufrcHMuESifh?
(2) ab;bkd;pOfvm t,l0g' jzpfívnf; vufrcHMuESifh?
(3) ] 'Dt&mu 'Dvkd jzpfowJh } [laom aumvm[v pum;ukdvnf; vufrcHMuESifh?
(4) rdrdwkdY avhvmxm;aom usrf;pmESifh nDnGwfonf[lívnf; vufrcHMuESifh?
(5) rdrdwkdY awG;ac: MuHqrIESifh ukdufnD½kHrQjzifhvnf; vufrcHMuESifh?
(6) ] 'Dt&m[m ,kwdå&Sdonf } [k enf;rSD axmufqí &½HkrQjzifhvnf; vufrcHMuESifh?
(7) ] 'Dt&m[m rSefuefNyD } [k rdrdbmom qifjcif okH;oyfí &½kHrQjzifhvnf; vufrcHMuESifh?
(8 ) rdrdwkdY pOf;pm;awG;MuH vufcHxm;aom t,l0g'ESifh ukdufnDNyD[lívnf; vufrcHMuESifh?
(9) rdrdwkdY ,HkMunfxkdufaom yk*d¾KvfBuD;u ajymaompum; jzpfívnf; vufrcHMuESifh?
(10) rdrdwkdY av;pm;aom q&morm;\ pum;jzpfívnf; vufrcHMuESifh? }}
þtcsufwkdYukd axmuf½Iaomtm;jzifh Ak'¨bk&m;onf vlrItusdK;w&m;ukd azmfaqmifEkdifrnfh
opö0g'ukd &&SdEkdif&eftwGuf ÓPcsdefcGifwGif wifí qkH;jzwfckdif;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ Ak'¨bk&m;onf
0g'a&;&m pHjyKp&m 10-csufukd a[mjyNyD;aemuf ukd,fwkdifvufawGU prf;oyf&rnfh
a'oem"r®ukdvnf; qufvufí a[mjyawmfrlonf/
]] tkd- umvmrrif;om;wkdY? oifwkdYonf ] 'Dw&m;u raumif;rI tukokdvfw&m;yJ? 'Dw&m;u
tjypf&SdwJh w&m;jzpfw,f? ynm&SdwkdY uJh&JhtyfwJh w&m;jzpfw,f? 'Dw&m;ukd usifhokH;&if
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
51
tusdK;rJhjzpfr,f? qif;&J'ku© a&mufapr,f } [k oifwkdYukd,fwkdif od&SdvmrnfqkdvQif xkdw&m;ukd
z,f&Sm;Mu&rnf? }}
þae&mwGif aumif;rIESifh raumif;rIqkdaom oabmw&m;ukd avhvm&awmhrnf/ raumif;rI[laom
oabmukd t,l0g'wpfckESifhwpfck owfrSwfykHcsif; rwlnDMuay/ Ak'¨a'oemawmfurl
raumif;aomtrI raumif;aom p½kdufwkdYukd þokdY tajz&Smay;xm;onf/
raumif;rI p½kdufqkd; 10-yg;
Ak'¨a'oemawmfü raumif;rI p½kdufqkd; 10-yg;ukd rjyKvkyf&ef wm;jrpfxm;\/
,if; 10-yg;wkdYrSm-
(1) ukd,fjzifh jyKvkyfaom p½kdufqkd; 3-yg; ?
(2) EIwfjzifh jyKvkyfaom p½kdufqkd; 4-yg; ?
(3) pdwfjzifh jyKvkyfaom p½kdufqkd; 3-yg;-
wkdY jzpfayonf/ ,if;p½kdufqkd; 10-yg;ukdvnf; þokdY csJUzGifhjyxm;\/
(1) ukd,fjzifh jyKvkyftyfaom p½kdufqkd; 3-yg;rSm-
(u) olwpfyg;\ toufukd owfjcif; ?
(c) olwpfyg;\ Opömukd ckd;,ljcif; ?
(*) umrrIü azmufjyefjcif; wkdYjzpfonf/
(2) EIwfjzifh jyKvkyfaom p½kdufqkd; 4-yg;rSm-
(u) r[kwfrrSef vdrfnm ajymqkdjcif; ?
(c) cifrifaeol tcsif;csif; pdwf0rf;uGJatmif ukef;wkdufpum; ajymqkdjcif; ?
(*) rdrd olwpfyg; tusdK;r&Sdaom pum;ukd ajymqkdjcif; ?
(C) Murf;wrf;aom pum;ukd ajymqkdjcif; wkdY jzpfonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
52
(3) pdwfjzifh jyKvkyfaom p½kdufqkd; 3-yg;rSm-
(u) olwpfyg;\ ypönf;ukd rdrd&,l&ef rw&m;aom enf;vrf;jzifh MuHpnfjcif; ?
(c) olwpfyg;\ pnf;pdrfOpömukd zsufqD;&ef MuHpnfjcif; ?
(*) t,ltjrif rSm;,Gif;jcif; wkdY jzpfonf/
azmfjyyg p½kdufqkd;rsm;ukd rjyKvkyfbJ a&SmifMuOfaeolukd p½kdufaumif;&Sdol? pm&dwåaumif;ol [lí
Ak'¨a'oemawmfü a[mjyxm;avonf/
vlwkdYusifh&m r*Fvm
Ak'¨a'oemawmfü vlrIb0usifhxkH;rsm;ukd taumif;qkH;azmfjyonfh a'oemwpfckvnf; &Sdonf/
,if;um; r*Fvokwfw&m;awmf jzpfonf/ r*Fvokwfonf vlUb0wpfckvkH;twGuf aqmif&ef
a&Smif&efrsm;ukd azmfjyxm;\/ w&m;awmfukd tESpfcsKyfvQif 38-yg;rQ &Sdonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm
atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/
(1) vlrkdufukd raygif;azmfjcif;?
(2) ynm&Sdolukd qnf;uyfjcif;?
(3) ylkaZmfxdkufolukd ylaZmfjcif;?
(4) oifhavsmfaom t&yfa'oü aexkdifjcif;?
(5) a&S;u jyKaom aumif;rI&Sdjcif;?
(6) rdrdukd,fukd aumif;pGm xdef;odrf;jcif;?
(7) tMum;tjrif A[kokw rsm;jcif;?
(*) pufrI vufrIpaom tjypfrJhynmukd wwfajrmufjcif;?
(9) ,Ofaus;rI tusifhodu©mukd oif,ljcif;?
(10) aumif;aom pum;ukd ajymqkdjcif;?
(11) rdbESpfyg;wkdYtm; vkyfauR;jcif;?
(12) om; r,m;wkdYtm; ay;urf; axmufyHhjcif;?
(13) rnfolUukdrQ rxdckdfufaom tvkyfukd vkyfjcif;?
(14) ay;urf; vSK'gef;jcif;?
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
53
(15) jrwfaomtusifhukd usifhjcif;?
(16) aqGrsdK;wkdYukd wwfEkdifoavmuf axmufyHhjcif;?
(17) tukokdvf uif;aom tvkyfukd vkyfjcif;?
(18) raumif;rIukd pdwfjzifh a0;pGm a&Smifjcif;?
(19) raumif;rIukd ukd,f EIwfESpfyg;jzifh a&Smifjcif;?
(20) ao&nf ao&uf rl;,pfaq;0g;wkdYukd a&Smifjcif;?
(21) aumif;rIwkdYü rarhavsmhjcif; ?
(22) ½kdaoxkdufolukd ½kdaojcif;?
(23) armufrmrI r&SdbJ ESdrfhcsjcif;?
(24) &orQESifh a&mifh&J wif;wdrfjcif;?
(25) olwpfyg;\ aus;Zl;ukd odwwfjcif;?
(26) tcgtcGifh oifhwkdif; w&m;emjcif;?
(27) onf;cHwwfjcif;?
(28) qkdqkH;r vG,fulol jzpfjcif;?
(29) t&d,m oHCmwkdYukd zl;awGUjcif;?
(30) oifhavsmfaom tcgü w&m;aqG;aEG;jcif;?
(31) NcdK;jcHpGm usifhjcif;?
(32) jrwfaom tusifh &Sd&jcif;?
(33) t&d,opömw&m;ukd odjrif&jcif;?
(34) edAÁmefcsrf;omukd rsufarSmufjyKEkdifjcif;?
(35) avmu"Hw&m;wkdYukd cHEkdif&nf &Sdjcif;?
(36) pkd;&drf aMumifhMurI r&Sdjcif;?
(37) jyif;jyaom tvkd&r®uf uif;jcif;?
(38) aMumuf&GHUrI r&Sdjcif;?
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
54
BuD;yGm;csrf;om a'oem
vlom;wkdYonf b0wpfck jzpfwnfvmNyDqkdvQif t"duusaom vlUb0vkdtifrsm; rvGJraoG
jzpfay:vm&onf/ ta&; 4-yg;onf vlUb0\ y"mevkdtifrsm; jzpf\/ ,if;wkdYrSm-
(1) pm;aomufa&; ?
(2) 0wfqifa&; ?
(3) aexkdifa&; ?
(4) pdwfajza&; wkdY jzpfayonf/
orkdif;pOfquf vlom;wkdYonf þta&; 4-yg; jynfh0a&;twGuf vIyf&Sm;cJhMu&onf/
½kef;uefcJhMu&onf/ vlUorkdif;BuD; wnf&SdaeorQ enf;[ef trsdK;rsdK;jzifh vIyf&Sm;aeMu&rnfom
jzpfonf/ þokdY vIyf&Sm;aerSomvQif b0vkdtifrsm; jynfhpkHvmrnf/ vkdtifrsm; jynfh0a&;twGuf
pD;yGm;OpömwkdYukd &SmazGMu&onf/ pD;yGm;Opöm jynfhpkHrSomvQif ta&; 4-yg;ukd vG,fulpGm
ajz&Sif;EkdifMu\/
Ak'¨bk&m;onf vlrIb0 zlvkHa&;? pD;yGm;Opöm jzpfxGef;a&; twGufvnf; a'oemrsm;jzifh
a[mMum;cJhonf/ oAÁnKw ÓPftjrifjzifh bufpkH axmifhpkHrS a[mjycJhonf/
Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf yuú&ywårnfaom ed*kH;ü oDwif;okH;aepOf As*¢yZÆac:aom 'g,umwpfa,mufu
vlrIb0 zlvkHa&;twGuf pD;yGm;jzpfaMumif; w&m;wkdYukd ar;avQmufcJhonf/ xkdtcg bk&m;&Sifu
avmucsrf;om&aMumif;&Smí orÜ'gw&m; 4-yg;ukd a[mjyawmfrlavonf/
(1) O|me orÜ'g = rysif;r&d x<uvkHYv 0D&D,&SdrIESifh jynfhpkHjcif;?
(2) tm&u© orÜ'g = &&Sdvmonfh ypönf;OpömwkdYukd vdr®muRrf;usifpGm apmifha&Smuf
xdef;odrf;wwfrIESifh jynfpkHjcif;?
(3) uvsmPrdwå orÜ'g = rSDckd ukd;pm; tm;xm;avmufonfh rdwfaqGaumif; &SdrIESifh jynfhpkHjcif;?
(4) orZD0dw orÜ'g = pepfwus rQwpGm toufarG; okH;pGJ aexkdifwwfrIESifh jynfhpkHjcif;?
xkdYjyif BuD;yGm;csrf;omjcif;? atmifjrifausmfMum;jcif;paom tusKd;aumif;rsm; &&Sda&;twGuf
orÜwdåpufac:aom puf 4-rsdK;ESifhvnf; jynfhpkH&ef vkdtyfonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
55
(1) y#d½ly a'o0go = pD;yGm;a&;? bmoma&;ponfh atmifjrif wkd;wufEkdifaomt&yfü tajccs
aexkdif&jcif;?
(2) oyÜK&dolyedó, = olawmfaumif;rsm;ESifh ynm&Sd rdwfaqGaumif; taygif;toif;rsm; &Sd&jcif; ?
(3) twåorm yPd"d = rdrdukd,fukd vlawmfvlaumif; jzpfatmif jyKjyifay;&jcif;?
(4) ykaAÁp uwyknwm = a&SUykdif;umv a&S;b0u jznfhusifh qnf;yl;cJhaom aumif;aom
vkyfaqmifrI &Sd&jcif;?
avmuD avmukwå&m bufpkHzGHUNzdK; wkd;wufa&;ukd &,lvkdaomyk*d¾Kvfonf txufyg a'oemtwkdif;
vkdufemusifhokH;tyfayonf/ þa'oemawmfvm BuD;yGm;csrf;omaMumif; w&m;rsm;onf
vufiif;b0twGuf {uef BuD;yGm;EkdfifaomOya'orsm; jzpfonf/ vufawGUusaom w&m;"r®vnf;
jzpfonf/
]] OKHzG ref;vQif t&rf; BuD;yGm;rnf? }} [laom rEÅ&a'oem pdwful;,Of *gxmrsKd;vnf; r[kwf/
]] wu,fvkyfrS t[kwfBuD;yGm;rnf? }} [laom vufawGU a'oem aqmifyk'fpmrsm; jzpfacsonf/
vlwkdYonf orÜ'g 4-yg;ESifhtnD BudK;pm;tm;xkwfojzifh b0ESifh b0pnf;pdrfrsm;ukd &&SdEkdifMuonf/
xkd&&Sdvmaom b0tajctaeukd rysufr,Gif;atmif rdrdb0ukd xdef;odrf;aewwfzkdYvnf;
vkdtyfonf/ tu,fí rdrdu taetxkdif rwwfcJhvQif &&SdNyD;aom b0pnf;pdrfrsm;
ysufpD;oGm;&rnf jzpfonf/
b0pnf;pdrfOpöm ysufpD; qkwf,kwfaMumif; w&m;rsm;ukd þokdY azmfjyxm;\/
(1) ao&nfao&ufpaom rl;,pfypönf;rsm;ukd okH;pGJavh &Sdjcif;?
(2) tcsdeftcgrJh c&D;oGm;vmavh &Sdjcif;?
(3) yGJobifwkdYü oGm;vm Munhf½Iavh &Sdjcif;?
(4) avmif;upm; ponfü 0goemxkHjcif;?
(5) raumif;aom taqGcifyGef;wkdYESifh aygif;oif;jcif;?
(6) ysif;&davh &Sdjcif;?
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
56
Ak'¨pmayü od*Fgavm0g'okwf a'oemawmfonf vlrI'ku© ajz&Sif;a&;? vlwef;pm;tcsif;csif;
ajyvnfpGm qufqHa&;paom vlrIa&;uxm pOf;rsOf;tjzmjzmwkdYukd azmfjyxm;aom w&m;awmf
jzpfonf/ Ak'¨w&m;awmfrsm;onf vlom;wkdY\ ta&; 4-yg;twGuf vufawGU&&SdEkdfifaom
"r®a'oemrsm; jzpfonf/
Ak'¨\a'oemwkdYwGif vkd&if;ukdEkwfí tusOf;csKyfxm;aom a'oemwpfyk'f &Sdonf/ ,if;a'oemrSm-
(1) raumif;rIukd rjyK&?
(2) aumif;rIukd jyK&rnf?
(3) pdwfukd jzLpifap&rnf-
[lí jzpfayonf/ txufyg 3-csufonf Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif\ "r®a'oemawmf tESpfcsKyf jzpfownf;/
Ak'¨\ 'óew&m;awmf
Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf trSefw&m;ukd&SmazG&mwGif obm0w&m;tay:ü csOf;uyfí &SmazGcJhonf/
avmuobm0ukd tajccHuspGm okH;oyfMunfh½IcJhonf/ xkdtcg avmuobm0ü wu,fwrf;
&Sdaeaom w&m; 4-rsdK;ukd awGUjrifvm&onf/
(1) tm½kHukd odwwfaom pdwfobm0w&m;?
(2) pdwfukd trSDjyKí jzpfay:wwfaom apwodufobm0w&m;?
(3) azmufjyef ajymif;vJaeaom ½kyfobm0w&m;?
(4) pGJvrf;rIrsm;rS vGwfajrmufaom edAÁmefoabmw&m;?
azmfjyyg obm0w&m; 4-yg;wkdYonf wu,fwrf;&Sdaeaom obm0w&m;rsm; jzpfonf/
xkdt&Sdw&m; 4-yg;wkdYwGif edAÁmef[laom obm0w&m;rSm Ak'¨ukd,fwkdif &SmazGawGU&SdcJhaom
"mwfobm0wpfck jzpfonf/ edAÁme"mwfonf vlom;wkdY\ Nidrf;csrf;rIukd tpOfxm0&ay;aeaom
"mwfobm0vnf; jzpf\/ Ak'¨bmomwkdY\ txGwftxdyfjzpfaom "mwfvnf; jzpfonf/
edAÁme"mwf\ tESpfom&obm0ukd &&SdEkdif&eftwGuf Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdif; tywfwukwf BudK;pm;
tm;xkwfaeMuavonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
57
Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf edAÁme"mwfobm0ukd odjrifcHpm;Ekdif&eftwGuf a'oemtpm;pm;jzifh
a[mMum;jychJonf/ edAÁme"mwfukd odjrifEkdif&eftwGuf tm;xkwfMu&mü a&SmifMuOf&rnfh udpöwkdYukd
a&S;OD;pGm a[mjyxm;onf/
- umr*kPftm½kHaemufokdY &r®ufBuD;pGmvkdufí cHpm;aeojzifh edAÁme"mwfukd rodEkdif/
- rdrdcE¨mukd,fukd tqif;&JcHí yifyef;BuD;pGm usifhaeojzifhvnf; edAÁme"mwfukd rodEkdif/
rSefayonf/ edAÁme"mwfoabmukd ÓPfpu©Kjzifhom od&SdEkdif\/ cE¨mukd,fukd tyifyef;cHí
usifhMuHjcif;jzifh ÓPfvrf;aMumif;ay:okdY ra&mufEkdifay/
Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifukd,fwkdif 6-ESpfMumrQ cE¨mukd,fukd tyifyef;cHí usifhMuHcJhzl;onf/ tyifyef;cHvQif
tjrifrSef &vdrfhrnf[kvnf; ,kHMunfcJhonf/ xkdtcsdefu tdEd´,EkdifiH&Sd ½kd;&musifhxkH;rsm;rSm
trsm;tm;jzifh cE¨mukd,fukd n§Of;yef;&aom usifhxkH;rsm; jzpfonf/
Ak'¨avmif;vsm vkdcsifonfum; b0Nidfrf;csrf;rI jzpf\/ jidrf;csrf;rI &&Sd&eftwGuf cE¨mukd,fukd
n§Of;yef;usifh&onf/ cE¨mukd n§Of;qJojzifh cE¨m'ku¨om &cJhonf/ b0Nidrf;csrf;rIukd r&cJhay/
xkdYaMumifh ½kd;&musifhxkH;rsm;ukd vufvTwfNyD; b0Nidrf;csrf;rIukd rZÑdry#dy'gac: tv,ftvwf
vrf;pOfjzifh &SmazGcJhonf/ xkdtcgrS Nidrf;csrf;aom edAÁme"mwfukd awGUod& onf/ Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf-
(1) qif;&Jjcif; w&m;ukdvnf;aumif;?
(2) qif;&Jjcif; taMumif;w&m;ukdvnf;aumif;?
(3) Nidrf;csrf;rI w&m;ukdvnf;aumif;?
(4) Nidrf;csrf;jcif; taMumif;w&m;ukdvnf;aumif;-
ukd,fykdifÓPfjzifh awGUjrifvmonf/ xkd 4-rsdK;ukd opöm (trSefw&m;) av;yg;[k ac:qkd\/ ,if;
4-yg;\ t"dyÜm,frSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/
(1) qif;&Jjcif;w&m;/ / y#doaE¨ ae&jcif;? tkdrif;&jcif;? emzsm;&jcif;? aoqkH;&jcif;? rcspfolESifh
aygif;&jcif;? cspfolESifh cGJ&jcif;? tvkd&Sdaom tm½kHukd r&jcif;? tusOf;tm; jzifh pGJvrf;rItm½kHjzpfaom
½kyfemrftpkwkdYonf qif;&Jjcif;w&m; rnf\/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
58
(2) qif;&JaMumif;w&m;/ / jyif;jyaom vkdcsifrI (0g) wPSmonf b0opfukdarQmfvifh jzpfay:avh
&Sd\/ xkdwPSmonf umrukd pGJvrf;jcif;? b0ukd pGJvrf;jcif;? 0db0ukd pGJvrf;jcif;rsm;
jzpfay:aponf/ xkdtpGJtvrf;rsm;onf qif;&JaMumif;w&m;rsm; jzpfonf/
(3) Nidrf;csrf;rIw&m;/ / pGJvrf;rIw&m;\ uif;&m? csKyfNidrf;&m? wPSm\ uyfNidfjcif;uif;&m
edAÁmefonf &Sd\/ xkdedAÁmef[laom oabmw&m;onf qif;&J\ csKyfNidrf;&m Nidrf;csrf;rI trSef jzpf\/
(4) Nidrf;csrf;jcif; taMumif;w&m;/ / edAÁme"mwfoabmukd od&SdEkdif&eftwGuf tajccHw&m; 8-yg;
&Sdonf/ xkd 8-yg;udk rZdÑry#dy'gvrf;pOf[k ac:onf/ r*¾if 8- yg;[kvnf; ac:\/
r*¾if&Spfyg; jrwfw&m;
(1) or®m'd|d/ / rSefuefaom tofdtjrifukd ac:onf/
'ku©opömukd odjrifjcif;? 'ku©opömjzpfaMumif; ork',opömukd odjrifjcif;? 'ku© csKyfNidrf;&m
eda&m"opömukd odjrifjcif;? 'ku©csKyf&m edAÁmefokdY a&mufaMumif; tusifhukd oddjrifjcif;?
(2) or®mouFyÜ/ / rSefuefaom tMuHtpnfukd ac:onf/
umr*kPftpGJrS xGufajrmuf&mukd MuHpnfjcif;? olwpfyg;wkdYtwGuf aumif;pm;a&; csrf;om;a&;ukd
MuHpnfjcif;? oem;a&S;½Ií owå0gwkdY\ csrf;oma&;ukd MuHpnfjcif;?
(3) or®0gpm/ / rSefuefaompum; ajymqkfdjcif;ukd ac:onf/
r[kwfrrSef ajymqkdjcif;? ukef;wkdufpum; ajymjcif;? ½kefY&if;Murf;wrf;aom pum;ukd ajymjcif;?
tusdK;r&Sd jydefzsif;aom pum;ukd ajymqkdjcif;wkdYrS a&SmifMuOfjcif;?
(4) or®mur®EÅ/ / rSefuefaomtrI jyKjcif;ukd ac:onf/
olUtouf owfjcif;? olUOpömukd ckd;,ljcif;? 0w¬Kumr*kPfwkdYü rSm;,Gif;pGm usifhjcif;wkdYrS
a&SmifMuOfjcif;?
(5) or®mtmZD0/ / rSefuefaom toufarG;rI jyKjcif;ukd ac:onf/
toufarG;rI vkyfief;ukd jyKvkyfaomtcg EIwfrI p½kdufqkd; 4-yg;? ukd,frI p½kdufqkd; 3-yg;wkdYukd
a&SmifMuOfjcif;?
(6) or®m0g,mr/ / rSefuefaom tm;xkwfrIukd ac:onf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
59
rjzpfao;aom tukokdvfw&m;wkdYukd rjzpfap&ef tm;xkwfjcif;? jzpfNyD;aom tukokdvfw&m;wkdYukd
qufvuf rjzpfay:ap&ef tm;xkwfjcif;? rjzpfao;aom ukokdvfw&m;wkdYukd jzpfay:ap&ef
tm;xkwfjcif;? jzpfNyD;aom ukokdvfw&m;wkdYukd xyfrH jyefYyGm;ap&ef tm;xkwfjcif;?
(7) or®mowd/ / rSefuefaom atmufarhrIukd ac:onf/
um,? a0'em? pdwf? "r®[laom ½kyfemrf obm0wkdYü tBudrfBudrf avhvmatmufarhjcif;?
(8) or®morm"d/ / rSefuefaom wnfMunfrIukd ac:onf/
½kyfemrf obm0ukd ½Ijrifqifjcif&mü pdwfukd wnfNidrfpGm xm;&Sdjcif;?
txufazmfjyyg r*¾if&Spf&yf w&m;jrwfukd tkyfpk trsdK;tpm; cGJjcm;&mü -
- or®'d|d? or®ouFyÜwkdYukd ] ynmr*¾if } üvnf;aumif;?
- or®m0gpm? or®ur®EÅ? or®mtmZD0wkdYukd ] oDvr*¾if } üvnf;aumif;?
- or®0g,mr? or®mowd? or®morm"dwkdYukd ] orm"dr*¾if } üvnf;aumif; xnfhoGif;
zGJUpnf;xm;avonf/
þr*¾if&Spfyg;onf opömac: trSefw&m;ukd odjrifEkdifaom w&m;rsm; jzpfonf/ edAÁme"mwfukd
awGUjrifEkdifaom taMumif;w&m;rsm; jzpfonf/ edAÁm"mwf\ obm0ukd awGUjrifod&Sdaomolonf
Ak'¨bmom\ txGwftxdyfjzpfaom w&m;"r®ukd &&Sdol rnfavawmhonf/
Ak'¨bk&m;onf jrifhjrwfaom trSefw&m; (opöm) 4-yg;ukd rd*'g0kefawm0emü tapmqkH;
a[mMum;cJhonf/ a'oemawmf\ trnfukd ] "r®puúy0wåeokwf } [k ac:onf/ xkdokwfü
a[mxm;aom a'oemxJwGif t"dyÜm,fazmf,l&ef cufcJaom taMumif;t&mrsm;vnf; yg&Sdonf/
t"dyÜm,f t,ltqrsm;vnf; uGJjym;Ekdifonf/
þokwfawmfüom r[kwf/ Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;aom tjcm;a'oemawmfrsm;üvnf; t"dyÜm,f
azmf,l&ef vQdKU0Sufeuf½Idif;aom cufcJodrfarGUaom taMumif;&yfrsm;ukd awGU&SdMu&onf/ vGefcJhaom
ESpfaygif; 2600-cefYu a[mMum;cJhaoma'oempum; a0g[m&rsm;rS &nfnTef;csufwkdYukd
,aeYacwftjrifESifh t"dyÜm,fazmf,l&ef cufcJonfrSm tqef;r[kwfay/ xkdYjyif Ak'¨a[mMum;aom
bmompum;uvnf; jrefrmbmom pum;r[kwf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
60
vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; 900-0ef;usifu yk*Hacwfxkd; jrefrmbmoma&; ausmufpmrsm;ukdyif jrefrmwkdY
t"dyÜm,fzGifhqkdcsufrsm;? aumuf,lqkH;jzwfcsufrsm; uGJjym;jcm;em;cJhMuonf r[kwfygavm/ rnfokdY
&Sdap? "r®puúy0wåeokwfü a[mMum;aom a'oemawmf\ vkd&if;tcsufukdrl odEkdifMuygonf/
owå0gwkdY qif;&Jjzpfay:ae&onfrSm wPSm[laom pGJvrf;rIaMumifh jzpfonf/ wPSmukd
jzwfawmufEkdifvQif pdwfykdif;qkdif&m qif;&J'ku¨vnf; jywfuif;oGm;rnf/ qif;&Juif;&m
edAÁme"mwfukdvnf; awGUjrifEkdifrnf jzpfavonf/
edAÁmefoabmw&m;
edAÁmefqkdonfrSm edyk'f? 0geyk'fwkdYukd aygif;pyfxm;aom a0g[m&jzpfonf/
ed= r&Sdjcif;? 0ge= pGJvrf;rI-
[lí t"dyÜm,f &Sdonf/ pGJvrf;rI r&Sdjcif;onfyif edAÁme"mwf\ t"dyÜm,fjzpfonf/ þa0g[m&ukd
jrefrmEkdifiH Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdYu ] edAÁmef } [lí ygVdowf a0g[m&jzifh ac: qkdaeMuonf/
edAÁmef\ *kPfyk'fukd zGifhqkda&;om;Muaom pmayrsm; tvGefrsm;jym;vSonf/ edAÁmefonf tvGefw&m
jrifhjrwfonf/ tpOfxm0& wnfNrJaeaom w&m;jzpf\/ ajr a& av rD;[laom "mwfBuD; 4-
yg;wkdYjzifh wnfaqmufxm;aom t&mvnf; r[kwf/ qif;&JrIukd ausmfvGef\/ qif;&JrI\
tqkH;vnf; jzpf\/ rnfolrQ zefqif;xm;aom t&mvnf; r[kwf/ wPSm Oyg'gefwkdYukd tajccHí
jzpfay:vmaom cHpm;rI a0'emrsdK;vnf; r&Sday/
edAÁmefü jzpfjcif;oabmw&m;vnf; r&Sd/ ysufjcif;oabmw&m;vnf; r&Sd/
obm0tavsmuf xm0&Nidrf;csrf;rI &Sdae\/ edAÁmef\ wnf&mukd nTefjyívnf; rjzpf/ tcsdefra&G;?
ae&mra&G; aoG;ESifhukd,f om;ESifhukd,fyif edAÁmefcsrf;omukd &&SdEkdifMuonf/ edAÁmefcsrf;omukd
wpfBudrfrQ awGU&SdcHpm;zl;olonf edAÁmef\ t&omukd xyfrHqkH;½IH;onf[k r&Sdawmhay/ tcsdefra&G;
edAÁmeft&omukd cHpm;EkdifMuavonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
61
edAÁmefonf txnfukd,fj'yf[lí xif&Sm;r&SdbJ obm0tm;jzifh csKyfjidrf;aeonfh oknwvu©Pm
&Sdonf/ xkdjidrf;csrf;rIonf xm0&wnf&Sdaeaom obm0w&m; jzpfonf/ xm0&jidrf;csrf;aeaom
obm0onf xm0&0dnmOfawmfESifh rnfokdYrQ rywfoufacs/
edAÁmefonf umvrJhoabmw&m;vnf; jzpfonf/ tjzpfw&m; r&SdbJ wnfwHh ae\/ xkdYaMumifh
edAÁmefukd ] tjzpfrJh t&Sdw&m; } [k ac:qkdtyfayonf/ xkdtjzpfrJh t&dSw&m; tm½kHay:ü
pdwf0dnmOfukd wnfxm;Ekdifolonf vGwfajrmufrIukd &&SdoGm;awmhonf/ edAÁmef\ Nidrf;csrf;rI
oabmukd awGUjrifol jzpfayawmhonf/
edAÁmefukd jrifodEkdifaom? edAÁmef\ t&omukd cHpm;Ekdifaom yk*d¾KvfwkdYukd Ak'¨a'oemawmfü -
(1) aomwmyef tqifh?
(2) ou'g*grf tqifh?
(3) tem*grf tqifh?
(4) &[EÅm tqifh [lí 4-rsdK; cGJjcm; xm;\/
þokdY 4-rsdK; cGJjcm;xm;onfrSm pGJvrf;rI w&m;rsm;ukd y,fcGmEkdifaom pdwfpGrf;tm;ukd Munfhí
tqifhjyKvkyfxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ tqifh 4-rsdK;vkH;yif edAÁmefukd odjrifEkdifolrsm; jzpfonf/
xkdyk*d¾Kvfrsm;ukd ] t&d,myk*d¾Kvf } [lí ac:qkdxm;avonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
62
tcef; (6)
ax&0g'ESifh jrefrmEkdifiH
Ak'¨bk&m;ESifh jrefrmEkdifiH
Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf oufawmfxif&Sm; &SdpOfuyif jrefrmEkdifiHokdY <ua&mufcJhaMumif; tcsdKU
rSwfwrf;rsm;ü azmfjyMuonf/ bk&m;&Sifonf *0Hywd&[EÅmrax&f\ yifhavQmufcsuft& aemufyg
&[EÅm 500-ESifhtwl ok0PÖbkrd®NrdKUokdY <ua&mufawmfrlvm\/ bk&m;&Sifonf yifv,fjyifxuf
aumif;uifjyifrS <uvmawmfrlpOf yifv,fa&jyiftwGif; [oFmwpf0yfpmrQ ay:aeaom oJjyifay:ü
[oFmzkdu atmuf? [oFmru xyfí 0yfaeonfukd jrif&onf/ xkdjzpf&yfukd Munfhí bk&m;&Sif
NyHK;awmfrl\/ xkdtaMumif;ukd ar;avQmuf&m ]] aemifaomtcg þae&mrSm [Hom0wDtrnf&Sdaom
jynfBuD; jzpfvdrfhrnf? }} [lí Asm'dwfMum;awmfrl\/
ok0PÖbkrd®jynfESifh Ouúvmyjynfü omoemawmf wnfxGef;rnfhtaMumif;ukdvnf;
Asm'dwfay;cJhonf/ ,if;Asm'dwfpum;t& [Hom0wDjynf? ok0PÖbkrd®jynf? OuúvmyjynfwkdYrSm
omoemxGef;um;&m jynfrsm; jzpfcJhMuonf/
tvm;wlyif t&dr'´eac: yk*HjynfBuD; wnfrnfhtaMumif;ESifh omoemawmf xGefum;rnfh
taMumif;ukdvnf; bk&m;&Sifonf wefYMunfhawmifrS Asm'dwfay;awmfrlonf/ okemy&EÅ? ty&EÅ ac:
rif;bl; v,fukdif;ausmif;awmf&mokdYvnf; <ua&mufonf/ pufawmf&mrsm;ukdvnf;
csxm;awmfrlavonf/ xkdrQ ruao;/ jrefrmEkdifiH apwDykxkd; trsdKrsdK;ESifh NrdKUawmfwnf&m
tjzmjzmwkdYukdvnf; bk&m;&Sif\ Asm'dwfawmft& jzpfay:vm&aMumif; orkdif;tapmifapmifwkdYü
a&;om; azmfjyxm;Muonf/ ,if;okdY a&;om;xm;MuonfrSm o'¨gw&m;ukd tajccHí ay:ayguf
vmaom pmayrsm; jzpfygonf/
Ak'¨bk&m;ESifh qufpyfí azmfjyaeMuonfrSm jrefrmEkdiHom r[kwf/ oD&dvuFmac:
oD[kdVfEkdifiHuvnf; Ak'¨bk&m;onf oD[kdVfuRef;okdY <ua&mufawmfrlvmaMumif;
oD[kdVfAk'¨bmom0ifwkdY vufcH,kHMunfaecJhMuonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
63
tcsdKUokawoDwkdYu jrefrmEkdifiHokdY bk&m;&Sif <uvmawmfrlaMumif; t|uxmpum;jzifh
ukd;um;jyMuonf/ þukd;um;csufwkdYrSmvnf; rjiif;omaom ukd;um;csufrsm; jzpfonf/
tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf jrefrmEkdifiH twGif;&Sd omoedu txdrf;trSwf tcsdKUrSm xkdusrf;rsm;ESifh
ukdufnDaeaomaMumifhwnf;/ þokdY ukdufnDaeonfrSmvnf; a&S;acwfjrefrm wkdYonf
omoemawmfusrf;vm jzpfpOfwkdYukd twkvkdufí jyKvkyfxm;aomaMumifh jzpfayonf/
&Sif;ygOD;rnf/ jrefrmEkdifiHonf &mpkESpf tapmykdif;uyif tdEd´,vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh qufqHcJhMuonf/
tdEd´,,Ofaus;rIukd vufcHcJhMuonf/ xkdYaemuf Ak'¨bmomvnf; a&muf&Sdvmavonf/
jrefrmwkdYonf Ak'¨bmomukd vufcHNyD;aemuf Ak'¨pmayrsm;ukd avhvmMuonf/
MunfndKo'¨gyGm;Muonf/ Ak'¨bmom pmayxJu trnfemrrsm;ukd jrwfEkd;ojzifh twk,lí
rSnfhac:Muonf/
aemufykdif;wGif Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdYonf xkdtrnfwkdYukd tajccHí Ak'¨omoedu txdrf;trSwf
ypönf;rsm;ukd wnfaqmufcJhMuonf/ xkdypönf;rsm;ukd usrf;*efwkdYjzifh jyefvnf udk;um;í
orkdif;jyKMujyef&m jrefrmEkdifiHokdY bk&m;&Sif <ua&mufvmygonfqkdaom t,ltqrsm; tjiif;yGm;p&m
jzpfae&avonf/
usrf;*efvm pum;t& omoeduvuf&m ypönf;rsm;pGmukd wnfxm;jyKpkMuonf/ orkdif;rsm;ukd
a&;om;Muonf/ þokdY a&;om;&mrS 'Gd[jzpf&mrsm; ay:aygufvm&jcif; jzpfayonf/
trSefrl Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf jrefrmEkdifiHokdY a&mufjcif;? ra&mufjcif;rSm jyóemwpf&yf r[kwfyg/
t"durSm Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif\ "r®a'oemawmfrsm; a&muf&Sdvmjcif;om y"me jzpfayonf/
Ak'¨a'oemawmfrsm; a&muf&Sdaeojzifh w&m;awmf\ tESpfom&ukd &&SdaeMuonf?
usifhokH;aeMu&onf/
þokdY w&m;"r®ukd awGodusihfyGm;ae&onfyif Ak'¨bk&m;ukd awGUodzl;jrifae&jcif; jzpfygonf/
Ak'¨w&m;awmfukd rcH,l&vQif Ak'¨a&muf&SdchJaomfvnf; tusdK;w&m; xl;jcm;rnf r[kwfay/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
64
Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif ukd,fwkdifuvnf; w&m;awmf\ tESpfom&ukd rjrifvQif igbk&m;ukd zl;jrif&onf
rrnfaMumif;? w&m;awmfukd jrifrSom igbk&m;ukd jrifodEkdifrnf jzpfaMumif; 0uúvd&[ef;tm;
a[mMum;cJhygonf/ ,ckqkdvQif Ak'¨yGifh&m rZdÑra'oü omoemawmf tm;enf;arS;rSdefae&NyD/
omoemqkdonfrSm tqkH;trw&m;awmf jzpfonf/ w&m;a'oemawmf uG,faysmufvQif
vnf;aumif;? vlom;wkdYu ,kHMunfrI r&SdvQifaomfvnf;aumif; omoem uG,fy&rnfom
jzpfonf/
þokdY ,kHMunfrIukd vufqifhurf;í rxdef;odrf;EkdifcJhojzifh qHcsDxlyg? aAma&mAl;'l;?
tifaum0yfpaom apwDykxkd;wkdYrSm a&S;a[mif;ypönf;rsm; tjzpf txD;usef jzpfaecJh&avonf/
,cktcg jrefrmEkdifiHonf vufqifhurf; o,faqmifEkdifcJhojzifh ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom yGifhvif;&m
t"duEkdifiHawmf wpfcktjzpf &yfwnfaeEkdifcJhygonf/ ax&0g' 5-EkdifiH\ OD;aqmifEkdifiHvnf;
jzpfae\/ ax&0g' Ak'¨bmomonf jrefrmEkdifiHokdY rnfonfhumvrS pí 0ifa&mufvmcJhavoenf;/
omoemtp wykóESifh bvd’u
jrefrmEkdifiHokdY Ak'¨bmomukd pwifo,faqmifvmolrsm;rSm OuúvmyNrdKUom; wykóESifh
bvd’unDaemifwkdY jzpfaMumif; orkdif;a[mif;rsm;ü azmfjyMuonf/ þtaxmuftxm;ukd
r[m0gygVdawmfrS ,lí wifjycJhjcif; jzpfonf/ rlvu Ouúvmyonf jrefrmjynfü &Sdonf
r[kwfay/ tdEd´,EkdifiHwGif Ouúv wkdif;[kac:onf/ Ouúvwkdif;\ a&S;trnfrSm todwOöe jzpf\/
,cktcg a"mufvD[k ac:Muonf/ b*Fvm;taemufawmifbuf Mo&dóm(O&dqm)e,f yk&D'dpBwdwf
pD&ifpk e,fy,frsm;0,f &Sdonf/
wykó? bvd’u? OuúvwkdYESifh ywfoufí Ak'¨omoeduyx0D0ifusrf;ü þokdY
&Sif;csufxkwfxm;onf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
65
jrefrmjynf OuúvmytrnfrSm tdEd´,jynf Ouúvwkdif;rS ajymif;a&TUvmMuaom vlrsdK;rsm;u rdrdwkdY
ae&if;Xme Ouúvtrnfukd ,lí rSnfhac:vmjcif; jzpfonf[k rSwf,l&rnf/ xkdYaemuf OuúvrS
Ouúvmy[k trnfajymif;vJvm\/ wykóESifh bvd’unDaemifwkdY\ trnfukd ,if;usrf;ü
] wyók }ESifh bvd’du[k ac:qkdxm;\/ wykóESifh bvd’uwkdY\ rl&if;Zmwfd ae&yfa[mif;rSm
tdEd´,EkdifiH&Sd Ouúvwkdif; jzpfonf/
ukefonfnDaemifwkdY\ rsdK;½kd;onf Ak'¨ryGifhrD ESpfaygif; 100-ausmfavmufuyif
jrefrmjynfatmufykdif; &mrnwkdif;ü tajccscJhMuolrsm; jzpfonf/ ukefonfnDaemifwkdYonf
jrefrmjynf OuúvmyESifh tdEd´,jynf OuúvwkdY tMum;ü ukeful;oef;aeolrsm; jzpfonf/
ukefonfnDaemifwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ Zmwd Ouúvwkdif;rS wpfqifh rZdÑra'ookdY ukefa&mif;
oGm;Muonf/ y@Kwkdif;? vmVwkdif;wkdYukdausmfí O½ka0vawmpcef;okdY a&mufoGm;&m
Ak'¨bk&m;&SifESifh awGUMu&onf/
xkdtcsdefwGif Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;ukd rxlaxmif&ao;ay/ yGifhawmfrlNyD;p
umvjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh nDaemifwkdYonf o&P*kH 2-yg;ukdom cH,lMu&onf/ xkdYaemuf
bk&m;&Sifonf qHawmf"mwfrsm;ukd csD;ajr§mufcJhonf/ ukefonfnDaemifwkdYonf qHawmf"mwfukd
yifhaqmifNyD;aemuf Zmwd Ouúvwkdkif;rS y0wdåXme jrefrmjynf OuúvmyNrdKUokdY jyefa&mufvmMuonf/
OuúvmyokdY jyefa&mufvmaomtcg Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif\ qHawmf"mwfwkdYukd Xmyemí wdukH (a&Twd*kH)
apwDawmfukd wnfxm; ylaZmfMuonf/
xkdtcsdefrS pí jrefrmEkdifiHü Ak'¨omoem a&muf&SdcJhonf[k rSwf,lEkdifonf/
þqkH;jzwfcsuft&qkdvQif Ak'¨bmomESifh ywfoufaom apwDykxkd;wkdYwGif jrefrmEkdfifiH&Sd
a&Twd*kHapwDawmfonf urÇmay:wGif a&S;tusqkH; apwDawmf[k qkd&rnf/
]] apwDtp a&Twd*kHu }} [lí aqmifyk'frSwfwrf;jyKí vufcH&awmhrnf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
66
'kwd,ajrmuf omoema&mufjcif;
taomurif;vufxuf wwd,oH*g,em wifNyD;aemuf wkdif;a'oBuD; 9-ckokdY omoemjyK
rax&frsm;ukd apvTwfcJhonf/ xkdtxJwGif t&SifaomPESifh t&SifOwå&rax&f wkdY trSL;jyKaom
omoemjyK tzGJUonf ok0PÖbkrd®okdY <ua&mufí omoemjyKMu&onf/
xdkdtcsdefwGif ok0PÖbkrd®ü &ud©KofbDvl;rsm; &Sdaeonf/ vlwkdYonf bDvl;wkdY0ifí
aESmifh,SufaeaomaMumifh tEÅ&m,fESifh &ifqkdifaeMu&onf/ &[EÅm 2-yg;wkdYonf bDvl;wkdY\
tEÅ&m,fukd umuG,fay;Ekdfifojzifh vlwkdYu tm;xm;vmMuonf/
t&SifaomPESifh t&SifOwå&rax&fwkdYonf vlwkdYtm; jA[®Zmvokwfawmfukd a[mMum;Mu\/
o&P*kH oDvwkdYü wnfap\/ rax&fwkdY\ a[mMum;rIaMumifh Ak'¨bmom0ifaygif;
60000(ajcmufaomif;)rQ &&Sdvmonf/ a,musfm; rdef;raygif; 1500-wkdYonf omoemhabmif 0ifí
&[ef;jyKMuavonf/
þwGif ok0PÖbkrd®ac:aom a'oukd jrefrm&mZ0if omoem0if usrf;rsm;ü rGefjynfe,ftwGif;&Sd
ok"r®myl&ac: oxkHNrdKUjzpfonf[k a&;om;azmfjycJhMuonf/ acwfopf orkdif;okawoDwkdYurl
ok0PÖbkrd®qkdonfrSm qkrMwmuRef;qG,fukd ok0PÖbkrd® ac:qkdaMumif; aumufcsufcsí
jyxm;Muonf/
qkrMwm;[laom trnfonf a&S;u okrdwåac:aom tdEd´,wkdif;om; ukefonfwpfOD;u a&S;OD;pGm
þuRef;okdY vma&muf tajccsaomaMumifh xkdyk*d¾Kvf\ trnfukdpGJí ac:qkdvmjcif; jzpfonf[k
qkdonf/ ygVdbmomjzifh okrdwå? ouúwbmomjzifh qkrdMwrS qkrMwm;[k ac:qkdvmMuonf
qkdayonf/
qkrMwm;uRef;qG,f a'oukdyif ok0PÖbkrd®[k ac:qkdvmMuonfrSm tdEd´,om;rsm;yif jzpfonf/
a&Sacwfu tdEd´,wkdif;om;rsm;onf þa'ookdY ukefa&mif; ukef0,f vma&mufMuonf/ þa'oukd
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
67
rSDí pD;yGm;jzpfxGef;Muonf/ rdrdwkdYtwGuf a&TuJhokdY tzkd;wefaom e,fajr[k owfrSwfvmMu\/
xkdYaMumifh qkrMwm;uRef;qG,fa'oukd ok0PÖbkrd® (a&Tajr) [lí wifpm; ac:qkdcJhMuavonf/
þok0PÖbkrd®ac: a&Tajra'orSm oxkHwpf0kduftxd yg0ifonf[k ynm&SifwkdY vufcHcJhMu\/
þtqkdjyKcsufukd qufvuf avhvmaomtcg axmufcHEkdifaom taMumif; rsm;ukd awGU&Sd&onf/
t&SifaomPESifh t&SifOwå&wkdY omoemjyK a&mufpOfu vlwkdYrSm bDvl;wkdY\ ab;&efrsm;ukd
cHpm;aeMu&onf/ a&S;a[mif; rGef&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? "r®apwD rif;\
ausmufpmrsm;wGifvnf;aumif; oxkHa'oukd &u©yl& (a&bDvl;EkdifiH)[k a&S;OD;u ac:qkdcJhMuonf/
þtaxmuftxm;t& oxkHa'oukd bDvl;rsm; tkyfpkd;cJhaMumif; od&Sd&\/ xkd bDvl;qkdaom
yk*d¾Kvfrsm;rSmvnf; eD*&pfwkd trsdK;tEG,frsm;ukdyif ac:onf[k rSwf,lEkdifonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH e,fajr
tESHYtjym;ü a&S;OD;acwfu eD*&pfwkdtEG,f vlrsdK;rsm; aexkdifoGm;aMumif; a&S;a[mif;okawoe
avhvmcsufrsm;t&vnf; od&Sdxm;Muonf/
jrefrmEkdifiH ta&SUawmifykdif;a'ookdY rGefcrmtEG,f0if vlrsdK;rsm; a&mufvmaomtcgwGif &Sd&if;pGJ
eD*&pfwkdtEG,f0ifwkdYESifh y#dyu© jzpfMu&onf/ rGefcrmwkdYu ppfyGJrsm;qifETJí e,fajrrsm;ukd
odrf;ykdufMuonf/ eD*&pfwkdwkdYonf e,fajrrsm;ukd pGefYvTwfMu&onf/ yifv,fbufokdY
ajymif;a&TUukefMu&onf/ ,ckwkdif oHvGifjrpf0 armfvNrdKifteD;wGif bDvl;uRef;ac:aom uRef;BuD;
&Sdaejcif;u oufaoaumif;wpfck jzpfonf/
t&SifaomPwkdY omoemjyKa&mufcsdefwGif rGefvlrsdK;wkdYESifh eD*&pfwkdtEG,f0if a&bDvl;wkdY ppfyGJrsm;
jzpfaecsdef[lí aumufcsufcsEkdifonf/ rax&f 2-yg;wkdYu bDvl;wkdY &efudk
umuG,fay;cJhonfrSmvnf; eD*&pfwkd vlrsdK;wkdYom jzpfaMumif; em;vnfEkdifMuayonf/
apmapmykdif;u rGefvlrsdK;wkdYESifh a&bDvl; vlrsdK;wkdY tcsif;csif; bufNydKif wkdufckdufaecJhaomfvnf;
aemufykdif;wGif rGefESifh bDvl;tcsdKUwkdYrSm tcsif;csif; oifhjrwfatmif aexkdifjcif;?
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
68
Ak'¨bmomw&m;awmfukd ouf0if ,kHMunfjcif;jzifh Nidrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwGJ aexkdifcJhonf [k
qkdEkdifayonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf rGefjynfe,f bD;vif;NrdKUe,f&Sd Zkwfokwf&Gm xD;aqmif;bk&m;ukd
bDvl;rsm;u wnfxm; ukd;uG,fcJhMuaomaMumifhaywnf;/
ok0PÖbkrd®ac: oxkHNrdKUukd bDpD 17-&mpkuyif wnfaxmifcJhonf[k rGefjrefrm &mZ0ifwkdYu
a&;qkdMu\/ okdY&mwGif wdusaom orkdif;taxmuftxm;ukd rawGU&ao;acs/
orkdif;wifacwf a&mufaomtcg ok0PÖbkrd®ESifh pyfí acgryx0D0if ynm&Sif awmfvrDa&;aom
yx0Dusrf;ü awGU&Sd&\/ awmfvrDu aApif*ac: rkwåryifv,fauGU urf;½kd;wef; wpfavQmufwGif
t&yfykí Murf;wrf;aom MuHhckdifaom vlMurf;rsm; aexkdifaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhonf/
xkdvlrsdK;pkkrsm;rSm pmaywkdYü bDvl;[kac:aom vlrsdK;rsm; jzpfonf/ xkdvlrsdK;pk trsm;tjym;rSm
vlrsdK;opfrsm; 0ifa&mufvmaomtcgü yifv,fwGif;&Sd uRef;pkrsm;ay:okdY ajymif;a&TUoGm;Muavonf/
tcsdKUbDvl;rsdK; tenf;pkrSm vl,Ofaus;wkdY raevkdaom awmifukef;awmifwef;rsm;ü
aomifwifaecJholrsm;vnf; &Sdayonf/ ykHpHtm;jzifhqkdvQif jrefrm&mZ0ifrS r[morÇ0ESifh
plVorÇ0Zmwfvrf;ü ygaom ppfukdif;awmifwef;ae p@rkcd bDvl;ronfvnf;aumif;? ykyÜm;awmifrS
r0PÖac:aom yef;a&mif;pm;onfh bDvl;ronfvnf;aumif; jrefrmjynfü aomifwifaecJhaom
bDvl;tEG,f0if vlrsdK;pkrsm; jzpfayonf/
azmfjyyg taMumif;&yfwkdYukd axmufqí &SifaomPESifh Owå&rax&fwkdYonf oxkHwpf0kduf&Sd vlrsdK;pk
2-ckvkH;ukd Ak'¨bmomokdY ouf0if,kHMunfap&ef a[majympnf;½kH; EkdifcJhonf[k rSwf,lEkdifMuayonf/
ax&0g'ESifh okawoetjrif
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;okdY Ak'¨bmom a&muf&SdykHukd a&S;a[mif;okawoeenf;jzifh avhvmMu&mü
ysLacwfuyif Ak'¨bmom a&muf&Sdaeonfukd awGUMu&onf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
69
þwGif jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;okdY 0ifa&muftajccsaom vlrsdK;BuD;rsm;ukd tusOf;csKyf avhvmzkdY
vkdvmjyefonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; eD*&pfwkfd trsdK;tEG,frsm; tajccschJzl;aMumif;
orkdif;okawoet& od&NyD; jzpfonf/ ,if;tEG,fwkdYukd ta&SUawmifykdif;a'oü rGefwkdYu 0ifa&muf
wkdufckdufojzifh ysufpD;cJhaMumif;ukdvnf; txufu qkdcJhNyD/ xkdppfyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;csdefrSm bDpD 3-
&mpkcefYu jzpfayonf/
xkdtcsdefrSmyif jrefrmjynf tv,fykdif;a'oüvnf; eD*&pfwkdwkdYvufrS e,fajrrsm;ukd ysLvlrsdK;wkdYu
wkdufckdufodrf;ykdufaeNyD[k ajymEkdifayonf/ okdYjzpfvQif ysLvlrsdK;wkdYonf rnfonfhumvu
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;okdY 0ifa&mufvmcJhMuoenf;/
ysLvlrsdK;wkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;ü AdóEkd;NrdKUawmfukd 1-&mpkwGif wnfaqmufcJh Muonf/
xkfdtcsdefwGif ,Ofaus;rI tqifhvnf; jrifhrm;aeNyD jzpfonf/ ysLwkdYonf 1-&mpk wGif NrdKUjyEkdifiHukd
wnfaqmufEkdifcJhMuojzifh xdkxuf apmaomumvuyif jrefrmhajray:okdY a&muf&SdaeNyD[k
ajymEkdifonf/ ysLwkdY 0ifa&mufvmcsdefukd bDpD 3-&mpk[k cefYrSef;Ekdifonf/
þcefYrSef;csufukd axmufcHEkdifaom taxmuftxm;rsm;vnf; &Sdygonf/ csif NrdKUpm;BuD;\
ppfwyfwkdYonf csdtifvlrsdK;wkdYukd bdDpD 350-wGif tjyif;txef wkdufckdufcJhonf/ xkdtcsdefu
vkdvdktpk0ifjzpfaom ysLvlrsdK;wkdYonf ppfab;tEÅ&m,f uif;&mokdY xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifMu&onf/
xkdppfajy;'ku©onfwkdYonf a'otoD;oD;okdY ajy;a&SmifMuonf/ xkdtxJwGif
oHvGifjrpfaMumif;twkdif; vkdufolwkdYonf ,leefe,f taemufykdif;a&mufaomtcg wydef?
a&TvDjrpfaMumif;twkdif; vkdufí pkefqif;cJhMuonf/ olwkdYonf jrefrmjynf ajrjyefYa'oü
tajccsaeMuonf/ xkdvlrsdK;pkonf at'D 1-&mpkwGif AdóEkd;NrdKUawmfukd xlaxmifcJhonf[k
qkdEkdifayonf/
AdóEkd;ukd wnfaxmifaom ysLwkdYonf vlrIqufqHa&;wGif odrfarGYaomolrsm; jzpfMuonf/
,Ofaus;rI twwfynmrsm;ukd tdE´d,rSyif ,lcJhonf/ trsm;pk ukd;uG,faombmomrSm Ak'¨bmom
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
70
jzpfonf/ Ak'¨bmomonf tdEd´,rSyif wkduf&kduf &&SdcJhonf/ AdóEkd;NrdKUa[mif;ukd wl;azmf&mwGif
] oHCoD&d } [laom trSwftom;ygonfh wHqdyfwpfckukd awGU&SfdMu&onf/ xkdtcsufukd axmufí
AdóEkd;NrdKUawmfü Ak'¨bmom &[ef;awmfrsm; oDwif;okH;í omoemjyKaeMuNyD[k qkdEkdifayonf/
AdóEkd;okdY a&muf&Sdvmaom omoemrSm tdEd´,awmifykdif; tE¨&a'oü xGef;um;aeaom
omoemrsdK; jzpfonf/ ,if;omoemrSm ½kyfyGm;qif;wkukd ukd;uG,fjcif;rjyKaom omoem*kdPf;
jzpfonf[k okawoDwkdUu aumufcsufcsMuonf/
at'D 4-&mpkcefYwGif tjcm;ysLvlrsdK;wkdYonfvnf; NrdKUjyEkdifiHopfrsm;ukd xlaxmif tkyfpkd;Muonf/
jynfNrdKUteD;ü oa&acwå&mNrdKUawmf? ausmufqnfa'oteD;ü rkdif;arm [k ac:aeMuaom
yifv,fNrdKUa[mif;? a&Tbkda'oü [efvif;BuD;paom NrdKUjyrsm;rSm orkdif;wGif xif&Sm;Muonf/
at'D 5-&mpkwGif AdóEkd;NrdKUawmfonf oa&acwå&mysLwkdYu 0ifa&muf wkfdufckdufojzifh
ysufokOf;cJh&avonf/
oa&acwå&macwf ax&0g'
oa&acwå&macwfukd wnfaxmifaom ysLvlrsdK;wkdYonfvnf; Ak'¨bmomukd ukd;uG,fMuonf/
oa&acwå&macwfwGif ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomESifhtwl r[m,me*kdPf;rS ukd;uG,frI txdrf;trSwf
ypönf;rsm;ukdvnf; awGU&SdMu&onf/ oa&acwå&m cifbukef;rS wl;azmf&&Sdaom a&Taycsyf 20-wGif
tdEd´,jynfawmifykdif; a&S;a[mif; awv*l uem#dtu©&mjzifh ax&0g'yd#uwfawmf
aumufEkwfcsufrsm;ukd awGU&Sd&onf/
uef0ufacgif;ukef;rS &&Sdaom rPdawmftusdK; Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfwpfql\ yv’ifywfvnf
rsufESmav;zufvkH;ü ysL? ouúwwkdYjzifh rSwfwrf;a&;xm;onfukd awGU&\/
oa&acwå&mNrdKUa[mif;wGif Ak'¨bmomESifhywfoufaom tjcm;taxmuftxm; rsm;pGmukdvnf;
awGU&Sd&onf/ taxmuftxm;rsm;pGmwkdYrSm ax&0g'ESifhywfoufaom trSwftom;rsm;u
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
71
ykdrkdae\/ xkdYaMumifh oa&acwå&macwf Ak'¨bmomrSm ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom jzpfaMumif; ckdifrmpGm
od&SdMu&ayonf/
oa&acwå&mysLwkdYonf Ak'¨bmomw&m;awmfxJrS tbd"r®myd#uawmfukd ykdí ta&;xm;um
av;pm;cJhMuonf[k qkdEkdif\/ Ak'¨bk&m;\ 'óea'oemawmfukd tajcjyKonfh a,"r®mtpcsD
*gxmrSm ysLvlrsdK;wkfdY tBudKufqkH;*gxm jzpf[efwlonf/þ*gxmukd ysLe,fajrrsm;ü rMumcP
awGUMu&onf/ *gxmrSm þokdY jzpf\/
a,"r®m a[wkyÜb0g
awoH a[wkH wxm*awm tm[
awoOö a,m eda&ma"m
{0H 0g'D r[moraPm/
(jrefrmjyef) / / ]] tMuif ('ku©)w&m;wkdYonf taMumif;(ork',)aMumifh jzpfukef\/ xkd ('ku©)
w&m;wkdY\ taMumif; (ork',) jzpfaom w&m;ukdvnf; aumif;? xkdtusdK; ('ku©)? taMumif;
(ork',) w&m;wkdY\ csKyfNidrf;&m (eda&m")? csKyfNidrf;aMumif; (r*¾) w&m;udkvnf;aumif;
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a[mawmfrl\/ &[ef;jrwfonf þokdY t,l&Sdyg\/ }} (q|oH*g,emrl)
oa&acwå&mysLwkdY\ Ak'¨bmom ,kHMunfrItaMumif;ukd at'D 800-cefYu a&;om;aom
w½kwfrSwfwrf;wkdYüvnf; awGU&Sd&onf/ ,if;rSwfwrf;rS Ak'¨bmomESifh ywfoufaom
taMumif;t&mwkdYukd a&G;EkwfazmfNyygrnf/
]] NrdKUawmfwGif wHcg;0aygif; 12-ck &Sdonf/ NrdKUav;axmifhwGif wpfaxmifhvQif bk&m;wpfql
wnfxm;onf/ bk&ifrif;jrwf pHjref;&m eef;awmfa&SU wHcg;0ukd rsufESmjyKum ÓPfawmf ay 100-
xuf jrifhí ESif;yGifhuJhokdYjzLazG;aom taoG;&Sdonfh xkdifawmfrl Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfwpfqlukd
wnfxm;onf/
w&m;wabmif jzpfMuol ESpfOD;ukd bk&ifrif;jrwfu xkd½kyfyGm;awmfjrwfa&SUwGif tarT;wkdifrsm;
xGef;nd§apNyD; rdrdwkdY\ jypfrIrsm;ukd jyefvnfpOf;pm;apjcif;jzifh w&m;jzpfMuol ESpfOD;wkdY rMumrD
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
72
oifhjrwfoGm;Muonf/ NrdKU&Gma'orsm;wGif ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;? uyfqkd;BuD;rsm; qkdufa&mufvmvQif
bk&ifrif;jrwfonf ½kyfyGm;awmf a&SUarSmufwGif tarT;eHYom xGef;nd§ylaZmfí jynfoljynfom;wkdYukd
w&m;ESifhtnD tkyfpkd;ygrnf[k opömt"d|mef jyK&onf/
ysLwkdY a'owGif bkef;BuD;ausmif;aygif; 100-ausmfrQru &Sdonf/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;wGif
a&TaiGwkdYjzifh pDjc,fí [oFjy'g;ESifh awmufyaomta&mifrsm; okwfvdrf;xm;onfh crf;rBuD;
toG,foG,f &Sdonf/ Murf;jyifrsm;ukdvnf; teDa&mifqkd;í yef;yGifh rsm;xkd;xm;aom aumfaZmrsm;
cif;xm;onf/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;\ trkd;rsm;ukd eef;awmfacgifrkd;uJhokdYyif pOfhokwfxm;aom
tkwf<uyfrsm;jzifh rkd;xm;onf/
ysLvlrsdK; a,musfm;av;? rdef;uav; toD;oD;wkdYonf touf 7-ESpft&G,fa&mufvQif qHyifrsm;ukd
y,fjzwfí bkef;BuD;ausmif;okdYoGm;um omoemhabmifwGif;okdY 0ifa&mufavh &SdMuonf/
touf20-okdY a&mufaomtcg Ak'¨\ usifh0wfodu©mwkdYukdqufvuf vkdufemjcif;r&SdvQif vlxGufí
qHyifrsm;ukd jyefvnf t&Snfxm;Muavonf/ }}
azmfjyyg taxmuftxm;rsm;t& ysLwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ vlaerIb0ukd Ak'¨bmom,Ofaus;rIjzifh
wnfaqmufxm;aMumif; od&Sd&onf/ ysLwkdY\ vlaerIb0ukd Ak'¨a'oemu vTrf;jcKHxm;onf[k
qkd&ayvdrfhrnf/
ysLvlrsdK;wkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ Ak'¨bmomukd trTrf;wif*kPf,lavh &SdMuonf/ tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh
awGUMuKHvQifvnf; Ak'¨bmomukdyif trTrf;wif ajymMum;Muonf/ Ak'¨\ "r®aw;rsm;ukd
oDukH;Muonf/
at'D 800-802 ckESpfwGif ysL,Ofaus;rI aw;*DwtzGJUonf w&kwfEkdifiHokdY oGm;a&mufcJhMu\/
xefw&kwfbk&if\ eef;awmfü azsmfajzMu&onf/ xkdazsmfajzyGJwGif Ak'¨bmom\ *kPfukdzGJUqkdaom
Ak'¨0ifaw;rsm;jzifh azsmfajzcJhMuonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
73
tcsKyftm;jzifhqkd&vQif ysLvlrsdK;wkdY\ b0"avhonf ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom,Ofaus;rI"avh jzpfonf/
ysLwkdYonf Ak'¨bmom avmif;&dyfukd ckdvIHvsuf rdrdwkdY\b0ukd xdef;ausmif;aexdkifcJhMuavonf/
jrefrmwkdY 0ifa&mufvmjcif;
AdóEkd;? oa&acwå&mpaom NrdKUjyrsm;ukd wnfaxmifcsdefu jrefrmvlrsdK;wkdYonf
jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;okdY 0ifa&mufrvmMuao;ay/ jreffrm[k ac:wGifrnfh vlrsdK;rsm;um; aemufrS
a&muf&Sdvmolrsm; jzpfonf/ jrefrmvlrsdK;wkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;okdY rnfonfhumvu
a&muf&dSvmMuoenf;/
a&S;a[mif; &mZ0ifwkdY tqkdt& jrefrmwkdYonf bDpD 6-&mpk? okdYr[kwf 9-&mpkuyif a&muf&SdaeNyD[k
qkdMuonf/ þtqkdrSm jrefrmvlrsdK;wkdYukd &nfnTef;jcif; r[kwfay/ tdEd´,rS oustEG,fwkdY
a&muf&Sdvmcsdefukd a&;qkdxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
tcsdKU okawoDwkdYurl at'D 9-&mpk a&mufrS 0ifa&mufvmMuonf[k qkd\/ þtqkdukd pwif
azmfxkwfolrSm t*FvdyfvlrsdK; ygarmu©vkpf jzpfonf/ rpöwmvkpfonf w½kwfwkdU a&;aom
ref½SL;usrf;udk ukd;um;í a&;om;cJhonf/
¤if;u jrefrmwkdYonf at'D 9-&mpkwGif ewfxdyfawmifMum;vrf;rS 0ifvmNyD; ausmufqnfvGifjyifü
tajccs aecJhMuonf qkd\/ ]] jrefrmtp ausmufqnfu }} [laom orkdif;opftqkdukd
a<u;aMumfcJhonf/ xkdtqkdukd ol\ wynfhrsm;u us,fjyefYatmif aqmif&GufcJhMuojzifh
aemiftcsdefwGif ausmif;okH; pmtkyfrsm;ESifh jrefrmhpG,fpkHusrf;rsm;txd us,fjyefYoGm;avonf/
txufyg tqkfdukd vufcHEkdifzG,f r&Sdyg/ 9-&mpkwGif a&muf&Sdvmolrsm;rSm ]riftpk0ifrsm;} om
jzpfygonf/ rpöwmvkpfonf ] riftpk } ESifh ] jrefrmtpk } ukd cGJjcm;í ravhvmrdaomaMumifh
tqkdrsm; wdrf;,drf;cJh&onf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
74
jrefrm[k ac:wGifrnfh tpk0ifrsm;onf at'D 5-&mpkavmufuyif jrefrmjynf ajrjyefYa'ookdY
tajccscJhNyD[k qkdEkdifayonf/
a&S;OD;jrefrmwkdYonf at'D 5-&mpkcefYwGif taxGaxG taMumif;rsm;aMumifh a&Munf&m jrufEk&mokdY
qif;vmMuonf/ tcsdKUonf &ckdifawmifwef;qDokdY a&mufoGm;Muonf/ olwkdYonf &ckdifa'oü
] urf;,H } trnfjzifh tajccs aexkdifMuonf/ tcsdKUonf ykHawmif ykHnmokdY wufoGm;Muonf/
olwkdYukd ] a,m } (,0f) [k ac:onf/
tcsdKU jrefrmwkdYonf {&m0wDESifh csif;wGif;jrpf ESpfoG,f pyfMum;ü ae&mopfukd &SmazGMuonf/
xkdtcsdefwGif jrefrmwkdYtwGuf tajccsp&m ae&maumif;rsm; &Sm;yg;aeNyD/ ajraumif;
ajrjyefYa'orsm;rSm ysLvlrsdK;wkdY\ vufatmufü &SdaecJhMuNyD/
a&Tbkd0ef;usifonf [efvif;ysLwkdY\ vufatmufü &Sdae\/ v,fwGif;a'o
ausmufqnfvGifjyifrSmvnf; yifv,fysLwkdY\ vufatmufü &Sdae\/ atmufykdif;a'orSm
oa&acwå&mysLwkdY\ e,fajrjzpfonf/
jrefrmwkdYonf ae&mopfukd &SmazGMu&mü jrpf0Srf;a'oukdvnf; vkdcsifMuonf/ okdY&mwGif
jrpf0Srf;a'oü ae&maumif;rsm; &Sm;yg;aeNyD/ xkdYaMumifh ysLvlrsdK;wkdY rufarmjcif; r&Sdaom
a'owpfckü tajccs aexkdifMu&onf/ xkda'oum; aemiftcgwGif t&dr'´eyl& ac: yk*HNrdKUawmfBuD;
jzpfvmrnfh {&m0wDjrpfauGU a'oyifwnf;/
{&m0wDjrpfauGU&Sd wk&ifawmifajc a'oonf jrpfESifh eD;aomfvnf; pkdufcif;ysdK; uGuf vkyfcsuf
raumif;ay/ rkd;enf;a'ovnf; jzpfonf/ &moDOwk yljyif;onf/ xkdYaMumifh
usefppfom;ausmufpmrsm;ü yk*Ha'oukd ] wwåa'o } (avmavmylaomt&yf) [k qkdcJh\/
ajreDoJ0Srf;rsm; jzpfaomaMumifh ] wrÁ'Dy } (aMu;eDa&mifa'o) [lívnf; &Sif'domygarmuf
ausmufpmü a&;xkd;xm;cJhavonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
75
at'D 6-&mpkavmufwGif jrefrmwkdY tiftm;pkpnf;rdvmNyD/ rdrdwkdY\ ukd,fykdif,Ofaus;rIukd
xlaxmifMuNyD/ at'D 638-ckESpfwGif jrefrmwkdYu ukd,fykdif ouú&mZfukd tokH; jyKMuonf/
at'D 9-&mpkausmfavmufwGif eefacsmif (eefapm) a'oü uGJuGmae&pfaom jrefrmvlrsdK;wkdYESifh
wpfEG,fwnf; jzpfonfh ] riftpk } 0ifwkdYvnf; jrefrmjynfwGif;okdY a&muf&SdvmMuonf/
xkdtcsdefwGif jrefrmwkdY tiftm;pk BuD;xGm;vmNyD; yk*Hukd A[kdjyKí EkdifiHawmfopfukd xlaxmifMuonf/
xkdtcsdefü ysLvlrsdK;wkdYvnf; 0g;tpnf;ajyovkd jzpfaeMuNyD/ oa&acwå&monf vlrsdK;pkcsif;
y#du©jzpfjcif;? ukd;uG,frIjcif; rajyrvnfjzpfjcif;paom taMumif;wkdYaMumifh pdwf0rf;uGJaeMuNyD
jzpfí tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmvnf; rwnfwHhawmh/ tmPmvk wkdufyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;&mrS aejynfawmf
ysufpD;cJh&onf/
ajrmufykdif;&Sd [efvif;NrdKUawmfrSmvnf; at'D 832-ckESpfwGif eefacsmifwkdY wkfdufckdufaomaMumifh
ysufpD;&onf/ wpfzef 835-ckESpfwGif v,fwGif;a'o yefavmifjrpfteD;&Sd rkdif;arm[k ac:aeMuaom
yxryifv,fNrdKU (w½kwftac: rdcsJif= pyg;NrdKU)ukdvnf; eefacsmifwkdYu qufvufí
wkdufckdufzsufqD;cJhjyefonf/ þokdYjzifh ysLa'o tkyfcsKyfa&;rsm; ysufpD;cJh&avonf/
xkdtcsdefwGif yk*Ha'oü&Sdaom jrefrmwkdYonf EkdifiHawmftiftm;ukd csJUxGifEkdifMuonf/
ysLe,fajrrsm;ukdyg tkyfpkd;vmEkdifMuonf/ ysLvlrsdK;wkdYonf wjznf;jznf;ESifh jrefrmwkdY\
tkyfcsKyfrIukdcH,l&aom vlrsdK;rsm; jzpfvmMuonf/ aemufykdif; &mpkESpfrsm;wGif ysLwkdYonf
jrefrmwkdYESifh aoG;aESmum ]] ysLvnf; jrefrm jrefrmvnf; ysL }} [laom tqihfokdY
a&muf&SdvmcJhavawmhonf/
ax&0g' omoemhEkdifiHawmf
at'D 8-&mpk 0ef;usifwGif ysLwkdY\ NrdKUjyEkdifiHi,frsm;ü bmomt,l0g'rsm; ½IyfaxG;ae\/
r[m,me? jA[®P0g'? ewfukd;uG,frI? e*g;ukd;uG,frIpaom t,l0g'rsdK;pkHukd vufcH
usifhokH;aeMuonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
76
þt,l0g'rsdK;pkHonf jrefrmEkdifiHawmfopfukd xlaxmifaomtcgü yk*HNrdKUawmfokdY
ul;a&mufvmMuonf/ xkdYaMumifhyif yk*HacwfOD;ü t,l0g'rsdK;pkHukd awGU&SdaeMu&onf/
xkdt,l0g'rsm;xJwGif orxD; t&nf;BuD;wkdY\ wEÅ&*kdPf;rSm tus,fjyefYqkH;[k qkdEkdifonf/
yk*HacwfOD;wGif t&nf;BuD;acgif;aqmif wEÅ&&[ef;BuD; 3-usdyfESifh wynfhaygif; 60000-
(ajcmufaomif;) rQ &Sdaeavonf/
taemf&xmrif; eef;wufvmaomtcgü t,l0g'rsdK;pkHwkdYrSm ukd,fhenf;ukd,fh[efESifh
tm;jydKifaeMuonf/ taemf&xmrif;onf ukd;uG,frIoefYpifa&;ukd aqmif&GufvkdaomqE´
jyif;jyvsuf &Sdonf/ okdYaomfvnf; rnfodYk aqmif&Guf&rnf[k rodEkdifbJ jzpfae& avonf/
xkdtcsdefwGif oxkHrS t&Sift&[Hrax&fESifh awGUBuKHcJh&onf/ Ak'¨\ ax&0g' a'oemawmfukd
emMum;cJh&onf/ taemf&xmrif;onf t&Sift&[H\ a'oemawmfukd oabmusoGm;onf/
MunfndKo'¨gyGm;oGm;onf/ rdrd\ yk*Haejynfawmfü ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom xGef;jyefYap&rnf[k
qkH;jzwfvkdufonf/
xkdYaemuf t&Sift&[Hrax&fukd q&mjyKí ukd;uG,frIoefYpifa&;ukd aqmif&Gufavawmhonf/
,cifu jynfolwkdYukd;uG,faeaom t,l0g'rsm;ukd acszsufypfonf/ wEÅ& rEÅ&wkdYjhzifh
yk*HjynfolwkdYukd vSnfhpm;aeaom t&nf;BuD;wkdYtm; vl0wfvJaponf/ xkdYaemuf
t&nf;BuD;vlkxGufrsm;ukd tJarmif; vSHukdif qifacs;usKH; jrif;acs;usKH; tvkyfwkdYukd apckdif;onf/
awmifolBuD;rif; vuffxufu tm;ay;ojzifh xGef;um;cJhaom e*g;udk;uG,frIukdvnf; rif;rdefYjzifh
wm;qD;ypfonf/
xkdtcsdefrSpí ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom xGef;um;vmavonf/ EkdifiHtkyfcsKyfaomrif;u tm;ay;ojzifh
EkdifiHom;wkdYuvnf; Ak'¨bmomukd ukd;uG,fqnf;uyfvmMuonf/ aemufykdif;wGif jrefrmEkdifiHonf
ax&0g' omoemhEkdifiHawmf jzpfvmcJhavonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
77
jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxuf Ak'¨bmom
taemf&xmrif;BuD; jyKpkcJhaom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmomrSm tajcckdifoavmuf&SdaeNyD;rS
apmvl;rif;vufxufwGif tm;enf;ovkd jzpfoGm;&jyefonf/
apmvl;rif;onf t&nftcsif; csnfheJYaom rif;wpfyg; jzpfonf/ pGrf;&nf&SdolwkdYukd rcsD;ajr§mufwwf/
rdrdukd tEÅ&m,fjyKrnfholtm; eef;wGif;üxm;í ajr§mufpm;onf/ usefppfom;uJhokdY opömapmifhodaom
vlpGrf;aumif;ukdyif yk*HaejynfawmfrS y,fxkwfxm; cJhonf/
þtcGifhaumif;ukd,lí yJcl;pm; i&refu ykefuefonf/ i&refonf apmvl;rif; ajr§mufpm;xm;aom
NrdKUpm;wpfOD; jzpfonf/ i&refonf ppftiftm;ukd pkpnf;vsuf yk*Haejynfawmfukd odrf;ykduf&ef
csDwufvmavonf/
apmvl;rif;onf yJcl;pm; i&ref\ ppfOD;ukd ukd,fwkdifcsDwufí wkdufckdufonf/ i&ref\
ppfy&d,m,fukd em;rvnfaomaMumifh apmvl;rif; tzrf;cH&onf/ xkdpOf usefppfom;u oGm;a&muf
u,fwifao;onf/ okdYaomfvnf; usefppfom;ukd txifvGJojzifh tu,frcHcJh/ aemufqkH;wGif
apmvl;rif;onf i&ref\ vufcsufjzifh toufao&avonf/
i&ref\ xkd;ppfqifvmrIaMumifh yk*HjynfolwkdYonf aMumuf&GHUxdwfvefYaeMu\/ apmvlrif;
usqkH;í yk*HwyfBuD;ysufaomtcg NrdKUawmfae jynfolrsm;ESifh &[ef;oHCmwkdYonf NrdKUawmfESifh
a0;&mokdY ajy;a&SmifukefMuonf/ yk*Hjynfü ½kwfw&uf vlOD;a&avsmhyg;oGm;NyD; pnfa0p
&[ef;oHCmrsm;vnf; yg;&Sm;oGm;awmhonf/
aemufykdif;wGif usefppfom;OD;aqmifí i&ref\ykefuefrIBuD;ukd EdIrfeif;EkdifcJhonf/ usefppfom;
atmifEkdifojzifh yk*HjynfolwkdYu usefppfom;tm; yk*HxD;eef;ukd tkyfcsKyf&ef vTJtyfMuonf/
usefppfom;onf rarQmfvifhbJ rif;jzpfvm&onf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
78
usefppfom;rif;onf yk*Hjynfukd jyefvnfpnfyGm;atmif aqmif&Guf&onf/ ajy;a&Smifaeaom
yk*HjynfolwkdYukd jyefí ac:aqmif&onf/ &[ef;awmfwkdYukd jyefí yifhaqmif&onf/ þokdY jyefvnf
pnf;½kH;Ekdifojzifh yk*Hjynf Ak'¨omoemvnf; qufvuf zGHUNzKd;vmcJhavonf/
xkdYaemuf yk*HacwfwpfavQmuf tkyfpkd;oGm;Muaom rif;wkdYonf ax&0g' Ak'¨bmomukdyif
qufvuf ukd;uG,fcJhMuonf/ tm;ay;csD;ajr§mufcJhMuonf/ jrefrmrif;pOf wpfavQmufvkH;wGif
Ak'¨bmomukd tav;rxm;bJ rav;rpm;vkyfaom rif;[lí tvGefenf;yg;vSonf/
yk*Hacwf e&olrif;onf &[ef;awmfwkdYukd taeSmifht,Suf ay;cJhzl;onf/ tif;0acwfwGif
Ak'¨bmomukd r,kHMunfaomaMumifh &[ef;awmfwkdYukd owfjzwfaom okd[efbGm;uJhokdY
rif;wpfOD;ukdvnf; awGU&onf/ okd[efbGm;onf Ak'¨bmom0if r[kwfaomaMumifh
omoemh0efxrf;wkdYukd ESdyfpufcJhjcif; jzpfonf/
apmapmykdif;u Ak'¨bmom0if jzpfygvsuf aemufykdif;wGif rdrdbmomukd opömazmufum
tjcm;bmomokdY ul;ajymif;oGm;aom rif;wpfyg;ukdvnf; &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; awGU&onf/ xkdrif;um;
&wkbk&if[k ac:wGifaeMuaom awmifilbk&if ewf&Sifaemif jzpfayonf/
jrefrmorkdif;pOf &mZ0ifwpfavQmufwGif Ak'¨bmomukd trnf;uGufxifatmif jyKvkyfcJholwkdYrSm
xkdrif; 3-OD;omvQif &Sdavonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
79
tcef; (7)
ax&0g' *kdfPf;uGJrsm;
yk*Hacwf *kdPf;uGJrsm;
tdE´d,EkdifiHESifh oD&dvuFmEkdifiHwkdYwGif Ak'¨omoem*kdPf;uGJrsm; ay:aygufvmouJhokdY
jrefrmEkdifiHüvnf; omoem*kdPf;uGJrsm; ay:aygufcJh\/ okdY&mwGif tdEd´,*kdPf;uGJrsm;rSm
t0wftqif? tusifhtMuH? pmayrS pí tvGefuGJjym;Muonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHü uGJjym;aom *kdPf;rsm;rSmrl þrQ jcm;em;jcif; r&Sday/ ax&0g' avmif;&dyfrSyif
uGJjym;cJhMujcif; jzpfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH omoem*kdPf;uGJrsm;ukd avhvmvQif tcsdKUrSm rmeukd tajccHí
uGJjym;Muonf/ tcsdKUrSm tenf;i,faom t,ltqukd tajccHí uGJJjym;Muonf/
tenf;i,faom usifhMuHrIukd tajccHí uGJjym;Muonf/ ukd;uG,fol bk&iftm;ukd;jzifh
uGJjym;Muonf/ q&mpGJ twåpGJukd tajccHí uGJJjym;Muonf/ yk*HacwfwGif rlvu oxkHrSvmaom
t&Sift&[H OD;aqmif jyKpkcJhonfh oHCmh tzGJUtpnf; wpfckwnf;om &Sdonf/
e&ywdpnfolrif;vufxuf a&mufaomtcg oD[kdVfjyef oHCmhtzGJUu q&mpGJjzifh oHCmhuHukd
oD;jcm;jyKMu&mrS *kdPf;wpf*kdPf; xyfyGm;vmonf/
xkdtcsdefrS pí yk*Hjynfü oHCm*kdPf; 2-*kdPf; jzpfvmonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm-
(1) yk&droHCm*kdPf; ?
(2) ypämoHCm*kdPf;-
wkdY jzpfayonf/
(1) yk&droHCm*kdfPf;rSm t&Sift&[H xlaxmifcJhonfh a&S;OD;oHCm*kdPf; jzpfonf/
(2) ypämoHCm*kdPf;rSm t&Sifqy'rax&f xlaxmifaom*dkPf; jzpfonf/
qy'onfoD[kdVfokdY oGm;í pmayoifMum;&mrS tjyefwGif t&SifoD0vd? t&SifwmrvdE´?
t&SiftmeE´mESifh t&Sif&m[kvmwkdYukd yifhvmcJhonf/ jrefrmjynf a&mufaomtcg ¤if;wkdYu
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
80
rdrdwkdYbmom oHCmhuHukd jyKvkyfMuonf/ e&ywdpnfolrif;uvnf; xkd&[ef;tzGJUukd tm;ay;onf/
xkd*kdPf;rSm aemufrS ay:aygufvmaomaMumifh ] ypämoHCm*kdPf; } [k ac:Muonf/
xkd*kdPf;xJrS t&Sif&m[kvmrSm vlxGufNyD; rmvm,kokdY xGufoGm;onf/ rMumrD t&Sifqy'vnf;
ysHvGefawmfrlonf/ acgif;aqmifrax&f 3-yg;om usefawmhonf/
xkdrax&f 3-yg;wkdYvnf; aemufykdif;wGif vmbfvmbESifh pyfí oabmxm; rnDnGwfojzifh
uGJjym;ukefMuonf/ *kdfPf;wpfckpD xlaxmifMuonf/ xkdtcsdefwGif yk*Hjynfü-
(1) yk&droHCm*kdPf; ?
......ypämoHCm*kdPf;rS-
(2) t&SifoD0vd tEG,f*kdPf; ?
(3) t&SifwmrvdE´ tEG,f*kdPf; ?
(4) t&SiftmeE´m*kdffPf;-
[lí 4-*kdPf; ay:aygufcJhavonf/
&mrnoHCm*kdPf;rsm;
yk*Hacwf aemufykdif;wGif atmufykdif;a'oüvnf; &mrn*kdPf;ac: oHCm*kdPf;uGJ rsm; ay:aygufcJh\/
xkd*kdPf;xJrS tcsdKU*kdPf;rsm;rSm yk*Homoem*kdPf;uGJrsm;rS jyefYyGm;aeaom *kdPf;rsm; jzpfonf/
&mrnwkdif; [Hom0wDukd tkyfpkd;aom "r®apwDrif; vufxufü oHCm*kdPf;BuD; 6-*kdPf;rQ
&Sdaeonf/
(1) uarÁmZ*kdPf;/ / taomurif; vufxufu t&SifaomPESifh t&SifOwå&rax&fwkdY
tquftEG,f*kdPf; jzpfonf/ ,if;*kdPf;ukd ] t&d,moHCm*kdPf; } [kvnf; ac:onf/ xkd*kdPf;rS
rax&fwpfyg;onf pmayy&d,wf jynfhpkHaomaMumifh xif&Sm;onf/ xkdrax&fonf vud©,NrdKU?
y*Fgacsmif;teD;ü oDwif;okH;onf/ xkdausmif;ESifh reD;ra0;ü tdrfaps;BuD;vnf; &Sdonf/ xkdtdrfaps;
ywf0ef;usifwGif uarÁmZwkdif;om; okHUyef;wkdYukd aeaponf/ xkdaps;ukdvnf; uarÁmZaps;[k
ac:onf/ aemufykdif;wGifum; ausmif;ukdvnf; uarÁmZaps;ausmif;[k ac:onf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
81
wpf&Haomtcg 'vNrdKUrS oD&dpnfol trnf&Sdaom 'g,umu uarÁmZaps;ausmif; rax&ftm;
ausmif;BuD;aqmufí wifvSLukd;uG,fonf/ xkdrax&frS qif;oufvmaom oHCmwkdYukd
]uarÁmZ*kfdPf; } oHCm[k ac:qkdMuonf/
(2) &SifoD0vd*kdPf;/ / xkd*kdfffPf;rSm yk*Hjynf t&SifoD0vd rax&f*kdPf;rS qufyGm;vmaom*kdPf;
jzpfonf/
(3) &SifwmrvdE´*kdfPf;/ / yk*HrSyif a&mufvmonf/
(4) &SiftmeE´m*kdPf;/ / yk*HrSyif a&mufvmonf/
(5) &SifAk'¨0Ho*kdPf;/ / rkwårNrdKUom; t&SifAk'¨0Hoonf oD[kdVfokdY oGm;í yOöif;cHNyD; jyefvmonf/
rdzk&m;u ukd;uG,fojzifh rdzk&m;q&mawmf[k ac:onf/ xkdq&mawmfuvnf; *kdffPf;wnfaxmifí
oHCmhuHukd oD;jcm; jyKavonf/
(6) &Sifr[mem**kdPf;/ / xkdrax&frSmvnf; rkwårNrdKUom;yif jzpfonf/ oD[kdVfoGm;í yOöif;cHonf/
jyefvmaomtcg oD;jcm; oHCmhuH jyKí *kdPf;axmifaeol jzpfonf/
txufyg *kdPf;BuD; 6-*kdPf;wkdYonf wpf*kdPf;ESifh wpf*kdfPf; aygif;oif;jcif; rjyKMu/ rdrdwkdY
*kdPf;tcsif;csif;om oHCmhuH jyKaeMuonf/ "r®apwDrif; eef;wufcsdeftxd xkdtwkdif;yif aqmif&Guf
jyKusifhaeMuonf/
"r®apwDrif;onf omoemawmf xGef;um; jyefYyGm;a&;ukd txl;aqmif&Gufaeonf/ omoedu
taqmufttkH rsm;pGmukd aqmufvkyfonf/ oHCmawmfwkdYtm; ypönf; av;yg;jzifh axmufyHh
ylaZmfonf/ okdYaomfvnf; oHCmwkdYrSm *kdPf;tcsif;csif; aygif;oif;jcif; rjyKMuojzifh
pdwfauseyf[ef rwlay/ oHCmcsif; pnf;vkH;nDnGwfapcsifonf/ okdYaomfvnf; a&S;txufuyif
uGJjym;vmcJhMuojzifh pnf;vkH;ay;&ef rvG,fvSacs/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
82
"r®apwDrif;onf oHCm*kdfPf;rsm;ukd pnf;½kH;&ef rjzpfEkdifaomaMumifh oD;jcm; omoemukd
xlaxmif&ef qkH;jzwfvkdufonf/ þudpöukd aqmif&GufEkdif&eftwGuf odrfoHo,
ukdtaMumif;jyonf/
"r®apwDrif;onf vuf&Sdodrfrsm;rSm oHo,jzpfzG,f &Sdonf[k qkdum &[ef;awmf rsm;ukd oD[kdVfokdY
apvTwfí odu©mopf wifaponf/ jyefa&mufvQif oD[kdVfjyef q&mawmf rsm;jzifh
uvsmPDodrfawmfBuD;ukd orkwfonf/ xkdodrfawmfBuD;ü yOöif;opf tajrmuftjrm;ukd cH,laponf/
tjcm; &[ef;awmfrsm;ukdvnf; odu©mopf wif,laponf/ "r®apwD rif;onf uvsmPDodrfxGuf
&[ef;wkdYukd OD;pm;ay;onf/ tjcm;odrfrsm;rS &[ef;jyKolwkdYukd tav;rxm;awmhay/
"r®apwDrif;\ aqmif&Gufcsufonf atmifjrifonf[k qkd&ygrnf/ aemufykdif; wGif txufyg *kdPf;
6-*kdPf;rS &[ef;wkdYvnf; uvsmPDodrfawmfü odu©mopfukd wif,lMuonf/ yl;aygif;
nDnGwfoGm;Muonf/
"r®apwDacwf aemufykdif;wGif oHCm*kdPf;uGJrsm;vnf; arS;rSdefoGm;\/ aysmufuG,foGm;awmh\/
"r®apwDrif;\ *kdPf;aygif;pnf;a&; aqmif&GufcsufrSm csD;usL;zG,f aumif;vS\/
omoemawmf oefY&Sif;pifMu,fa&;
"r®apwDrif;onf omoemawmf oefYpifa&;ukdvnf; tav;xm;í aqmif&Gufonf/ xkdacwfwGif
omoemawmfESifh rtyfpyfaom tvkyfwkdYukd usifhaqmifaeolrsm; &Sdonf/
xkd&[ef;rsdK;ukd Ekdifeif;pGm wm;jrpfyg&ef q&mawmfwkdYtm; avQmufxm;cJh\/ rif;BuD;\
omoemawmfa&; avQmufxm;csufrsm;rS atmufygtcsufwkdYukd MunfhvQif xkdacwf\
roefYpifrIrsm;udk awGUMu&ygrnf/
- aq;ukaom trIukd jyKaom&[ef; ?
- *Pef; (aA'if)twwf? vuform;twwf? qifpG,fyGwform; twwfukd jyKaom&[ef; ?
- rif;ESifh rif;trwf tp&Sdaom olwkdY\ uav;oli,fwkdYukd csDykd;xdrf;,jcif;ukd jyKay;aom &[ef; ?
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
83
- OyÜgwoEdÅusrf;? edrdwfzwfusrf;? tdyfrufzwfusrf; zwfjcif;ukd jyKojzifh csrf;omqif;&Jukd
a[majymaom &[ef; ?
- yef;csDaq;a&;trI? yefykorm;trI? yef;xdrform;trI? bk&m;qif;wk vkyfaom
yef;&eform;trIponfwkdYukd jyKí umr*kPf pnf;pdrfukd cHpm;ukefaom vlwkdYuJhokdY toufarG;aom
&[ef; ?
- 0gcif;? oav;cif;? aumufcif;? rka,mcif;? i½kwfcif; ponfwkdYokdY oGm;í &SnfpGmaom
oDcsif;oHjzifh w&m;a[mvsuf 0g? aumufpyg;? oav;pyg;? rka,mpyg;? i½kwfoD;ponfukd
&onf&Sdaomf ukefoG,fa&mif;csjcif;jyKaom &[ef; ?
- ravsmfaom vlwkdYESifh a&maESmjcif;jzifh a&maESmaexkdifaom &[ef; ?
xkdtvkH;pkHaom &[ef;wkdYonf ,kwfrmaom &[ef;wkdYwnf;/ xkd,kwfrmaom &[ef;wkdYtm;
t&Sifbk&m;wkdYonf rdrdtxHü tNrJrjywf aepdrfhaomiSm tcGifh ray;Muapukefownf;/
"r®apwDrif;onf þokdYyif omoemawmfoefYpifa&;? t,ltjrif rSefuefa&;ukd OD;pm;ay;í
aqmif&GufcJhaom rif;jzpfayonf/
t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;
yk*Hacwf aemufykdif;rS pí jrefrmjynfwpf0ef;wGif *kdPf;BuD; 2-*kdPf; xGef;um;cJhonf/
xkd*kdfPf;BuD;rsm;rSm ] t&nf;BuD;*kdPf; } ESifh ] yGJausmif;*kdPf; } wkdY jzpfonf/
,ckazmfjyrnfh t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;rSm taemf&xmrwkdifrDu ay:aygufcJhaom t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;
r[kwfay/ taemf&xm rwkdifrDu t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;rSm r[m,me*kdPf;rS yJhyGm;vmaom
wEÅ&*kdPf;uGJwpfck jzpfonf/ xkd*kdPf;rSm taemf&xmrif;u wkdufzsufvkdufojzifh 11-&mpkuyif
uG,faysmufoGm;cJhonf/ xkd*kdPf;ukd yxrt&nf;BuD;*kdPf;[k ac:Ekdifonf/
,ck azmfjyrnfh t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;rSm e&ywdpnfolrif; vufxufrSpí ay:aygufvmaom
*kdPf;jzpfonf/ xkd*kdPf;ukd omoem0if q&mpOfwkdYü xnfhoGif;xm;jcif; r&Sday/
okawoeynm&SifwkdYu ausmufpmtukd;tum;jzifh &SmazGawGU&Sdxm;aom *kdPf;jzpfonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
84
t&nf;qkdonfrSm t&n[laom ygVda0g[m&ukd emrowfjyKí ac:qkdxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
jrefrmbmomjzifh ] awmausmiff;*kdPf; } [k t"dyÜm,f&onf/
awmausmif;*kdPf;0if t&nf;BuD;wkdYonf awmausmif;ü aeMuaomfvnf; w&m;bm0emukd
yGm;rsm;aeMuolrsm; r[kwfay/ olwkdYonf avmuDt,l0g'wkdYukd vkdufpm;Muonf/ wEÅ&*kdPf;\
vkyfaqmifcsufwkdYukd tarGcHí vkyfukdifMuonf/ 0dZÆmjzpfa&;? od'd¨aygufa&;qkdaom vkyfief;rsm;ukd
jyKvkyfMuonf/
t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;0ifwkdYrSm trJtpm pm;jcif;? ao&nft&uf aomufokH;jcif;? nbufwGif trJao&nf
ponf tvSLcHí okH;aqmifMuaMumif; ausmufpma[mif;rsm;ü awGUMu&onf/
xkd*kdPf;ukd wnfaxmifolrSm &Sifuóy jzpfonf/ &Sifuóyonf awmausmif; ü aeí wEÅ&*kdfPf;
tvkyfukd wGifus,fatmif jzefYjzL;onf/ rdrdukd,fwkdifum; ax&0g'Ak'¨bmom &[ef;awmftjzpf
cH,lxm;onf/ ax&0g'avmif;&dyfukd ckdvIHí avmuDwEÅ& tvkyfukd BudK;ukwf aqmif&Gufaeol
jzpfonf/
xkd&Sifuóy\ tw¬KyÜwdåwGif usm;ukdpD;í c&D;oGm;jcif;? rdausmif;ukdpD;í yifv,fjyifukd
jzwfausmfjcif;paom tHhbeef;Zmwfvrf;rsm;jzifh tqef;wMu,f azmfjyMu\/ xkdyk*d¾KvfBuD;ukd
wefckd;&Sif? od'd¨&Sif? r[d'd¨&SifBuD;tjzpf ÓPftm;csnfheJYolwkdYu ,kHMunfcJh Muavonf/
&Sifuóyonf tedrfhawmausmif;[kac:aom t&yfrS aeí *kdPf;BuD;yGGm;atmif csJUkjzefYcJhonf/
a&S;acwfu MuHwl (uefwl) [k ac:onf/ ,cktcg a&pBudK csif;wGif;jrpful; wHwm;BuD;\
ta&SUbufurf; teD;ü &Sdonf/ &Sifuóy\ awmausmif;wkdufa[mif;BuD;ukd ,aeYwkdif
awGUEkdifMuao;onf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
85
xkdrax&fonf e&ywdpnfolrif; vufxufwGif yk*HjynfokdY a&muf&SdoGm;onf/ yk*HjynfolwkdYonf
rax&fBuD;ukd MunfndKMu\/ wEÅ&qefaom vkyf&yfwkfdYkukd oabmus ESpfjcdKufukefMuonf/
rif;rSL;rwf tokdif;t0kdif;rS yk*¾dKvfwkdYonf rax&ftwGuf yk*Hjynfü ausmif;uefrsm;ukd
wnfaqmufvSL'gef;Muonf/ ajr,mrsm;pGmukd vSLK'gef;Muonf/
yk*HjynfolwkdYonf t&nf;BuD;wkdY\ vkyf&yfrsm; jzpfaom wEÅ&qefonfh tvkyfwkdYukd
pdwf0ifpm;vmMuonf/ wefckd;£'d¨yg'f &&Sda&;? a'0g a'0DwkdY\ ulnDrI&&Sda&;ukd
arQmfvifhvmMuonf/ ]] ukd,fhtm;ukd,fukd; }} 0g'xuf ]] olrsm;tm; ukd,fukd; }} 0g'ukd
cH,larQmfvifhaeMuonf/
at'D 13-&mpkwGif rGef*kdwkdYu usL;ausmfwkdfufckdufvmMuonf/ xkdtcsdefwGif tarQmfvGef0g'ESifh
obm0vGef tm½kHwkdYukd ckHrifaeMuaom jrefrmwkdYrSm t½IH;ESifh &ifqkdifMu&onf/ ppf½IH;&jcif;rSm
þtaMumif;onf t"du r[kwfaomfvnf; taMumif;wpf&yftaejzifh yg0ifaMumif;
rjiif;qkdEkdifMuay/
tdE´d,EkdifiHwGifvnf; þuJhokdY tarQmfvGef0g'aMumifh EkdifiHjcm;om;wkdY vuf atmufokdY vG,fulpGm
usa&mufcJh&onf/ Ak'¨bmomvnf; uG,fycJh&onf r[kwfavm/
yk*Hacwf ukefvkeD;umvwGif awmausmif;*kdPf;BuD;onf txGwftxdyfokdY a&mufcJhonf/ &Sifuóy
r&Sdonfh aemufüvnf; olUwynfhrsm;u t&nf;*kdPff; vkyfief;rsm;ukd qufvuf
aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/
xkdtcsdefwGif rif;tqufquf orm;½kd;us omoemjyKcJhMuaom *gr0goD y&d,wdåoifMum;a&;
*kdPfrsm;ukd t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;avmuf vlBudKufrsm;[ef rwlawmhay/ tcdsKU *gr0goD
q&mawmfwkdYonf þuJhokdY pdwful;,Ofvrf;aMumif;ukd vkdufaeMuvQif omoemawmfvnf;
usqkH;rnf/ EkdifiHawmfvnf; epfemawmhrnf[k oabmaygufvmcJhMu onf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
86
yif;,acwf a&mufaomtcg y&d,wdåomoemukd jzefYa0aeaom *gr0goD &[ef;awmfwkdYonf
vufawGUusaom twwfynmrsm;ukd tajcjyKonfh ] yGJausmif;*kdPf;}ukd xlaxmifcJhMu\/
yGJausmif;*dkPf;BuD; pnfa0wkd;wufvmaomtcg t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;rSm wjznf;jznf;
tmenf;oGm;&onf/ 15-&mpkavmufwGif t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;ac: awmausmif; *kdPf;BuD;
aysmufuG,foGm;&onf[k orkdif;okawoDwkdY cefYrSef;Muonf/
t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;BuD; aysmufuG,foGm;aomfvnf; t&nf;BuD;wkdY\ vkyf&yfrsm;ukd qufvuf tarGcH
usifhokH;aom ax&0g' trnfcH bkef;BuD;rsm;ukd qufvuf awGU&SdMu &ygonf/
Am;rJhq&mawmf? Am;warmhq&mawmf? i&eJq&mawmf paom yk*d¾KvfwkdYonf aemufacwfwGif
t&nf;BuD;wkdY\ vkyf&yfrsm;ukd tarGcHí ausmfMum;cJhaom yk*d¾Kvfrsm; jzpfayonf/
t&nf;BuD;wkdY\ pdwåZa0'emtvkyfukd BudK;ukwfaqmif&GufMuaom ax&0g'
oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;0ifwkdYrSm acwftqufquf aysmufysuf&ef rvG,fvSay/ vlom;wkdY\
tawG;vGeftm½kHESifh tarQmfvGef&r®uf xefjyif;rIukd tajccHí {uef &SdaevdrfhOD;rnf/ 20- &mpk
ukefvkeD;jzpfaom ,aeYtxdvnf; jrefrmEkdifiH wpfeHwpfvsm;wGif uGufwduGufusm; ay:aygufvsuf
wefckd;awmufaeMuqJwnf;/
yGJausmif;*kdPf;
yGJausmif;*kdPf;\ jrpfzsm;cH&m A[kdXmeum; pum; 7-ausmif; jzpfonf/ Opöem rif;onf ouú&mZf
684-ckESpfwGif yif;,ü rif;jyK\/ Opöemrif;onf yif;usm;t&yfü pum;opfjzifh ausmif;BuD; 7-
aqmif aqmufvkyfonf/ ouú&mZf 702-ckESpfwGif ausmif;awmfBuD;rsm;ukd yk*Hacwfu
xif&Sm;cJhaom *gr0goD*kdPf;rS rax&fwkdYtm; wifvSL cJhonf/
Opöemrif;onf rdrd\ ausmif;awmfBuD;rsm;ukd *gr0goD *kdPf;BuD; 2-ckrS rax&fwkYkd tm;
wifvSLcJhonf/ yk*Hacwfu *gr0goD oHCmwkdYrSm t&Sift&[HtEG,f yk&droHCm*kdPf; ESifh
t&Sifqy'tEG,f ypämoHCm*kdPf;[k 2-*kdPf; uGJae\/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
87
Opöemrif;onf ausmif;awmfBuD;rsm;ukd *kdPf; 2-ckvkH;rS rax&fwkdYukd yl;wGJ wifvSLcJhonf/
*kdPf;tcsif;csif; aygif;oif; nDnGwfapcsifaomaMumifh jzpf[efwlygonf/
þqE´rsdK; &SdcJhygvQif Opöemrif;\ qE´ jynfh0onf[k qkd&ygrnf/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf *gr0goD
*kdPf;uGJrsm; aysmufuG,foGm;aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/
pum; 7-ausmif;ukd tvSLcH&aom oHCmwkdYonf yk*Hacwfu uGJjym;cJhaom *kdPf;*P pdwf"mwfukd
acszsufí pnf;vkH;a&;pdwf"mwfukd arG;jrLcJhMuonf/ EkdifiHawmfa&SUa&;twGuf vufawGUusaom
twwfynmrsm;ukd yl;wGJoifMum; ay;Muonf/
pum;ausmif;u oifMum;ay;aom avmuDtwwfynmrsm;rSm "m;ckwf? vSHxkd;? jrif;pD;? qifpD;?
ppfqifrI? pufoGif;vSHxkd;? vufa0SUxkd;paom ynm&yfrsm; jzpfonf/
xkdacwfu jynfolwkdYonf avmuD avmukwå&m pG,fpkHynm&yfrsm;ukd oifMum;ay;aom *gr0goD
ausmif;rsm;okdY uav;rsm;ukd tyfESHí twwfynmwkdYukd oifMum;apcJhMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh *gr0goD
ausmif;rsm;onf uav; vlBuD; rsm;pGmwkdY 0ifxGufoGm;vm&m XmeBuD; jzpfvmonf/
þokdY vl0ifvlxGuf rsm;jym;vmrIukd taMumif;jyKí *gr0goD ausmif;rsm;ukd ] yGJausmif; } [lí
ac:qkdvmMuonf/ aemufykdif;umvwGif yGJausmif;rsm; wkd;yGm;vm&m yGJausmif;tzGJU0if
oHCmwkdYvnf; rsm;jym;vmonf/ xkdoHCmtiftm;pk BuD;xGm;vm&mrS ] yGJausmif;*kdPf; } [lí
ac:wGifxif&Sm;vmavonf/
yGJausmif;*kdPf;BuD; tiftm;BuD;xGm;vmonfhtavsmuf yGJausmif;ukd vSL'gef;Muaom
0w¬KuHajr,mrsm;vnf; tajrmuftjrm; jzpfvmonf/ yGJausmif;oHCmwkdYonf 0w¬KuH ajr,mwkdYukd
ajrvkyfom; csxm;jcif;? tcGefb@m awmif;cHjcif;? aqmfMo&jcif;? pyg;rsm;ukd jcifwG,f,l&jcif;?
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
88
uRJEGm; &SmazGay;&jcif;? ol&if;iSm;wkdY t½IyftaxG;rsm;ukd ajz&Sif;ay;&jcif; paom wm0efwkdYukd
aqmif&GufMu&onf/
yGJausmif;oHCmwkdYonf ajr,mrIpaom trIudpöwkdYukd ajz&Sif; aqmif&Gufae&ojzifh y&d,wf
y#dywftvkyfwkdYukd aumif;pGm raqmif&GufEkdifMu/ tcsdKU trIudpörsm;rSm oHCmhOD;aqmif
q&mawmfBuD;rsm;ukd,fwkdif ajz&Sif;ay;Mu&onf/ omoema&;qkdif&m rIcif;rsm;ukd
bk&ifh½kH;awmfuvnf; 0ifa&muf pGufzufavh r&SdMuacs/
omoema&;qkdif&m rIcif;rsm;ukd oHCmawmfrsm;uom ajz&Sif;qkH;jzwfae&onf/ tcsKdU
q&mawmfBuD;rsm;rSm omoema&; rIcif;rsm;wGif bk&ifozG,f tkyfcsKyf ajz&Sif;ae&aomaMumifh
xkdtBuD;trSL; &[ef;wkdYukd ] oHC&mZm } (oHCmrif;)[k ac:qkdvmMuavonf/
jrefrmrif;wkdYonfvnf; i,fpOf uav;b0u yGJausmif;rsm;ü pmayukd oifMum;Mu&onf/
avmuDynmrsm;ukd qnf;yl;Mu&onf/ odkYjzpfí rif;jzpfaom tcgwGif rdrdwkdYq&m oHC&mZmwkdYukd
ypönf;av;yg;wkdYjzifh vSL'gef; ylaZmfMuavonf/
ouú&mZf 726-ckwGif tif;0ukd wnfaxmif tkyfpkd;aom owkd;rif;zsm;onf ywl;BuD; oHC&mZmukd
q&mjyKí ukd;uG,f qnf;uyfonf/
ouú&mZf 730-ckESpfwGif eef;wufaom rif;BuD;pGmapmfuJ vufxufwGif &ckdifq&mawmfukd
oHC&mZmbGJU qufuyfí ylaZmfukd;uG,fonf/
ouú&mZf 763-ckESpfwGif eef;wufaom bk&ifrif;acgifBuD; vufxufwGif yGJausmif;*kdfPf; oHC&mZm
q&mawmfwkdYukdyif ukd;uG,f qnf;uyfcJhonf/ jrefrmhorkdif;wGif xif&Sm;aom vufa0SYausmf
atmifpnf;ckH oHC&mZmonf xkdrif;vufxufrSmyif ay:xGuf cJhayonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
89
yGJausmif;*kdPf;BuD;onf acwftqufquf wkd;wufvmcJhNyD;aemuf anmif&rf;acwfaESmif;wGif
tm;enf;ovkd jzpfvm&onf/ þokdY jzpf&onfrSm jrefrmjynfü tjcm;*kdPf;opfrsm;
ay:aygufvmaomaMumifhvnf; wpfaMumif;yg0ifonf/
ukef;abmifacwf A'kHrif;vufxuf a&mufaomtcg yGJausmif;q&mawmfwkdYukd ukd;uG,fjcif;
rjyKawmhay/ aemufykdif;wGif yGJausmif;*kdPf;ukd rif;rdefYjzifh wm;qD;ypfonf/ A'kHrif;onf
yGJausmif;*kdPf;u oifMum;ay;aom ynmjzifh EkdifiHawmfukd ykefuefEkdifonf[k taMumif;jyí
zsufodrf;ypfcJhonf/
xkdtcg jynfolESifh &[ef;oHCmwkdYonf yGJausmif;rsm;ukd zsufodrf;vkdufaom aMumifh rauseyfrIrsm;
ay:aygufcJh&onf/ xkdtajctaet& yGJausmif;rsm;ukd jyefvnf zGifhvSpfEkdiffaMumif; A'kHrif;u
tcGifhjyKjyefonf/ okdYaomfvnf; yGJausmif;trsm;tjym;rSm ysufpD;cJhNyD jzpfí wkd;wufpnfa0vmjcif;
r&Sdawmh/ yGJausmif; tcsdKUavmufom jyefvnf zGifhvSpfEkdifawmhonf/
yGJausmif;rsm; jyefvnfí tm;,laepOf rif;wkef;rif; eef;wufvmonf/ rif;wkef; rif;onf ouú&mZf
1217-ckESpfwGif *gr0goD yGJausmif;rsm;ukd vkH;0 ydwfypfvkdufonf/ xkdtcsdefrS pí
yGJausmif;*kdPf;vnf; vkH;0 aysmufuG,foGm;&awmhonf/
yGJausmif;*kdPf;BuD;onf ouú&mZf 702-ckESpfrS pí wnfaxmifcJhonf/ ouú&mZf 1217-ckESpfwGif
rif;wkef;rif;u tNyD;tykdif zsufodrf;vkdufonf/ xkdYaMumifh yGJausmif;*kdPf; BuD;onf ESpfaygif; 515-
ESpfrQ oufwrf;&SnfcJhonf[k qkdEkdifavonf/
twif*kdPf;ESifh t½kH*kdPf;
twif*kdPf;ESifh t½kH*kdPf;wkdYrSm omoem0ifwGif xif&Sm;aom *kdPf;BuD;rsm; jzpfonf/ csJUum;ívnf;
a&;om;cJhMuonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
90
twif*kdPf;onf ouú&mZf 1060-ckESpf eef;wufaom &rnf;oif;rif;om;awmf
paerif;vufxufwGif ay:aygufvmonf[k qkdMuonf/ xkdrif;vufxufü ov’m0wD
csif;wGif;jrpf taemufbufurf;rS wkef&Gmausmif;ae t&Sif*kPmbdvuFm& rax&fonf
twif*kdPf;ukd xlaxmifcJhol[k qkd\/
q&mawmfonf omraPwkdYtm; &Gm0if &GmxGufwkdYü ouFef;ukd r½kHapbJ vuf0Jwpfzuf yckH;xufü
wifíom 0ifaponf/ ,yfukd ukdifaponf/ þokfdY ouFef;ukd wifí 0if&aomaMumifh ] twif*kdPf;
} [k ac:onf/ wkef&Gmq&mawmf wnfaxmifaom *kdPf;jzpfí ] wkef*kdPf; } [kvnf; ac:Muonf/
xkdtcg awmifilNrdKUae t&SifAk'¨uFk&? t&Sifpdwå? 'DyJ,if;NrdKU aus;vufae t&SifokeE´? wvkyfNrdKU
i&hHtkd&Gmae t&SifuvsmPwkdYurl omraPwkdY &GmwGif;okdY 0ifa&mufaomtcg ouFef;½kHí ,yfukd
ukdif;apNyD;rS 0if&onf/ þokdU &Gm0if&GmxGufwkdYü ouFef;ukd ½kHMu&ojzifh ] t½kH*kdPf; } [k ac:onf/
ouFef;wifrI ½kHrIudpöukd taMumif;jyKí *kdPf;BuD; 2-*kdPf; uGJjym;oGm;onf/ aemufykdif;wGif
þ*kdPf;BuD;rsm; BuD;yGm;vm\/ t,ltqi,f wpfckukd taMumif;jyKí y#dyu©rsm; ay:aygufvm\/
*kdPf;tcsif;csif; nDnGwfjcif; r&SdMuacs/
t½kH*kdPf;0if q&mawmfwkdYu we*FaEGrif; vufxufwGifvnf;aumif;? [Hom0wDa&mufrif;
vufxufwGifvnf;aumif; rdrdwkdY\ t½kH0g'om trSefjzpfaMumif; tqkdjyKMuojzifh
twift½kHufdpöukd tqkd tacsjyKí ajymqkdMu&onf/ okdYaomfvnf; jyóemrSm ajyvnfrI r&cJhacs/
xkdYaemuf pOfhul;rif; eef;wufaomtcgwGif t½kH*kdPf;0ifwkdYu rdrdwkdY t½kH0g'om trSefjzpfaMumif;
tqkdjyKMujyefonf/ xkdYaMumifh twift½kHudpöukd tqkH;tjzwf ,lMu&\/ xkdtcg t½kH*kdPf;u
tEkdif&ojzifh twif*kdPf;BuD; arS;rSdefoGm;&onf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
91
A'kHrif;vufxufwGif twif t½kHjyóem xyfrH jzpfyGm;vmjyefonf/ okdYaomfvnf; ta&;t&m
BuD;xGm; rvmawmhay/ aemufykdif;wGif t½kH*kdPf;uom tiftm;BuD;xGm;vmNyD; twif*kdPf;rSm
wjznf;jznf; arS;rSefjrKyfwdrfcJh&avawmYonf/
,aeYacwf *kdPf;rsm;
,aeYacwfwGufvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHü todtrSwf jyKxm;aom ax&0g'*kdPf;BuD; 9-*kdPf; &Sdonf
,if;wkdYrSm-
(1) ok"r®m*kdPf; ?
(2) a&Tusiff*kdPf; ?
(3) r[m'Gg&*kdPf; ?
(4) rlv'Gg&*kdPf; ?
(5) taemufacsmif;'Gg&*kdPf; ?
(6) a0VK0ef*kdPf; ?
(7) iSufwGif;*kdPf; ?
(8) *P0drkwf*kdPf; ?
(9) r[m&if*dkPf; wkdYjzpfonf/
xkd*kdPf;BuD;rsm;teuf ok"r®m*kdPf;rSm a&S;tusqkH; *kdPf;BuD; jzpfouJhokdY tiftm;tBuD;qkH;vnf;
jzpfayonf/
,ck &Sdaeaom 9-*kdPf;vkH;rSm ax&0g' abmiftwGif;rSyif uGJjym;aeaom *kdPf;rsm; jzpfonf/
r[m,me*kdPf;uJhokdY ax&0g' yd#uwfukd ajcuefí awmfvSefaom *kdPf;rsm; r[kwfay/
tav;rxm;avmufaom tao;trTm; t,ltqukd tajccHxm;í uGJjym;aeMujcif; jzpfayonf/
jrefrmEkdifiH tpkd;&onf uGJjym;aeaom *kdPf;BuD;rsm;ukd aygif;pnf;apvkdaom qE´jzifh
*kdPf;q&mawmfBuD;rsm;ESifh awGUqkHí aqG;aEG;avQmufxm;cJhonf/ ax&0g'tcsif; csif; nDnGwfyg&ef
awmif;yefcJhMuonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
92
xkdYaemuf *kdPf;aygif;pkH oHCmhtpnf;ta0;BuD;ukd urÇmat;ukef;ajr&Sd q|oH*g,em r[mygomP
vkdPf*lawmfBuD;ü 1980-jynfhESpf? ouú&mZf 1342-ck? e,kefvwGif usif;yEkdifcJhavonf/
xkd*kdPf;aygif;pkH oHCmhtpnf;ta0;BuD;rSyif *kdPf;aygif;pkH oHCmrsm; yg0ifaom oHCem,utzGJU
tqifhqifhukd zGJUpnf;í omoema&; wm0efukd aqmif&GufaeMuavonf/
bmom0ifOD;a& EIdif;,SOfcsuf
jrefrmEkdiffiHonf acwftqufqufü ax&0g' Ak'¨bmomukdom vufqifhurf; ukd;uG,fcJhMuonf/
vlOD;a& wkd;yGm;vmoavmuf Ak'¨bmom0if OD;a&vnf; wkd;rsm; vmcJhonf/
jrefrmrif;rsm; vufxufü &Sdaom Ak'¨bmom0if pm&if;ukd rawGU&aomfvnf; t*FvdyfwkdY
tkyfcsKyfaom ukdvkdeDacwfwGifrl bmom0ifOD;a& pm&if;ukd wduspGm od&Sd&\/ ukdvkdeDacwftwGif;
1920-jynfhavmufu jrefrmEkdifiHwGif vlOD;a& 13-oef;cefYom &Sdao;onf/ xkdtcsdefu bmom0if
toD;oD;wkfdY pm&if;ukd þokfdY awGTUod&onf/
...bmom a,musfm;+rdef;r vlOD;a&
Ak'¨bmom................. usm;.................. 5525159
....../........................... r .................... 5676784
ewfukd;uG,fol......... usm;...................... 369188
......./.......................... r.......................... 333399
[dE´Lbmom.............. usm;...................... 378177
......./......................... r........................... 106255
yoDbmom............. usm;......................... 314527
......./......................... r............................ 186085
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
93
c&pf,mefbmom..... usm;......................... 132499
......../........................ r............................. 124608
t&d,bmom.......... usm;................................. 190
......../........................ r...................................... 80
A&mrkdqrwfbmom. usm;................................. 355
........./....................... r....................................... 93
uGefzsL&Syfbmom.... usm; .............................. 9964
........./ .................... r .................................. 4067
*sdef;bmom............. usm;................................. 866
......../ ..................... r..................................... 269
&[l'Dbmom.......... usm;................................. 587
..................................r..................................... 548
&Sifwkdbmom......... usm;.................................... 31
......./ ..................... r....................................... 14
qpfbmom........... usm;............................... 3704
....../ ..................... r................................... 1139
zm&qDbmom....... usm;................................. 229
......../ .................... r.................................... 151
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
94
oDtkdqkdzpfbmom. usm;................................... 40
........./ .................. r....................................... 11
bmomrukd;uG,fwwfol ....... usm;.......... 21453
........./ ..................................... r .............21640
xkdtcsdefu jrefrmEdkdifiHü vlOD;a&aygif; wpfq,fhokH;oef; wpfodef; ajcmufaomif; ukd;axmif
ukd;q,fhukd;a,muf &Sdonf/ xkdvlOD;a&xJwGif-
&[ef;oHCmawmfaygif; 106429-yg;? oDv&Sifaygif; 47342-yg; &Sdavonf/
(EkdifiHa&; "r®uxdue,'DyeDrS)
c&pfESpf 1986-ckESpf a&mufaomtcg jrefrmEkdifiHü vlOD;a& 33-oef; &Sdvmonf/ xkdtcsdefü
Ak'¨bmom0if OD;a&rsm; wkd;wufvmcJhonf/ tjcm;bmom0ifrsm;vnf; wkd;wufvmonfukd
awGU&ygonf/
Ak'¨bmom0if 30000000- ausmf
c&pf,mefbmom0if 1600000- ausmf
tpövefbmom0if 1300000- ausmf
ewfukd;uG,fol 390000
[dE´Lbmom0if 170000
tjcm; 52000
jrefrmouú&mZf 1356-ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiHü vlOD;a& oef;ygif; 40-ausmfNyD[k od&Sd&onf/
xkdtxJwGif -
&[ef;awmfaygif; 162098-yg;?
omraPaygif; 233840-yg;?
oDv&Sifaygif; 23022- yg;-
&Sdaeavonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
95
ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom
( 'kwd,ykdif; )
tcef; (1)
ax&0g'ü a&maESmvmaom ukd;uG,frIrsm;
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ewfukd;uG,fol OD;;a& okH;odef; ukd;aomif;ausmf &Sdonf[k aemuf qkH;pm&if;t&
od&Sd&onf/ xkdvlOD;a&rSm Ak'¨bmom ra&mufEkdifao;aom awmifwef;a'orsm; wkdif;&if;om;rsm;
jzpfMuonf/
tu,fí Ak'¨bmomESifhtwl ½kd;&mewfukdyg ukd;uG,folwkdY pm&if;ukd aumuf ,lrnfqkdvQif oef;
30-ausmfyif jyefí &&Sdvmygvdrfhrnf/ tb,fhaMumifhhqkdaomf Ak'¨bmom ukd;uG,fol 90- &mEIef;rSm
½kd;&mewfwkdYukdvnf; vufrvTwfEkdifbJ ukd;uG,faeMuaomaMumifhaywnf;/
rSefygonf/ ,aeY jrefrmEkdifiH jynfoljynfom;wkdYonf t"dutm;jzifh Ak'¨bmomukd
ukd;uG,fMuonf/ okdYaomfvnf; ½kd;&mewfrsm;ukdvnf; wpfqifhedrfh ae&mü xm;í
ukd;uG,faeMuonf/ ylaZmfyoaeMuonf/ Ak'¨bmom ,kHMunfrIESifhtwl ewf0g',kHMunfrIukd
wGJzuf cH,laeMuonf/
ewfukd;uG,fonfh tvkyfrSm jrefrmjynfüomr[kwf/ tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;üvnf; rdrdwkdY\ ½kd;&mewfrsm;ukd
ukd;uG,fylaZmfaeMuonf/ ewfukd;uG,frIonf tvGeftkda[mif; aqG;ajrhaom acwfumvrSpí
,aeYtxd wnf&Sdaeaom pdwful;,Of t,l0g'wpfck jzpfonf/
a&S;OD; urÇmhorkdif;ukd avhvmvQif acwftqufqufü ewf0g'rsm; BuD;pkd;vmcJhonfukd awGU&Sd&\/
a&S;acwfOD; vlom;wkdYonf ukd;uG,fp&m ewf½kyfwk tjzmjzmwkdYukd pdwftawG;jzifh ½SmazG
azmfxkwfcJhMuonf/ ewfbmom ewf0g'ukd azmfaqmifcJhMuonf/ urÇmhorkdif;\
ewf0g'orkdif;csKyfukd xkwfEkwfí avhvmoifhayonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
96
ukd;uG,frI xGef;um;vmjcif;
vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; 7000 (bDpD 5000) cefYrS pí vlom;wkdY\ ,Ofaus;rIrsm;
wkd;wufajymif;vJvmonf/ pkdufysdK;a&; vkyfief;rsm;ukd wGifus,fpGm vkyfukdifvmMuonf/
pkdufysdK;a&; ud&d,mrsm;ukd wDxGifMuonf/ pkdufysdK;a&;ESifh ywfoufívnf; tawG;tjrifrsm;
ay:aygufvmonf/
ajrBuD;onf vlom;wkdY\ tm[m& jznfhwif;a&;twGuf oD;ESHrsm;ukd xkwfvkyf ay;ae\/
a&onfvnf; oD;ESHjzpfxGef;rIukd tm;ay;ae\/ aea&mifjcnfonfvnf; oDESHjzpfxGef;rIukd
taxmuftul jyKae\/ þoabmukd vlwkdY em;vnfvmMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh obm0ypönf;rsm;
jzpfaom ajr a& av aepaom t&m0w¬KwkdYukd vlom;wkdY\ aus;Zl;&SifBuD;rsm;[lí
owfrSwfcJhMuonf/
umvMumaomtcg ajr a& paom obm0"mwfBuD;rsm;ukd pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm; [lí ,kHrSwfvmMuonf/
pGrf;tm;&SifBuD;rsm;onf vlwkdY\ tm;xm;&m? ukd;uG,f&m[lí ,kHMunfvmMuonf/ þokdYjzifh
ajrewf? a&ewf? avewf? aeewf? rD;ewf paom ewfrsm; ay:aygufvmcJhonf/ xkdtcsdefu
ukd;uG,faom ewfrsm;rSm obm0½kyfypönf;rsm;ukd ukd;uG,faom bmomjzpfí
] obm0ukd;uG,frIbmom } ( Nature Worship ) [k ac:onf/
vlom;wkdYonf ukd;uG,frI acwfOD;ü obm0½kyfypönf;rsm;ukd tajccHí bmom0g'ukd
xlaxmifcJhMu\/ xkdrS wpfqifh obm0avmuukd awG;awm MuHqvmMu jyefonf/
urÇmBuD;ukdvnf;aumif;? urÇmay:&Sd ouf&Sd oufrJht&m0w¬K rsm;ukdvnf;aumif; wpfpkHwpfOD;u
zefqif;xm;jcif; jzpfrnf[k rjrifrawGUEkdifaom pGrf;tm;&Sifukd azmfxkwf vmMuonf/
xkdpGrf;tm;&Sif zefqif;&SifomvQif vlwkdY\ aus;Zl;&Sif? vlwkdY\ ukd;uG,f&m[lkí
,kHMunfvmMujyefonf/ xkdzefqif;&Sifonf tpOfxm0& wnf&SdaeNyD; rysufpD;Ekfdifaom
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
97
t&mjzpfonf[kkvnf; cH,lvmMuonf/ xkdtcdsefrS pí vlUurÇmwGif j'yfrJhtawG;jzifh zefwD;aom
bmomwpf&yf ay:aygufvmjyefavonf/
bDpD 3000-cefY aemufykdif;wGif vlUurÇmü j'yf&Sd? j'yfrJh wkdYukd tajccHaom tawG;0g'rsm;
xGef;um;vmonf/ tawG;0g'ukd tajccHí tawG;,Ofaus;rIrsm; xGef;um;vmonf/
tawG;,Ofaus;rIukd tajccHaom twwfrsm; ay:aygufvmonf/ tawG;,Ofaus;rI
rSwfwkdifBuD;rsm;tjzpf urÇmausmf ewfuGef;BuD;rsm; ay:aygufvmcJh avonf/
acwfOD; vlom;wkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ vlaerI pepfukd ewfbmoma&; tjrifjzifh zef wD;Muonf/
tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfukdvnf; ewf0g'jzifh azmfaqmifMuonf/ xkdtcg ewfbmomjzifh toufarG;aom
0efxrf;rsm; ay:aygufvmonf/ xkdewf0efxrf;wkdYonf rdrdwkdY ewfrsm;\ £'d¨yg'frsm;ukd csJUrTrf;í
a[majymMuonf/ obm0u&Sdaeaom ½kyf0w¬KpGrf;&nfwkdYukd ewf£'d¨yg'ftjzpf jr§ifhwifay;Muonf/
ewfukd;uG,frI acwfpm;vmcsdefwGif pdwftawG;jzifh arG;xkwfaom twwfynmrsm;vnf;
xGef;um;vmonf/ rEÅeftwwf? aA'iftwwf? ewfa[mtwwf? arSmftwwf? ,ZfylaZmfa&;
ponfwkdYrSm pdwftawG;jzifh arG;xkwfxm;aom vkyfief;rsm; jzpfonf/
urÇmhorkdif;OD;u wDxGifxm;aom ewfrsm;ukd avhvmvQif obm0½kyfypönf; rsm;ukdom awGU&rnf
jzpfonf/ ½kyfypönf;rsm;onf obm0tavsmuf jzpfwnfaeaom t&m0w¬Krsm;om jzpfonf/
touf0dnmOf&Sdaom owå0grsm; r[kwfay/
aemufykdif;acwfrsm;wGif opfyif? awm? awmif? ausmufwkH;? rkdBudK;? jrpf? acsmif; paom ½kyf0w¬K
tajrmuftjrm;ukdvnf; touf0dnmOf &Sdonf[k xifrSwfí qnf;uyf ukd;uG,fvmMuonf/
urÇmhorkdif;OD; bmom0g'rsm;udk avhvmaomtcg-
(1) j'yf&Sd ½kyfypönf;wkdYukd ukd;uG,faom 0g'?
(2) j'yfrJh pdwful;,Of zefqif;&Sif ukd;uG,faom 0g' -
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
98
[lí ESpfrsdK; ESpfpm;ukd awGYMu&avonf/
þESpfrsdK;vkH;rSm vlwkdY\ tmomqE´t& pdwftawG;jzifh zefwD;xm;aom ukd;uG,f&m bmomrsm;
jzpfonf/
ur¦mhorkdif;OD;wGif þuJhokdY pdwful;,Of tawG;bmomwkdY\ jrpfzsm;cH&m a'owkdYrSm tD*spf?
rufqkdykdawrD;,m;a'o? aAADvkHeD;,m;? tdE´d,? w½kwf? *&d? a&mr ponfh EkdifiHrsm; jzpfonf/
txufyg a'orsm;rS ukd;uG,frIrsm;rSm aemiftcgwGif urÇmwpf0ef;okdY ysHUESHYoGm; onf/
EkdifiHtcsif;csif; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fMu&mrS ukd;uG,frI bmom,Ofaus;rIrsm;vnf;
a&muf&SdfoGm;Muonf/
xkdukd;uG,frIrsm;teuf ewfukd;uG,frIrsm;onf jrefrmEkdifiHokdYvnf; ul;pufysHUESHY vmcJhonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHokdY a&muf&Sdvmaom ewfrsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh tdEd´,EkdifiHrS wifoGif;vmaom ewfrsm;
jzpfayonf/
jrefrmwkdY ewfukd;uG,frI
jrefrmwkdYonf vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; 4000 (bDpD 2000 ) cefYu jrefrmEkdifiHwGif; okdY
ra&mufvmMuao;/ xkdtcsdefu jrefrm[k ac:wGifvmrnfh vlrsdK;rsm;onf w½kwfjynf
taemufajrmufa'oü tajccs aeMuonf/ xkdpOfu jrefrmwkdY\ emrnfukd ] csdtJef } ( Chang ) [k
ac:onf/
csdtJefvlrsdK;wkdYonf taMumif;trsdK;rsfdK;aMumifh a&TUajymif;vmcJhMu&m jrefrmEkdifiH wGif;okdY at'D 5-
&mpkavmufwGif 0ifa&mufvmcJhMuavonf/
csdtJefwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiH ajrjyefYa'ookdY ra&mufvmrDu ewfukd;uG,frI "avhrsm; &SdcJhonf[k
orkdif;okawoDwkdYu qkdMu\/ csdtJefwkdY ukd;uG,faom ewfrsm;rSm tdrfaxmifpkewf? v,fewf?
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
99
awmif,mewf? awmewf? opfyifewfwkdY jzpfonf/ xkdYjyif oD;ESHzGHUNzKd;atmif jyKvkyfaom ewfrsm;ukd
,ZfylaZmfaom tavhtxvnf; &Sdonf[k qkdygonf/ jrefrmwkdY a&S;ODukd;uG,faom
ewfrsm;rSmvnf; ½kyfypönf;wkdYukd 0dnmOf&Sdonf[k xifí ukd;uG,fjcif;rsm;om jzpfygonf/
csdtJefwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;okdY a&mufvmNyD;aemuf ] jrefrm } [laom trnfukd cH,lvkdufMu\/
jrefrmwkdYonf ajrjyefYa'owGif ysLvlrsdK;wkdYESifh aygif;oif;Mu&onf/ ysLwkdYxHrS ,Ofaus;trIrsm;ukd
enf;,lMuonf/
xkdtcsdefü ysKvlrsdK;wkdYonf t"dutm;jzifh ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomukd ukd;uG,fMuaomfvnf;
[dE´LjAm[®Pbmom? r,m,mebmom? e*g;ukd;uG,frIpaom t,l0g' rsm;vnf; &Sdae\/
jrefrmwkdYonf ysLEkdifiHawmfukd vufajymif;í tkyfcsKyfMu&mwGif ysLvlrsdK;wkdY txHrS ukd;uG,f&m
,Ofaus;rIrsm;ukdvnf; cH,lcJhMuonf/ xkdtxJwGif ewfukd;uG,frIvnf; yg0ifvmcJhonf/ ysLwkdYxHrS
vufqifhurf; ukd;uG,fMuaom ewfrsm;rSmvnf; rsm;jym;vSonf/ xkdtxJwGif
odMum;ewfukd;uG,frIonf a&SUwef;u &Sdaeavonf/
odMum;ewf ukd;uG,frI
odMum;ewf ukd;uG,frIonf tdEd´,EkdifiHwGif txl;ta&;ygvSonf/ odMum;ewfukd
ouåwbmomjzifh ] £`E´ } [k ac:\/ ygVdbmomjzifh ] £E´ } [k ac:\/ okdYaomfvnf;
ouú[laom a0g[m&jzifh tokH;rsm;onf/ ouúa0g[m&ukd jrefrmwkdYu ] odMum; } [k jyefqkfd
ac:a0:cJhMuonf/
xkdodMum;ewfonff a&S;a[mif;jAm[®Pusrf;rsm;üomru Ak'¨pmayxJüvnf; tcgrvyf
awGU&Sdae&aom ewfrif;BuD; jzpfonf/ xkdewf jzpfay:vmaom orkdif;aMumif;ukd avhvmaomtcg
tm&d,efvlrsdK;wkdYu pwifukd;uG,fvmaMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/ odMum;rif; jzpfpOfum; þokdYwnf;/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
100
bDpD 2000-cefYwGif ta&SUbuf tm&Swkduf tv,fykdif;txd us,fjyefYaom jrufcif;a'orsm;wGif
r,Ofr½kdif; vlrsdK;rsm; aexkdifcJhMuonf/ xkdvlrsdK;rsm;onf rl&if;a'orS t&yfav;rsufESmokdY
c&D;qefYMu&m tcsdKUu taemufbuf? tcsdKUu awmifbuf? tcsdKUu ta&SUbufqDokdY
OD;wnfvmcJhMuonf/
ta&SUbufqDokdY OD;wnfvmcJhMuaom vlrsdK;rsm;onf tdEd´,EkdifiH taemufajrmufa'o&Sd
ckdifbmawmifMum;vrf;rS wpfqifh jrif;&xm;rsm;jzifh 0ifa&mufvmMuonf/ xkdvlrsdK;rsm;ukd
]tm&d,ef } ( Aryan ) vlrsdL;[k ac:onf/
tm&d,efvlrsdK;wkdYonf tdE´Kjrpf0Srf;a'ookdY a&muf&SdvmMuNyD;aemuf a'ocHjzpfaom
'&mAD'D,efvlrsdK;wkdY\ ae&mrsm;ukd vk,ufwkdufckdufMuonf/ '&mAD'D,efwkdYonf tm&d,efwkdY\
wkdufckdufrIukd wkHYjyefwkdufckdufMuonf/ okdYaomfvnf; tm&d,efwkdYukd rwGef;vSefEkdifMu/ xkdYaMumifh
tdE´Kjrpf0Srf;a'oukd ypfcGmí **Ffgjrpf0Srf;a'ookdY ajymif;a&TUoGm;Mu&onf/ þwGif
tdE´Kjrpf0Srf;a'oukd tm&d,efwkdYu pdk;rkd; tkyfcsKyfcJhMuavonf/
tm&d,efwkdYonf tdE´Kjrpf0Srf; a'ookfdY ra&mufvmrDuyif ewfukd;uG,frIrsm; yg&SdvmcJhonf/
,if;wkdY\ t"duukd;uG,f&mrSm £E´ac: odMum;ewf jzpfonf/ £E´ewfonf 0&Zdefvufeufac:
rkd;BudK;vufeufukd ukdifaqmifol jzpfonf/
a&S;OD; tm&d,efvlrsdK;wkdYonf rkd;BudK;ypfjcif;ukd tvGefaMumuf&GHUovkd tvGefvnf; tHhMoMuonf/
rkd;BudK;ypfjcif;onf tvGefpGrf;&nf jyif;xefaom ewfBuD;\ wefckd;tmEkabmfaMumifh jzpfonf[k
cH,lMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh rkd;BudK;vufeuf ykdif&SifBuD;ukd £`E´ (£E´) odMum;ewf[lí ac:a0:vsuf
ukd;uG,fcJhMuonf/
tdE´Kjrpf0Srf;okdY a&muf&Sdvmaomtcg rkd;BudK;vufeufykdif&Sif odMum;ewfBuD;onf
ewftm;vkH;wkdY\bk&if jzpfvmavonf/ tjcm;ewfrsm;xuf wefckd;£'d¨yg'fukd jr§ifhwifay;Muonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
101
odMum;jzpf&yf tw¬KyÜwfwkdYukd csJUrTrf; a&;om;vmMu\/ ygVdtbd"mefESifh #Dumusrf;wkdYü
odMum;ewf\ *kPfyk'fukd 37-yk'frQ xkwfjyxm;avonf/
aemiftcgü tm&d,efwkdYonf odMum;ewfukd bmoma&;avmuxJokdY oGwfoGif;NyD;vQif
t"duae&mü xm;&SdMuonf/ £E´ac: odMum;ewfonf tm&d,efvlrsdK;wkdY ukd;uG,faom ewfBuD;
33-yg;wkdYwGif tBuD;qkH;aom ewfBuD;tjzpf a&SUwef;ü xm;&SdMucJh Muavonf/
tdEd´,EkdifiHü ewfukd;uG,frI xGef;um;vmcsdefwGif vlwkdYonf rdrdwkdYukd,fukd ewf rsdK; ewfEG,fjzpfol?
ewfukd;uG,foltjzpf *kPf,l ajymqkdvmMuonf/ ewfwkdYESifh aqGrdsK; pyfvmMuonf/ rdrdwkdYukd,fukd
ewfuarG;zGm;vmol ] ewfom; } (a'0ykwå) [lí *kPf,l ajymqkdMuonf/ aemiftcgwGif
tdEd´,EkdifiHü tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfaom uedoQurif;onf ] a'0ykwå } (ewfom;) [laom bGJUukd
cH,lcJhzl;avonf/
Ak'¨bk&m;\ omoemh0efxrf; &[ef;awmfwkdYukd ] bk&m;om;awmf } [k *kPf,lí ac:qkdcJhMuonf/
ewfukd;uG,folwkdYuvnf; rdrdukd,fukd ] ewfom; } [k ac:qkdMuonfrSm tqef;r[kwfawmhacs/
ewforkdif;xJrS odMum;ewfrif; jzpfpOfukd avhvm&mü xkdewfonfvnf; orkdif;OD; u
ukd;uG,fMuaom obm0ukd;uG,frIbmomrS arG;xkwfxm;aom t,ltqjzpfaMumif;awGU&NyD/
odMum;ewfrSm vQyfppf"mwfaMumifh rkd;BudK;ypfwwfaom obm0ukd ewftjzpf ukd;uG,fcJhMujcif;
jzpfayonf/
odMum;ewf ukd;uG,frIonf jrefrmEkdifiHokdY oa&acwå&macwfuyif ul;a&mufvmcJhonf/
ysLwkdYvufrS jrefrmrmwkdYu vufqifhurf; ukd;uG,fcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHü twGif; 37-
rif;ewfpm&if;üvnf;aumif;? tjyif 37-rif; ewfpm&if;üvnf;aumif; tjcm; ewf&mxl;ae&m
tawmfrsm;rsm;üvnf;aumif; yg0ifaeaom ewfZmwfvkdufBuD; jzpfayonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
102
jrefrmha&S;OD;&mZ0ifwkdYukd avhvmvQifvnf; odMum;rif;ukd ae&mcyfrsm;rsm;ü awGU&onf/
oa&acwå&mjynf wnf&mwGifvnf; odMum;rif; ygonf/ ysLapmxD;rif; eef;wuf&mwGifvnf;
odMum;rif;u vuf0Jvufukd rçí eef;wifonf[k qkdonf/ þae&mü odMum;rif;qkdonfrSm
trwfwpfOD;u odMum;rif; t0wfwefqmwkdYukfd 0wfqifí eef;wifjcif;jzpfaMumif;
&mZ0HoZmvdeDusrf;q&mu aumufcsufcsjyxm;&m obm0usaom &mZ0if[mowpfyk'f jzpfyg\/
ol&ówDewf ukd;uG,frI
a&S;OD;tm&d,efwkdYonf tdEd´,taemufajrmufa'oukd pdk;rkd;aepOf ,Ofaus;rI tawG;tjrifopfrsm;ukd
azmfxkwfMuonf/ bmoma&;\ tajccH jzpfvmrnfh ukd;uG,frIqkdif&m pmayrsm;ukd a&;om;
jyKpkMuonf/ xkdpmayrsm;ukd aA'usrf;[lí ac:qkdMu\/
aA'usrf;rsm; ay:aygufcJh&m a'oum; *sr®em; (,rkem) jzpfESifh qwåvufjrpf tMum;&Sd
q&qGwDjrpfnma'o jzpfonf/ q&qGwDjrpfonf a&S;OD;tm&d,efwkdYtwGuf tudsK;&Sdaom
jrpfjzpf\/ tm&d,efwkdYonf acwfOD;"avht& rdrdwkdYtwGuf tusdK;jyKaeaom q&qGwDjrpfukdvnf;
ukd;uG,f&mtjzpf owfrSwfcJhMuonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkdYonf {&m0wDjrpfukd rdrdwkdYtm; aus;Zl;jyKaeaomaMumifh ] trd{&m0wD } [k
ac:ouJhokdY tm&d,efwkdYuvnf; rdrdwkdY\ jrpfukd ] trdq&qGwD } [k wifpm;í ac:qkfdcJhMuonf/
xkdrSwpfqifh ukd;uG,frI toGifajymif;vmaom tcgüvnf; q&qGwDonf ewfrdr,fwpfOD;
jzpfvm&avonf/
[dE´LwkdYu **Fgjrpfukd twGwftjrwf xm;MuouJhokdY tm&d,efwkdYu q&qGwDjrpf ukd
tav;tjrwfxm;í ylaZmfMu\/ q&qGwD jrpfurf;ezl;ü ylaZmfyGJrsm; jyKvkyfí *gxm AE¨wkdYjzifh
zGJUqkdylaZmfjcif;? aw;oDcsif;rsm; oDukH;&Gwfqkdjcif;? vkd&mqkukd awmif;jcif;paom tcrf;tem;rsm;ukd
jyKvkyfMuonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
103
a0'acwf a&mufvQif q&qGwDewforD;ukd jrpfewforD;tjzpfom rubJ EIwfukd apmifhaom
ewforD;? yD,0gpm pum;ukd ajymqkdwwfaom ewforD;tjzpf ,kHMunfvmMu jyefonf/
q&qGwDewforD; wefckd;BuD;vmojzifh ,if;ewfESifh ywfoufaom wefckd;ukd zGJUqkdonfh pmayrsm;
tajrmuftjrm; &Sdvmonf/ wefckd;trsdK;rsdK;ukd jr§ifhwif zGJUqkdMuonf/
&d*fa0'usrf;ü q&qGwDewforD;onf ae v ork'´&mESifh avmuBuD;wpfckvkH;ukd apmifhMuyfol
jzpfonf/ olUtm; ukd;uG,folwkdYukd qif;&Juif;atmif jyKonf/ csrf;omoGm;atmif
apmifha&Smufonf/ ynm[lorQukd tpkd;&ol jzpfonf/ tylaZmfcHol ewfrsm;wGif tjrwfqkH;
jzpfonf/ owå0g rSeforQukfd tNrJapmifhMuyfaeojzifh ewfwkdif;u av;pm;&ol jzpfonf[k qkd\/
q&qGwDewforD; ukd;uG,frIonf aemiftcgwGif [dE´LbmomwGif;okdY 0ifa&mufvmonf/
[dE´LwkdY\ vufxJokdY a&mufvmaomtcg wefckd;opfrsm;ukd zefwD;ay;Mujyefonf/
ewforD;onf EIwfxGufpum;ukdomrubJ twwfynmtm;vkH;ukd apmifhMuyfaom ewforD;?
wl&d,m? uAsmESifh pmayynmukd tpkd;&ol? ouúwbmomukd wDxGifol ewforD; [lí
,kHMunfvmMujyefonf/ ,kHMunfrI wkd;rsm;vmoavmuf ukd;uG,folwkdYvnf; rsm;jym;vmonf/
½kyfwk ½kyfyGm;rsm; xkvkyfukd;uG,fvQif vkd&mod'd¨ NyD;ajrmufrnf[k txif&Sdí ½kyfwkrsm; xkyfvkyfí
ukd;uG,fcJhMuavonf/
q&qGwDukd;uG,frIonf aemiftcgwGif Ak'¨bmom twGif;okdYvnf; a&muf&Sdvmonf/
Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdYu ygVdbmomjzifh ] ol&ówD } [k ac:Muonf/
Ak'¨bmom xJokdY ol&ówDukd;uG,frI a0'ea&muf&Sdvmaomtcgü ol&ówDa'0Dr,fonf yd#uwf
3-ykHukd apmifha&Smufaom ewforD;[lí wefckd;opfwpfrsdK;ukd wkd;í zefwD;ay; Mujyefonf/
xkdYaMumifh ewf½kyfykHukd xkvkyfMu&mwGif vufxJü yd#uwfpmtkyfrsm;ukd ukdifaqmifí
xkvkyfMuonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
104
ol&ówDonf a0'acwfrS [dE´Lacwf? Ak'¨bmomacwftxd wefckd;BuD;aom? *kPfBuD;aom
ewfrdr,fwpfOD; jzpfaeonf/ avmuü *kPfBuD;olwkdYESifh aqGrsdK;awmfpyf&vQif *kPf,lí
ajymMuouJhokdY *kPfBuD;aom ol&ówDESifh aqGrsdK;pyfí *kPf,lcJhMuaom pmayrsm;vnf;
ay:aygufvmonf/ ol&ówDESifh aqGrsdK;pyfaom ykHjyifZmwfvrf;wkdYukd wDxGifa&;om;Muonf/
ol&ówDr,fawmfonf r[mrked&aohBuD;ESifh ork'´ewfrdzk&m;wkdYu arG;zGm;xm; aMumif;? yxrwGif
ork'´&müaeNyD; aemufykdif;wGif ork'´&mrSwpfqifh [dr0EÅmawmifxGwfwpfckjzpfonfh
auvmoawmifokdY [oFm,mOfukd pD;í ajymif;a&TUoGm;aMumif;? [oFm,mOf pD;oGm;pOf olUukd,frS
usvmaom a&puf a&aygufrsm;rSm jrpfwpfjrpf jzpfoGm;aMumif;? xkdjrpfukd ol&ówDjrpf[k
ac:aMumif;? a&;om;jyMuonf/
þZmwfvrf;rSm ] &aohwkdYvuf&m ykHjyifpm } [k qkdEkdifonf/ &aohwkdYonf ol&ówDukd
arG;xkwfcJhaom zciftjzpf aqGrsdK;pyfxm;cJhonf/
jAm[®Pyl&mPfusrf;wGifrl jA[®mBuD;onf rdrdukd,frS pifMu,faom aoG;jzifh trsKd;orD;wpfOD;ukd
zefqif;cJhonf/ xkdtrsdK;orD;rSm ol&ówDyif jzpfonf/ ol&ówDonf tpykdif;u jA[®mBuD;\
orD;jzpfaomfvnf; aemufykdif;wGif jA[®mBuD;uyif jyefvnfodrf;ykdufvkdufaomaMumifh jA[®mhZeD;
jzpfoGm;jyefonf/
[dE´LwkdYonf ol&ówDukd enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh aqGtrsdK;pyfum *kPf,l0ifh<um;cJhMuavonf/
[dE´LwkdY ,kHMunfukd;uG,frIjzpfaom ol&ówDukd;uG,frIonf ,cktcsdefwGif eDaygEkdifiHüvnf;
,kHMunfukd;uG,fvsuf &SdMu\/ eDaygwGif ESpfpOf ol&ówDewforD;tm; ylaZmfonfh yGJawmf&ufukd
wpf&uf owffrSwfxm;onf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
105
jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkdYonfvnf; ol&ówDukd;uG,frIukd [dE´LwkdY ,kHMunfonfhtwkdif;yif rdwåLul;í
vufcH ,kHMunfMuonf/ ykHawmf ykH½kyfrsm; xkvkyf ½kdufESdyfí ukd;uG,fMuonf/ *kPfyk'f*gxm
tjzmjzmwkdYjzifh &GwfyGm;ylaZmfMuonf/ ol&ówDukd jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkdYu twGif; 37-rif;ac:
ewfpm&if;ü xnfhoGif;xm;Muonf/
jrpfwpfjrpf\ emrnfukd ewftoGif ,kHrSwfí qnf;uyfukd;uG,fvmMu&mrS
xifay:ausmfMum;vmaom ol&ówDewforD;\ ½kyfykHvTmrsm;onf jrefrmjynf&Sd tcsdKUtdrfrsm;ü
wefckd;xGm;um 0ihf<um;aeavonf/
uGrf,ifr,fawmf ukd;uG,frI
uGrf,ifr,fawmfonf twGif; 37-rif;? tjyif 37-rif; ewfpm&if;wkdYü ryg/ a&S;acwfu
ukd;uG,faom tykdewfpm&if;xJüvnf; r&Sd/ rMumrDuyif jrefrmEkdifiHokdY a&muf&Sdvmaom
w½kwfjynf\ oGif;ukefewfwpfOD; jzpfonf/
uGrf,if ( Kwan Yin ) ukd *syefbmomjzifh crfEGef[k ac:onf/ uGrf,ifr,fawmf qkdaom ewfonf
r[m,me*kdPf;BuD;rS t"duxm;í ukd;uG,faom t0avmudawo& bk&m;avmif;rS
qifhyGm;,lxm;aom ewfjzpfonf/ t0avmudawo&onf rlvu yk&dovdifjzpfaom ewfwpfyg;
jzpfonf/ at'D 8-&mpk aemufykdif;a&mufrS £wd¬vdiftoGif ajymif;í ukd;uG,fcJhMujcif; jzpfonf[k
tcsdKUu qkd\/
uGrf,ifr,fawmf jzpfay:vmykHukd trsdK;rsdK; a&;om; ajymqkdMuonf/ r[m,me *kdPf;om;wkdYonf
[dE´LwEÅ&*kdPf;ukd twk,lí r[m,mewEÅ&*kdPf;ukd xlaxmifMuonf/ [dE´LwEÅ&*kdPf;wGif
a'0Dewfr,f toG,foG,fukd zefwD;xm;ouJhokdY r[m,mewEÅ&*kdPf;uvnf; a'0DewfyGm;
tpm;pm;ukd zefwD;Muonf/
r[m,merS t0avmudawo& bk&m;avmif;ukdvnf; Muif&mawmftjzpf
ynmyg&rdwmewfr,m;ukd arG;zGm;ay;vkdufonf/ þewforD;rSm bkef;BuD;rsm;om ukd;uG,fcGifh
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
106
&Muonf/ xkdYaMumifh omrefvl0wfaMumifrsm; ukd;uG,f&ef r[mpdewm&ma'0D ewforD;ukd
wDxGifay;Mu&jyefonf/ xkdpdewm&mewforD;ukd w&kwfvkd uGrf,if[kac:aom
t0avmudawo&\ rsuf&nfrSjzpfaom MumyGifhrS zGm;jrifcJhonf[kvnf; tqkd&Sdonf/
xkdpdewm&ma'0DewforD;ukdyif uGrf,ifr,fawmftjzpf xkvkyff ukd;uG,fcJhMuonf[kvnf;
qkdjyefonf/
tcsdKYuvnf; uGrf,ifukd t0avmudawo&tjzpf yk&dovdifESifh &SdpOfu trsdK;orD;rsm; ukd;uG,fcGifh
r&cJhMu/ xkdYaMumifh t0avmudawo&ukdyif £wd¬vdiftoGifajymif;í ukd;uG,fcJhMuonf[k
qkdjyefonf/
uGrf,ifr,fawmfonf avmuom;rsm; tay:ü om;orD;uJhokdY arwåm u&kPm rsdK;jzifh
u,fwifapmifha&Smufwwfonf[k t,l&SdMu\/ uGrf,ifESifh ywfoufí '@m&D Zmwfvrf;
cyfqef;qef;rsm;vnf; rsm;pGm &Sdonf/
ynmyg&rdwm ewforD;? pdewm&ma'0D? uGrf,ifr,fawmfpaom trnftrsdK;rsdK; wkdY\ tajccHrSm
t0avmudawo& bk&m;avmif;yif jzpfonf/ t0avmudawo&rS aygufyGm;aom pdwåZ½kyfyGm;
a'0Drsm;omwnf;/
t0avmudawo& ukd;uG,frIonf jrefrmEkdifiHokdY oa&acwå&macwfuyif a&muf&SdcJhzl;NyD jzpfonf/
xkdpOfu t0avmudawo&rSm ykqkd;0wfjzifh vma&muf ukd;uG,f cHcJhonf/ uGrf,ifr,fawmf
qkdolum; w½kwfjynfbufrS vSnfhí xbD0wfjzifh Nyefvnf0ifa&mufvmjcif;om jzpfavonf/
N*dK[fewf ukd;uG,frI
N*dK[fewf ukd;uG,frIonf jrefrmEkdifiHokdY tdEd´,rSyif a&muf&SdvmcJhonf/ xkdN*dK[fewf ukd;uG,frI\
jzpfzsm;cH&m a'orSm tdEd´,EkdifiH r[kwfay/ urÇmhtapmqkH; N*dK[fukd;uG,frIukd aAADvkefeD;,m;acwfrS
pí awGU&Sd&onf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
107
tenf;i,f &Sif;ygOD;rnf/
rufqkdykdawrD;,m;a'owGif tajccsaeMuaom qlrm&D,efvlrsdK;wkdYonf tcsif;csif;
ppfNydKifwkdufckdufMuaomaMumifh bDpD 3000-cefYrS aemufykdif;wGif wjznf;jznf; wdrfaumvmcJhonf/
xkdYaemuf rufqkdykdawrD;,m;a'oonf qD;rkduftEG,f0if arm&dwvlrsdK;wkdY\ vufatmufokdY
usa&mufcJh&onf/ xkdvlrsdK;wkdYonf aAADvkefeD;,m;NrdKUawmfukd wnfaqmufcJhMu\/ ,if;NrdKUawmfukd
tpGJjyKí aAADvkefeD;,m;vlrsdK;[lí ac:wGifvmMuonf/
aAADvkefvlrsdK;wkdYonf qlrm&D,ef ,Ofaus;rIrS ewfrsm;ukd qufvuf ukd;uG,fMuonf/
xkdvlrsdK;wkdYonf aumif;uifrS N*dK[ftaetxm;wkdYukd Munfhí tem*wfukd a[majymMuonf/
aumif;uif&Sd t*Fg? Ak'¨[l;? Mumoyaw;? aomMum? pae [laom N*dK[fBuD; 5-vkH;wkdYonf
vlom;wkdY\ tem*wf uHMur®mukd vTrf;rkd;Ekdifonf[k ,lqcJhMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh N*Kd[fBuD; 5-vkH;ukd
bk&m;BuD; 5-qltjzpf owfrSwfí ylaZmfukd;uG,fcJhMuonf/
urÇmhvlom;wkdY okH;pGJaeaom aeYtrnfrsm;rSm ¤if;wkdY\ t,ltqrSyif ayguf zGm;cJhayonf/
azmfjyyg N*dK[fBuD; 5-vkH;xJokdY aeESifhv ESpfyg;ukd aygif;xnfhaomtcg ckepfyg; jzpfvmonf/
xkdckepfyg;ukd &Sdckd;ylaZmfaom tavhtxonf qD;&D;,m;okdY ul;a&mufoGm; aomtcg wpfaeYvQif
bk&m;wpfqluspD ukd;uG,faom "avhwpf&yf ay:aygufvmonf/
xkdbk&m; ckepfqlukd &Sdckd;&mwGif 7-&ufaphwkdif; wpfywfvnfojzifh aemiftcgwGif
N*dK[fewftrnfrsm;onfyif aeYemrnfrsm; jzpfvmonf/ aeewfbk&m;tm; ylaZmfonfhaeYukd aeaeY
(we*FaEGaeY)? vç ewfbk&m;tm; ylaZmfonfh aeYukd vç aeY (wevFmaeY) ponfjzifh toD;oD;
ac:a0:cJhMuonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
108
þt,ltqonf tdEd´,okdY a&muf&SdjyefYyGm;vm\/ tdEd´,okdY a&mufcsdefwGif N*dK[fwkdY\ £'d¨yg'fukd
jr§ifhwifxm;MuNyD/ N*dK[fewfwkdYukd t&yf&SpfrsufESmü ae&mcsxm;í tykdkdifpm; ay;xm;Muonf/
pdwful;,OfjzpfpOfwkdYukd wDxGifxm;Muonf/
tdEd´,u jyKjyifxkwfvkyfvkdufaom N*dK[fewfrsm;rSm 9-ckrQ &Sdonf/ we*FaEGN*dK[f? wevFm? t*Fg?
Ak'¨[l;? Mumoyaw;? aomMum? pae? &m[k? udwfN*dK[fwkdY jzpfonf/ xkdtxJwGif
udwfN*dK[fqkdonfrSm twdwfpGJ edrdwfpGJvu©Pmukd ac:qkdxm;aom trnfjzpf onf/
,if;udwfrSm 3-rsdK;jym;\/
(1) ajrjyifudwf/ / ajray:rSm tckd;tvQH xGufjcif;? ta&mift0g jyjcif;ponfukd ac:onf/
(2) tEÅ&udwf/ / NrdKYjy *lausmif; pkvpfrGef;cRef opfyifwkdYrS jzpfaom edrdwfukd ac:onf/
(3) aumif;uifudwf/ / aumif;uifrS Ouúmusjcif;? vMuwfjcif;? wdrfwHcGef? Mu,fwHcGef paom
edrdwfwkdYukd ac:onf/
xkdtwdwf edrdwfwkdYuvnf; vlom;wkdY\ b0Mur®m tajymif;tvJukd jzpfapwwfonf[k ,kHMunf
xifrSwfMuonf/ vlwkdYonf N*dK[fewfrsm; cspfcifap&eftwGuf N*dK[fewf 9-OD;ukd ylaZmfMuonf/
xkdN*dK[fBuD; 9-vkH;ukd ylaZmfaom "avhonf tdEd´,rS wpfqifh jrefrmEkdifiHokdY a&muf&SdcJhonf/
jreffrmwkdY\ N*dK[fBuD; 9-vkH; ylaZmfyGJwGif bk&m;ESifh &[EÅm 8-yg;wkdYukd yl;wGJxnfhoGif;xm;Mu\/
Ak'¨bmomESifh vkdufzufap&ef zefwD;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/
xkdYaMumifh jrefrmwkdYu ] ukd;qlqGrf;uyf } [kvnf; ac:Muonf/ tcsdKUu ] N*dK[fpmauR;yGJ }
[kvnf;ac:Muonf/
þbk&m;ukd;ql qGrf;uyf"avhrSm jrefrmwkdYu wDxGifxm;jcif; r[kwf/ xkdif;EkdifiH Zif;r,frS wpfqifh
ul;jyefYvmonf[k qkfdavonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
109
jrefrmEkdifiHü tcsdKUbk&m; ykxkd;rsm;wGif bk&m;ESifh wGJívnf;aumif;? bk&m;0if; twGif;üvnf;aumif;
N*dK[f½kyf N*dK[fwkdifrsm;ukd jyKvkyfavh &SdMuonf/ wpfcsdefuqkdvQif jrefrmEkdifiH\ *kPfaqmifjzpfaom
a&Twd*kHapwDawmfBuD; ajcawmf&if;rSmyif N*dK[f½kyfBuD;rsm;ukd wnfxm;cJhMuzl;onf/ Ak'¨bmomukd
tusnf;wefapaom o½kyfjy jrifuGif;rsm; jzpfcJhayonf/
aumif;uif&Sd N*dK[frsm;onf vlUurÇmESifh vlom;wkdYtm; tqkd;taumif;ukd
jyKvkyfay;Ekdifoavm[laom ykpämukd ,aeY odyHÜynm&SifwkdY avhvmaeMuqJ jzpfayonf/
a&S;acwfu cH,lcJhaom N*dK[fESifh ywfoufonfh t,ltqrsm;rSm tEkrmetm;jzifh
&rf;qukd;uG,fjcif;rQom jzpfayonf/ N*dK[fESifhywfoufaom ,Ofaus;rIrsm;rSmvnf; pdwf
tawG;jzifh arG;xkwfxm;aom '@m&Do½kyfrsm;om jzpfavonf/
ewfBuD; 5-yg;ESifh a'0D 21-yg;
jrefrmjynfwGif tcsdKUyk*d¾KvfwkdYonf ewfBuD; 5-yg;ESifh a'0D 21-yg;wkdYukdvnf; ukd;uG,fMuonf/
xkdewfrsm;rSmvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh tdEd´,jynfom; ewfrsm; jzpfonf/
] ukd;qlqGrf;uyf } [k ac:aom N*dK[fpmauR;yGJwGifvnf; ewfBuD; 5-yg;twGuf xrif; 5-yGJ
jyifMu&onf/ jrefrmvlrsdK;wkdY\ EIwfzsm;ü ewfBuD; 5-yg;[k tajymrsm;Muaomf vnf;
ewfpm&if;ukdrl twdtus ajymEkdifol enf;yg;vSonf/ þokdY rajymEkdifjcif;rSmvnf; a&wGufykHrsm;
½IyfaxG;aeaomaMumifh jzpf\/
tcsdKUu odMum;rif;? aeewff? r[mydEJéewf? AdóEkd;ewf? uwJewfwkdYukd aumuf,lMuonf/
tcsdKUu y&rdoGmewf? aeewf? rD;ewf? AdóEkd;ewf? '@DewfwkdUukd aumuf,l Muonf/
tcsdKUu "w&|? 0d½lyu©? 0d½kVu? uka0&? y&rdoGmwkdYukd aumuf,lMuonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
110
tcsdKUu ol&ówD? p@D? y&rdoGm? r[mydEJé? aCm&rEÅewfwkdYukd aumuf,l Muonf/
tcsdKUu y&rdoGm? r[mydEJé? AdóEkd;? p@D? ol&ówDewfwkdYukd aumuf,lMuonf/
,ckacwf ukd;qlq&mwkdYurl ol&ówD? p@D? y&rdoGm? r[mydEJé? aCm&rEÅewf wkdYukd twnfjyKí
ylaZmfaeMuonf/ xkdewfBuD; 5-yg; qkdolwkdY\ orkdif;jzpfpOfukd avhvmvQifvnf; [dE´Lbmomü
yg0ifaeaom ewfrsm; jzpfonfukd awGU&\/ Ak'¨bmomESifh rnfokdYrQ qufEG,frI r&Sdacs/
ewfukd;uG,folwkdY avmuü a'0D 5-yg;? a'0D 12-yg;? a'0D 21-yg;[lí ewfrsm;ukd tkyfpkzGJUí
ukd;uG,frIrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ xkdtxJwGif a'0D21-yg;ac: ewfrdr,ftkyfpkonf *kdPf;avmuü
wGifus,fae\/ ,if; 21-OD;ukd *dkPf;orm;wkdYu 3-tkyfpk cGJjcm; xm;ygonf/
tkyfpk (1)wGif ol&ówDa'0D? pE´ma'0D? pED´a'0D? paE´a'0D? pE´ma'0D? rdEé&ma'0D?
r[ma'0D[lí 7-OD;?
tkyfpk (2)wGif ol&ówDa'0D? olZmr,f? yef;jrwfr,f? oZifr,f? Zmwdr,f?
rPdarcvmr,f? £&EéoDr,f[lí 7-OD; ?
tkyfpk (3)wGif raem[&dr,f? £&EéoDa'0D? em*&Da'0D? udEé&ma'0D? ol&ówDa'0D? r[dE´&ma'0D?
yd,ma'0D [lí 7-OD; yg0ifonf/
xkd 3-tkyfpkxJwGif ol&ówDonf tkyfpk 3-ckvkH;ü yg0ifaeonf/ tjcm; ewfr,fwkdYvnf; xyfwl
ygaeMu\/ ,if;ewfrdr,fwkdY\ emrnfrsm;ukd avhvmMunfhvQif Ak'¨bmom? [dE´Lbmom?
jrefrmbmom emrnfrsm;ukd awGY&onf/ tcsdKU ygVdemrnfrsm;vnf; rjzpfEkdifaom emrnfrsm;
jzpfonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
111
xkdewfrdr,f tkyfpkrSm cyfnHhnHh *kdPf;orm;wkdYu Mum;zl;em;0&Sdaom emrnfwkdYukd aygif;pk
ukd;uG,fcJhMuaom A½kyf½IyfaxG; ewftkyfpkwpfck jzpfavonf/
xkd 21-OD;a'0D aumfrwDukd ylaZmfukd;uG,fvQif vmbfaygjcif;? pnf;pdfrfOpöm wnfwHhjcif;?
MoZmtmPm &Sdjcif;? &mxl;wkd;wufjcif;? a>c&Hoif;yif; aygjcif;? tMum;tjrif &jcif;? taMumif;udpö
&SdvQif tultnD&jcif;paom tusdK;xl;w&m;rsm;ukd &&SdapEkdifonf[l í vljydef;BudKuf rufvkH;jzifh
pnf;½kH;xm;Muavonf/
jynfwGif;jzpfewfrsm; ukd;uG,frI
jrefrmwkdYonf tdEd´,EkdifiHjzpf ewfrsm;ukd ul;,lukd;uG,fcJhMuouJhokdY rdrdwkdY jynfwGif;üvnf;
ewfopfrsm;ukd arG;xkwfí ukd;uG,fcJhMuygonf/ r[m*d&dac: tdrfwGif;ewfESifh taygif;yg 7-OD;
ewftkyfpkonf jrefrmwkdY a&S;OD;wDxGif ukd;uG,fcJhaom ewfrsm;jzpfayonf/
jrefrmwkdYonf yk*HacwfwGif ewfopfrsm;ukd qufvufazmfxkwfcJh&m yk*Hacwf ukefcsdefü ewfOD;a&
22-OD;rQ &Sdvmonf/ xkdYaemufvnf; ewfopfrsm;ukd qufvuf azmfxkwfcJh&m yif;,acwfwGif 1-OD;?
tif;0acwfwGif 9-OD;? awmifilacwfwGif 5-OD; arG;xkwfcJhMuonf/ ewfaygif; 37-OD;rQ &Sdvmonf/
,if;ewfwkdYukd jrefrmwkdYu ] tjyif 37- rif; } [k ac:Muonf/
awmifilacwf aemufykdif;wGif ewfwDxGifrIrsm; wdrfjrKyfoGm;\/ ewfq&mwkdYuvnf; ewfOD;a&ukd
37-OD;xuf ykdapcsif[ef rwlay/ xkdYaMumifh awmifilacwfukefwGif ewfrSwfykHwifvkyfief;ukd
ydwfxm;vkdufMuonf/
tjyif 37-rif;ac: ewfpm&if;wGif odMum;ewfrS vGJvQif tm;vkH;rSm jynfwGif;jzpf ewfrsm;om
jzpfonf/ jrefrmewfESifh tdE´d,ewfwkdYukd avhvmvQif jcm;em;rI&Sdonf/ tdEd´,rSvmaom
ewfwkdYonf obm0ukd;uG,frIrS qif;oufvmaom ewfrsm;jzpfí trsm;tm;jzifh ½kyfypönf;wkdYukd
touf0dnmOfoGif;í ouf&Sdtjzpf ukd;uG,fcJhMujcif; jzpfonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
112
jrefrmjynfjzpf ewfwkdYum; jrefrmhorkdif;wGif &Sdaeaom &mZ0ifZmwfaumif toD;oD;wkdYu
jzpfoGm;aom ewfrsm;jzpfonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh ewfjzpfolwkdYrSm &mZ0ifxJu tpdrf;aoyk*d¾Kvfrsm;
jzpfonf/
xkdYjyif jrefrmwkdY\ ewfavmuü ] twGif; 37-rif; } ac:aom ewfrsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf/
xkdewfrsm;teuf 22-OD;aom ewfwkdYrSm jrefrmtrnfrsm;jzifh ac:a0:xm;aom aMumifh jynfwGif;jzpf
ewfrsm;yif jzpfEkdifygonf/
jrefrmwkdYu twGif; tjyif ac:aeaom ewfrsm;rSm yk*HNrdKU a&Tpnf;ckHbk&m;wHwkdif; twGif;&Sd
ewfrsm;ukd ] twGif; 37-rif; } [k ac:jcif; jzpfonf/ wHwkdif;tjyifbufü xm;aom ewf½kyfrsm;ukd
] tjyif 37-rif; } [k ac:aejcif; jzpfonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif 37-rif; ewfpm&if;ü ryg0ifaom a'oEÅ&ewfrsm;vnf; trsm;tjym; &Sdonf/
a&iefykdif OD;&SifBuD;? eHu&kdif;paom ewfrsm;onf emrnfBuD;rsm; jzpfonf/
,cktcg jrefrmEkdfifiH tESHYtjym;wGif &Gmawmf&Sif? NrdKUawmf&Sif? e,fawmf&Sifpaom ewfrsm;
a'owkdif;vkdyif &Sdaeonf/ ewfuGef; ewfeef; trsdK;rsdK;ukd wnfaxmifí ykHtrsdK;rsdK; xkvkyfum
ylaZmfyoaeMuonf/ ae&ma'otvkduf ewfyGJrsm; usif;yaeMuonf/
,cktcg awmifjyKef;t&yf&Sd ukvm;bDvl; ujym;nDaemif ewfyGJ? ycef; uleDewfyGJ ponfwkdYrSm
tvGef us,fajymaecJhNyD/ uleD ewfyGJ&ufrsm;qkdvQif ycef; ta&SUvufwGif ]]tjcm; yGJobifrsm;
rjyKvkyf&? ewfrBudKuf? }}[k qkdum OD;rif;ausmftmPmukd tiSm;okH;í xGifvkH;jzifh
wm;qD;xm;Muonf/ ewfyGJ pnfum;a&;twGuf wm;qD;xm;Mujcif;om jzpf ayonf/
,ck 10-pkESpftwGif;avmufrSmyif yk*¾vduewfukfd;uG,frI? uem;ay;rIrsm; acwfpm;vmonf/
&yfuGufwkdif;vkdvkdrSmyif toHcsJUpufukd acgifrkd;ay:? opfyifay:wifí atmf[pf qlnHaeaom
ewfaw;oH? ewf'kd;oHrsm;ukd em;rcHomatmif Mum;aeMu&onf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
113
pdwftawG;jzifh tvkyfvkyfolwkdYrSm em;½IyfaomaMumifh tvkyfrjzpfMu/ vGyfvyfpGm ukd;uG,fcGifhukd
taMumif;jyKí vlxkukd 'ku©ay;aeaom o½kyfysuf ,Ofaus;rIrsm;om jzpfayonf/
ewfyGJrsm; pnfum;vmjcif;? ewfuem;ay;yGJrsm; xlajymvmjcif;rSm ewfukd ,kHMunfukd;uG,fol
rsm;jym;vmjcif;yif jzpfonf/ ,aeY jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ewfyGJMuD;rsm; pnfum;aejcif; taMumif;rSm
vlwef;pm; 3-&yfukd tajccH\/ ,if;wkdYrSm-
(1) taysmfBuD;olrsm; ?
(2) tvkdBuD;olrsm; ?
(3) taMumufBuD;olrsm; jzpfMuonf/
txufyg pdwåZa0'emonf vlwef;pm;rsm;ukd tajccHxm;í ewfrsm; BuD;xGm; &SifoefaeMuonf/
xkdvlwef;pmrsm;teuf trSwf 2? 3- wkdYukd pdppfMunf&ygrnf/ trSwf2-vlwef;pm;rsm;rSm ewfukd
ukd;uG,fylaZmfjcif;jzifh rdrdwkdY pD;yGm; vmbfvmb wkd;yGm;vdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhcsufjzifh ylaZmfaeMujcif;
jzpfonf/
þae&mü rEkóaA'ynm&SifwkdY\ pum;ukd owd&zG,f jzpfonf/ rEkóaA'ynm&SifwkdYu-
]] xm0&bk&m;onf vlukd zefqif;xm;jcif; r[kwf/ vlwkdYuom xm0&bk&m;ukd zefqif;xm;jcif;
jzpfonf/ }} [k zefqif;&Sif0g'ukd awmfvSefjycJhMuonf/
xkdpum;ukd enf;rSD;í-
]] ewfwkdYonf vlukd r p Ekdifjcif; r&Sd/ vluomvQif ewfukd r p ae&jcif; jzpf onf/ }}
[k qkd&ayvdrfhrnf/
rSefygonf/ ewfwkdY wnf&SdaeonfrSm vlwkdYu ylaZmfukd;uG,f aeMuaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
vlom;wkdYu rukd;uG,fawmhNyDqkdvQif ewfrsm;vnf; aysmufuG,foGm;&rnfom jzpfonf/
ewfqkdonfrSm vlwkdY\ tawG;pdwfjzifh arG;xkwfxm;aom pdwåZ½kyfaqmifrsm;om jzpfaMumif;
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
114
em;vnftyfayonf/ urÇmwpfcGifwGif a&S;a[mif;orkdif;pOfukd avhvm&müvnf; xkdoabmukd
awGUodvm&rnf jzpfonf/
bDpD 5000-cefYrS pí ewfukd;uG,frI orkdif;ukd pwifcJh&m ,aeYtxd ewftajrmuftjrm;
ay:xGufcJhNyD/ tjcm; EkdifiHrsm;ukd xm;bdOD;/ tdEd´,EkdifiH wpfckwnf;rSmyif ewfaygif; 33-
uka#ausmfrQ arG;xkwf ylaZmfcJhMuonf/ vlom;wkdY\ pdwful;ÓPfrsm;oavmuf ewfrsm;vnf;
aygufyGm;cJh\/ xkdewfrsm;onf vlwkdYu ,kHMunfukd;uG,f aecsdefüom wnfwHhaecJhonf/ vlwkdY
r,kHMunf rukd;uG,fawmhvQif ewfrsm;vnf; aysmufuG,fukefMu&onf/
xkdYaMumifh ewfqkdonfrSm vlwkdYu zefqif;xm;aom t&mrsm; jzpfonf[k qkdvQifvnf;
vGeftHhrxif/ vlwkdYu zefqif;xm;aom ewfwkdYonf vlukdyif wnfrSDae&\/ xkdYaMumifhyif
ewfwkdYtm; vlwkdYu r p ae&jcif; jzpfonf[k qkdcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/
ewfwkdYonf vlwkdYtm; 'ku©a&mufatmif vkyfEkdifonf[k ,kHMunfaomaMumifh ukd;uG,folwkdYvnf;
&Sdonf/ yoolwkdYvnf; &Sdonf/ þ,kHMunfrIrSmvnf; vlwkdYuyif zefqif;ay;xm;aom?
tmPmay;xmaom ,kwdårJh ,kHMunfrIom jzpfonf/ wu,fwrf; qef;ppfvQif pdwåZvkyf&yf
xkdxkdewfwkdYonf vlom;wkdYtm; okcyGm;ap&ef twGufvnf; aumif;? 'ku©rsm;ap&ef
twGufvnf;aumif; bmrQ rjyKvkyfEkdifMuacs/ þokdY tawG;rSef tNrifrSef pdwf"mwfjzifh
okH;oyfvsuf qkH;jzwfEkdifMuap&m\/
bkd;awmf r,fawmf ukd;uG,frI
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif *kdPf;vkyfief;ukd vkdufpm;í bkd;awmf r,fawmf trnfcHolrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/
xkdyk*d¾Kvfrsm;onf tdEd´,rSvmaom *kdPf;usifhpOfwkdYukd avhusifhvsuf bkd;awmf trnfcHaeolrsm;
jzpfonf/ xkdbkd;awmfqkdolwkdYukd xGuf&yfaygufol? od'¨dajrmufol? vlwkdY\ 'ku©ukd u,fwifEkdifol
jzpfonf[k qkdum ukd;uG,folrsm;vnf; 'kESifha'; &Sdonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
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jrefrmEkdfifiHwGif bkd;awmftjzpfjzifh emrnfBuD;oGm;olrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ bkd;bkd;atmif? bkd;rif;acgif?
&SiftZÆa*gP? Am;rJhbkef;BuD;? &ufuef;pifawmif paom yk*d¾KvfwkdY jzpfonf/
,aeYacwfwGifvnf; jrefrmEkdfifiHü bkd;awmfESifh bkd;awmfjzpfatmif vkyfaeaom *kdPf;q&mrsm;
qufvuf ay:aygufaeonf/ rdrddukd,fukd bkd;awmftrnfcHolvnf; &Sdonf/
bkd;awmfftrnfrcHaomfvnf; bkd;awmftvkyfjzpfaom *kdPf;vkyfief;ukd q&mwpfql
vkyfaeolwkdYvnf; &Sdonf/
*kdPf;q&mqkdol tcsdKUwkdYonf bkd;awmf? bGm;awmf? r,fawmf? qm'l;? ol&ówD? a'0D 21-yg;?
twGif; 37-rif;? tjyif 37-rif;? aygufq&m? apq&m trsdK;rsdK;ukd ukd;uG,f aeMuonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHonf Ak'¨bmomEkdifiH jzpfonf/ okdYjzpfí *kdPf;q&m tcsdKUwkdYonf Ak'¨bmomt&dyfukd
ckdvIHí *kdPf;vkyfief;ukd jyKvkyfMuonf/ Ak'¨\ "r®a'oemwkdYukd od'd¨ayguf vkyfief;xJokdY
oGwfoGif;í tokH;csMuonf/ jzLpifaom Ak'¨bmomukd npfEGrf;atmif ta&mifvTrf;ay;aeMuonf/
*kdPf;q&mtrnfcH bkd;awmftcsdKUwkdYonf "mwfusonf[kqkdum "mwfbk&m;rsm;ukd
wnfxm;Muonf/ bk&m;bGJUawmfukdvnf; od'd¨a0g[m& ygatmif rSnfhac:Muonf/ ap? atmif?
uyfausmf paom a0g[m&wkdYjzifh ac:qkdMuonf/
*kdPf;q&m tcsdKUwkdYonf Ak'¨bmom y&d,wf? y#dywf vkyfief;ESifh rywfoufaom tvkyfrsm;ukd
omoemjyK vkyfief;BuD;ozG,f a&;BuD;cGifus,f a<u;aMumfatmf[pfvsuf EkdifiHwkefatmif
vkyfaqmifaeMuukef\/ om0u*kdPf;0if[k qkdaom aemufvkduf aemufygwkdYvnf;
tiftm;xkx,fESifh &SdaeNyD/
- tawG;tac: csnfheJYaom acwfynmwwfrsm;?
- qifjcifÓPf tm;enf;aom pD;yGm;"e&Sifrsm;?
- todynm EkeYfeJYaom vlNydef;rsm;?
- pdwful;,Ofb0ukd arQmfvifhaom avmb&Sifrsm;-
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
116
ponfjzifh trsdK;tpm; pkHvSayonf/
*kdPf;vkyfief;ukd ,kHMunfolwkdYonf *kdPf;q&mBuD;\ Mo0g'ukd wpfoa0rwdrf; vkdufemMuonf/
ajymorQukd em;axmifonf/ ckdif;orQukd vkyfaqmifonf/ þokdY vkdufemojzifh od'd¨wefckd;
trsdK;rsdK;wkdY a0NzdK;wkd;wufvmrnf[k,HkBunfonf/
xkdolwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ q&mBuD;ukd tpGrf;xufaom od'd¨&SifBuD;[lí xifrSwfMuonf/
xkdod'd¨&SifBuD;tm; axmufyHhvSL'gef;jcif;jzifh vufiif; vufawGU tusdK;aumif;w&m;rsm;
&&Sdvmrnf[k txif&SdMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh pD;yGm;"e&SifwkdYonf aiGaMu;rsm;pGmjzifh vSL'gef;
ylaZmfMuonf/ qif;&Jom;rsm;uvnf; wwftm;oa&GU zspfn§pfNyD; vSL'gef;Muonf/
*kdPf;q&mBuD;wkdYonf &&Sdvmaom aiGaMu;rsm;jzifh "mwfbk&m;rsm;ukd wnfxm;Muonf/
od'd¨½kyfyGm;rsm;ukd ylaZmfMuonf/ ewf½kyftrsdK;rsdK;ukd jyKvkyfMuonf/ 0dZÆm½kyfrsm; xkvkyfonf/
bkd;awmf½kyfrsm; oGef;avmif;onf/ N*dK[f½kyfrsm;ukd zefwD;onf/ þokdYjzifh *kdPf;\wnf&m XmewkdYü
pdwful;,Of ½kyfpkHjywkdufBuD;rsm; jzpfae\/ omref vlNydef;wkdY\ pdwfwGif txifBuD;p&m o½kyfjy
trTrf;wifrsm; jzpfaeavonf/
þuJhokdY o½kyfjy trTrf;wifrsm; vkyfjyEkdfifaomaMumifh *kdPf;q&mwkdYvnf; ykdí wefckd;BuD;vmonf/
tD*spfESifh qlrm&D,efwkdYacwfu ewfwkdY wefckd;BuD;rIonf vlwkdYu tm;ay;rIaMumifh jzpfouJhokdY
*kdPf;q&mwkdY wefckd;BuD;rIrSmvnf; vltrsm;u tm;ay;aeaomaMumifh jzpfayonf/
*kdPf;q&mwkdYonf vlwkdY\ 0kdif;0ef;tm;ay;rIaMumifh pdwfMuH&m NyD;pD;Ekdifaom pdEÅmr,d'd¨ wefckd;ukd
&&SdoGm;\/ a&TaiG&wemukd &&SdEkdifaom "eod'd¨ukd &&SdoGm;\/ þonfrSm vlrsm;u vkyfay;í
&&Sfdaom od'd¨rsm; jzpfonf/
okdY&mwGif ajrvQdK;Ekdifaom od'd¨rsdK;ukdrl wDaumifavmufyif pGrf;&nf r&SdMu/ tmumood'd¨ac:
rdkf;ysHEkdifonfh ynmrsdK;rSmvnf; jcifwpfaumifavmufrQ rwwfEkdifMuay/ "m; vSH aoewf
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
117
NyD;onfqkdaom um,od'd¨ atmifjrifzkdYum; a0;pG/ ql;pl;onfukdyif cHEkdif&nf r&Sdaom
od'd¨&SifBuD;rsm; jzpfacsonf/
vlwkdYonf tajctaerSefukd rpOf;pm;Mu/ oabmw&m;rSefukd rqifjcifwwfMu/
bkd;awmf*kdPf;q&mwkdYu r p vdrfhrnf[k ,kHMunfpGJrSwf aeMuonf/ aeYcsif; ncsif; BuD;yGm;atmif
vkyfay;Ekdifvdrfhrnf[laom avmb&r®uftjrifjzifh ZGwf0ifí csOf;uyfaeMu onf/ wu,fawmh
bkd;awmf*kdPf;q&mwkdYonf vlwpfOD;\ uHMur®mukd zefwD;ay;Ekdifol r[kwfay/ vlwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\
uHMur®mukd rdrdomvQif zefwD;aeMu&onf/
okdYygvsuf rvkdvm;tyfaom ,kHMunfrIrsm;ukd a&maxG; vufcHNyD;vQif bkd;awmfxH oGm;í
tcsdefukefMuonf/ r,fawmfxH oGm;í tcsdefjzKef;Muonf/ tcsdef\ wefzkd;ukd rSefuefpGm
tokH;rcswwfMu/ tarQmfvGef tvkyfjzifh tcsdefukefaeMuonf/ tawG;vGef
b0udkwrf;waeBuonf/ tacsmiform;b0udk rufarmaeBuonf/
tvkyfESifY tvkyf\tusKd;qufw&m;wdkYudk vGJrSm;pGmem;vnfaeBuonf/ ur®óuxm? or®m'd|dudk
vufcHaom Ak'¨bmom0if[lí trnfcHxm;aomfvnf; wEÅ&qefaom pdwåZtm½kHtvkyfNzifY
tcsdefykyfaeBu\/
ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomonf pifBu,faom bmomNzpf\/ oefY½Sif;aom 0g'Nzpf\/ rSefuefaom
t,l½Sd\/ rdrdwdkY\ avmuDavmukwf wdk;wufrIudk rdrdudk,fwdkif BudK;pm;,lBu&onf/
b,fbdk;awmf r,fawmfwdkYurS "mwfcsí rpEkdifrnfr[kwf/ rdrdwdkY\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk
Ak'¨bk&m;a[mBum;aom orÜ'g w&m;NzifY ½kd;om;pGm BudK;pm;&rnfom Nzpfavonf/
rif;0wf½kyfyGm; ukd;uG,frI
Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;onf bk&m;&Sifvufxufuyif &SdcJhonf[k aemufacwfa&; pmayrsm;wGif
azmfjyxm;Muonf/ orkdif;okawoe ynm&SifwkdYurl Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukd at'D 1-&mpkcefYwGif
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
118
xkvkyfukd;uG,fvmMuonf[k qkH;jzwfxm;Mu\/ xkdtqkdESpf&yfwGif orkdif;okawoe ynm&SifwkdY\
tqkdonf vufcHEkdifp&m &Sdygonf/
at'D 1-&mpk rwkdifrDu ½kyfyGm;awmf ray:ao;/ Ak'¨\ txdrf;trSwftjzpf pMum? aAm"dyif?
a&Tyv’if? ajcawmf&m? Mumyef;ykHwkdYukd xkvkyfukd;uG,fcJhMuonf/
Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm; pwifxkvkyf&m a'orSm ukoQefrif;quf xGef;um;&m *E¨m&ESihf rxk&ma'owkdY
jzpfonf/ rlvu rxk&mynm&SifwkdYonf *sdef;t,l0g'qkdif&m &[ef;awmfrsm;\ ur®|mef;
pD;jzef;aeykkH ½kyfwkrsm;ukd xkvkyfMuonf/ Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdYuvnf; xkdykHrsm;ukd twk,lum
Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukd xkvkyfcJhMujcif; jzpfayonf/
ax&0g'*kdfPf;0ifwkdYu Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukd xkyfvkyfouJhokdY r[m,me Ak'¨ bmom0ifwkdYuvnf;
rdrdwkdY ukd;uG,faom aAm"dowåac: bk&m;avmif; ½kyfwkrsm;ukd xkvkyfylaZmfMuonf/ r[m,mewkdY
xkvkyfukd;uG,faom ½kyfyGm;rsm;rSm tavmif;awmf ewfrsm;jzpfí tqifwefqmrsm;jzifh
xkvkyfMu&onf/
ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdY xkvkyfukd;uG,faom ½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;rSm ouFef;0wf tqifwefqmjzifhom
xkvkyfMu&onf/ acwfOD; *E¨m&ESifh rxk&m ½kyfyGm;awmfwkdYrSm ouFef;awmf 0wfqifrIhjzifhom
awGU&SdMu&onf/
aemiftcgwGif r[m,me Ak'¨bmomonf EkdfifiHtESHYtjym;okdY a&muf&SdoGm;\/ jrefrmEkdfifiHokdYvnf;
ysLacwfu a&muf&SdcJhonf/ r[m,mewkdY a&muf&Sdojzifh ,if;wkdY ukd;uG,faom aAm"dowfac:
bk&m;avmif; ewf½kyfrsm;vnf; a&muf&SdcJhonf/
aAm"dowf ewf½kyfwkdYukd avhvmvQif ykHoP²mef rwlMuonfukd awGU&Sd&rnf/ þokdY rwlonfrSm
½kyfwkukd jyKvkyfolwkdYonf rdrdwkdYacwf? rdrdwkdY jrifzl;aom rif;wkdY 0wfqifrItwkdif;
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
119
xkvkyfMuaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh rif;0wftqifwefqm ½kyfyGm;rsm;ukd qif,ifrI
trsdK;rsdK;jzifh awGUjrifaeMu&avonf/
Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfwkdYum; b,facwfwGifrqkd ykHoP²mefukd jyKjyifí r&/ ouFef;½kH? ouFef;wifjzifhom
xkvkyfMu&onf/ vlwkdYtwGuf pdwfcHpm;rIukd tajymif;tvJ rjzpfapEkdifay/
aAm"dowf ewfykHrsm;um; toGifqef;rsdK;pkH xkvkyfykH toD;oD;aMumifh cHpm;rI tajymif;tvJukd
jzpfap\/ þcHpm;rIukd vkdvm;aomaMumifh ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom0if wkdYonf rukd#f? pvG,fpaom
rif;0wftqifwefqm ½kyfyGm;wkdYukd xkvkyfcJhjcif; jzpfEkdifayonf/
,aeY jrefrmEkdifiHawmfwGif tcsdKUu Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukd rif;0wftqifwefqmrsm;jzifh xkvkyf
ukd;uG,faeMuonf/ tjrifqef;? toGifqef; tqifwefqmwkdYjzifh jc,fvS,f xkvkyfMuonf/
þ½kyfyGm;ykHpHukd ] ZrÁLywdcRwfcef; } [k tac:rsm;Muonf/ ZrÁLywdcRwfcef; Zmwfvrf;ukd
taMumif;jyKí jzpfay:vmonf[k qkd\/
ZrÁLywdcRwfcef; Zmwfvrf;jzpfpOfukd avhvmaomtcg ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfvm ckdifrmaom
Zmwfvrf;r[kwfay/ ukef;abmifacwf 'DyJ,if;q&mawmf a&;om;aom wxm*wO'ge'DyeDusrf;ü
xnfhoGif; a&;om;xm;aom Zmwfvrf;jzpfonf/ xkdYxufapmaom umvu þZmwfvrf; r&Sday/
rif;0wfwefqmjzifh xkvkyfaom ½kyfyGm;rsm;rSm xkdYxufapmaom umvuyif &SdaecJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh
ZrÁLywdcRwfcef;ukd taMumif;jycsufrSmvnf; rckdifvkHawmhacs/
tcsdKUuvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;onf Ak'¨&mZmw&m;rif; jzpfonfukdtpGJjyKí þykHrsdK;ukd
xkvkyfygonf[lí MuHpnfí ajzqkdMujyefao;onf/
þrif;0wfwefqmbk&m;ESifh ywfoufí ukef;abmifacwf ynm&Sifrsm;vnf; pdwf0ifpm;cJhMuonf/
txl;ojzifh r[mjrwfrked½kyfyGm;awmfBuD; a&muf&SdvmpOfu jzpfonf/ þ½kyfyGm;awmf ykHpHESifh
ywfoufí rkHa&G;aZw0efq&mawmfwkdY\ ajzMum;csufwkdYukdvnf; awGU&onf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
120
q&mawmfwkdY\ ajzqkdcsufrSmvnf; tar;&Sdaeíom tajz&Smjyxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ wdus
aocsmaom tajzukd ray;EkdifMuay/ ay;p&m tajzvnf; r&Sd/ okawoeynm&SifwkdYurl
r[m,mewkdY\ aAm"dowf ewfykHukd twk,lí jyKvkyfxm;aMumif; twnfjyKxm;Muonf/
þqkH;jzwfcsuft& rif;0wf½kyfyGm;rsm;rSm ax&0g' Ak'¨bmomESifh roufqkdifouJhokdY
&Sdavawmhonf/
okdY&mwGif ,aeY jrefrmEkdifiHü rukd#faqmif;? pvG,fqifjzifh toGifqef;atmif jyKvkyfxm;aom
½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukd ukd;uG,faeMu\/ þ½kyfyGm;rsm;ukd ukd;uG,foifh- rukd;uG,foifh[laom
jyóemukd ta&;w,l ajymqkdvmMuonf/ tcsdKUu rukd;uG,foifh [k qkd\/ tcsdKUuvnf;
ukd;uG,foifhygonf[k qkdjyefonf/ rdrdwkdY\ oabmxm; tjrifjzifh ajymqkdaeMujcif; jzpfayonf/
þudpötwGuf qkH;jzwf&efrSm tvGefcufcJvSonf/ rukd;uG,foihf[k qkH;jzwfvQif ,aeY
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif xif&Sm;vSaom rif;0wf½kyfyGm;BuD;rsm;ukd b,fvkdaqmif&GufMurnfenf;/ b,fvkd
oabmxm;Murnfenf;/
tu,fí ukd;uG,foifhygonf[k qkdjyefvQifvnf; xkd½kyfyGm;rsm;rSm r[m,me *kdPf;rS
enf;,lxm;aom ½kyfyGm;rsm; jzpfaeonf/ þ½kyfyGm;wkdYukd ukd;uG,foihfvQif r[m,me
Ak'¨bmomudkvnf; ukd;uG,foihfygonf[k qkdvkd&m a&mufraeNyDavm/
a&S;acwfu ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdY owd,Gif;cRwf rqifrjcif jyKvkyfcJhaomaMumifh
rif;0wf½kyfyGm; jyóemukd tajz&SmzkdY cufcJae&NyD/
rnfokdY&Sdap ax&0g' Ak'¨bm0ifwkdY taejzifhrl ½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukd Ak'¨0wfpkH ouFef;½kHjzifh
xkvkyfukd;uG,fjcif;om taumif;qkH; jzpfavonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
121
'ud©PomcgESifh tjcm;½kyfyGm; ukd;uG,frI
jrefrmjynfü 'ud©Pomcg ½kyfyGm;awmf ukd;uG,frIvnf; acwfpm;vSonf/ þ½kyfyGm;awmfESifh
ywfoufívnf; jzpf&yfZmwfvrf;rsm; axG;,Sufaeonf/
'ud©PomcgqkdonfrSm jrefrmbmjzifh ] awmiftukdif; } [lí t"dyÜm,f &onf/ bDpD 3-&mpkwGif
&Sifr[dE´ESifh oCFrdwåm ax&Dr,fwkdYonf oD[kdVfokdY omoemjyK <ucJhMu onf/
oD[kdVfuRef;om;wkdY ukd;uG,f&ef r[maAm"dyifrS vuf,mawmifukdif;ukd jzwf,lí oD[kdVfuRef;ü
pkdufysdK;cJh\/ xkdaAm"dyifrS tom;wkdYukd ½kyfyGm;xkvkyf ukd;uG,f&mrS 'ud©Pomcgbk&m;
ay:aygufvmonf qkfd\/
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ouú&mZf 788-ckESpfü eef;wufaom rkd;n§if;rif;w&m;vufxuf oD[kdVfuRef;rS
'ud©Pomcg ½kyfyGm;awmf tqla& 300-ausmf a&muf&Sdvm&m &[ef;&Sifvl rSL;rwfjynfolwkdY
tjrwfwEkd; ukd;uG,fcJhMuonf/ xkdtcsdefrSpí 'ud©Pomcg ½kyfyGm;awmf ukd;uG,frI
acwfpm;vmavonf/
a&S;OD;u 'ud©Pomcg ½kyfyGm;rsm;rSm tjcm;½kyfyGm;rsm;uJhokdYyif tcsdK;tqpf ajyjypfpGm
xkvkyfcJhMuonf/ tjcm;½kyfyGm;rsm;ESifh jcm;em;onfrSm Mumyef;aqmif;jcif;om xl;onf/ þokdY
Mumyef;aqmif;aom jzpf&yfrSmrl r[m,me*kdPf;ESifh ,SufEG,faejyefonf/ r[m,meusrf;wkdYü
þokdY a&;qkdxm;onf/
aumovrif;ESifh rvd’um rdzk&m;wkdYonf bk&m;&SiftxHokdY vmMu&m bk&m;&Sif r&SdckdufeSifh MuHKae\/
&Sifarm*¾vmefonf wefckd;awmfjzifh vkduf&Sm&m bk&m;&Sifonf MumrsdK; 5-yg; zlyGifhaeonfh
taemwwåtkdifxJü MumyGifhBuD;wpfckay:rSm psef0ifpm;ae\/ tkdifapmifhewfBuD; 9-OD;wkdYuvnf;
bk&m;&Sifukd MumyGifhxD; wpfvufpDjzifh aqmif;rkd;ay;xm;Muonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
122
þjzpfpOfukd awGUjrifvmcJh&ojzifh &Sifarm*¾vmefonf aumovESifh rvd’umrdzk&m;wkdYtm; jyefvnf
ajymjy\/ rif;ESifh rdzk&m;wkdYonf bk&m;&Sif pHjref;aeykHukd pdwful;jzifh MunfndKoGm;Muonf/
þykHoP²mefrsdK;ukd ½kyfwkjyKvkyfí ukd;uG,fvkdaMumif; &Sifarm*¾vmeftm; avQmufxm;Muonf/
cGifhjyKcsuf&ojzifh rif;ESifh rdzk&m;wkdYonf Mumyef;aqmif; ½kyfyGm;ukfd ukd;uG,fcJhMuonf[k
qkdavonf/
þtqkdt& 'ud©Pomcg ½kyfyGm;rsm;rSm r[m,mewkdY t,ltqt& xkvkyf ukd;uG,fcJhMuonf[k
qkdEkdifjyefygonf/
aemufykdif;wGif 'ud©Pomcg ½kyfyGm;ykHrsm;ukd *kdPf;q&mvkyfolwkdYu trsdK;rsdK; pdwful;í csJUxGif
jyKvkyfMuonf/ ½kyfyGm;awmfwGif rdI 9-csuf ½kdufjcif;paom tpDtrHrsm; ukd xnfhoGif;xm;Muonf/
xkd½kyfyGm;awmfukd ukd;uG,fvQif vmbfaygrsm;rnf/ ta&mif;t0,f aumif;rnf/ &mxl;wkd;rnf/
tEÅ&m,f uif;rnf/ rD;ab;rS vGwfrnf/ od'd¨aygif;pkH jyD;pD;Ekdifonf ponfjzifh *kdPf;q&mwkdY\
tokH;cscH ½kyfyGm;wpfql jzpfvmavonf/
tqkd;&Gm;qkH; jyKvkyfcsufrSm ½kyfyGm;awmf\ ykHoP²mef jzpfonf/ ½kyfyGm;ykHpHukd yef;ykrwwfol
xkvkyfouJhokdY yktkdifhaom? vnfukyfwkdaom ykHqkd;rsm;ukd xkvkyfMuonf/ Ak'¨bk&m;onf
vu©PmawmfBuD;i,f toG,foG,fwkdYjzifh jynfhpkHol jzpfí tjypfajymzG,f r&Sd/
wifhw,faom ½lyum,awmf &Sdygonf/ þuJhokdY qkd;&Gm;aom ykHoP²mef ½kyfyGm;wkdYukd xkvkyf
ukd;uG,faeMuonfrSm bk&m;&Sif\ MunfndKjrwfEkd;zG,f&m ½kyftqif;ukd zsufqD;xm;jcif;yif
jzpfygawmhonf/
,aeY jrefrmEkdifiHawmfwGif Ak'¨&kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukd ykHpHtrsdK;rsdK; t,ltq toG,foG,fwkdYjzifh xkvkyf
wnfxm; ukd;uG,faeMuonf/
- EIwfcrf;arT;wyfaom ½kyfyGm;rsm; ?
- rsufrSefwyfaom ½kyfyGm;rsm; ?
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
123
- rSJYwyfaom ½kyfyGm;rsm; ?
- ezl;ü tzkwyfaom ½kyfyGm;rsm; ?
- vufpGyf0wfaom ½kyfyGm;rsm; ?
- a>rywfaom ½kyfyGm;rsm; ?
- qifpD; jrif;&H ½kyfyGm;rsm;-
ponfjzifh trsdK;rsdK; jyKvkyfaeMuonf/
tcsdKU ½kyfyGm;rsm;rSm rlvwifysOfacG ½kyfyGm;\ 'l;ESpfzufESifh yckH;ESpfzufay:ü rwf&yf½kyfyGm;av;rsm;ukd
xnfhoGif; xkvkyfxm;onfukd awGU&onf/ yvyfpwpfjzifh avmif;xm;aom ½kyfyGm;jzpfonf/
xkd½kyfyGm;ukd Munfhí qyfuyfjyaeovm;[k xifrSm;avmufatmif t½kyfqkd; tusnf;wefaeygonf/
tcsdKU bk&m;&ifjyifay:ü vlBudKufrsm;aom bkd;bkd;atmif? bkd;rif;acgifpaom bkd;awmfqkdol
pdwåZ½kyfaumifwkdYukd jyKvkyfxm;&m Ak'¨bmomtwGuf &SufzG,faumif;aom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
jzpfayonf/
,ck azmfjycJhaom taMumif;&yfrsm;rSm ax&0g'ü a&maESmaeonfh ukd;uG,frIrsm; xJrS xif&Sm;aom
ukd;uG,frIrsm; jzpfygonf/ rxifr&Sm;jzifh ukd;pm;aeMuaom tao;trTm; udpörsm;vnf;
tajrmuftjrm; &Sdaeacsao;\/
½SifOy*kwf udk;uG,frI
ax&0g'Ak'¨bmom udk;uG,frIrsm;xJwGif r[m,me*dkPf;rS t,ltqrsm;udk a&maESm
vufcHaeonfudkvnf; awGY&\/ xdkt,lrsm;teuf ½SifOy*kwf udk;uG,frIonf a½SYwef;ü
½Sdaeavonf/
½SifOy*kwårax&f\ tw¬KyÜwfonf r[m,me*dkPf;oHk; usrf;pmNzpfaom 'dAsm0'geusrf;rS
zefwD;ay;vdkufaom Zwfvrf;Nzpfonf/ ½SifOy*kwffrax&fonf £E´*kwå? tó*kwå? wdóem*?
Oy*kwåwdóem*? tm*wfpw,rked[laombGJUrnf trsKd;rsKd;NzifYxifay:ausmfBum;olNzpfonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
124
½SifOy*kwfrax&fESifY ywfoufíax&0g' yd#uwfawmf t|uxmwdkYü us,fNyefpGmryg½Sday/
xdkrax&f taBumif;udk omoemESpf 800 cefYu ½Sifr[memra&;aom r[m0if0w¬Kü azmfNycJYonf /
½Sifr[memronf r[m,meusrf;pm 'dAsm0'gerS xkwf,lí wifNycJYNcif; Nzpfygrnf /
r[m0if usrf;vmpum;wdkYudk ,lí Nrefrmusrf;NyK q&mwdkYuvnf; azmfNycJYBuNyefonf/
r[m&mZ0ifBuD; ? avmuynwådusrf; ? Zdew¬yumoeDusrf; wdkYwGif xdkrax&f\ twåKyÜwfudk
ul;,lxnfYoGif;cJYBuonf/ xdktcgrS NrefrmwdkY\ pdwfwGif ½SifOy*kwå [laom Zwfvrf;opfudk
vufcH&½SdcJYBuonf/ tpGrf;aumif;aom rax&fwyg;tNzpf NrefrmwdkY\ EIwfNzm;wGif
wGifus,fvmcJYavonf/
½SifOy*kwfrax&fonf awmifork'´&mü aBu;Nymó'fNzifY aeonf/ ,aeYwdkif touf½SifvQuf
½Sdaeao;onf [kvnf; BuHBuD;pnf&m ,HkBunfaeBuonf/ xdkYaBumifYNrefrmwdkYonf ½SifOy*kwfyHkudk
xkvkyfí azmifESifYarQmum ylaZmfyGJrsm; NyKvkyfBuonf/
½SifOy*kwfonf avrkefwdkif;usNcif; ? rdk;½GmNcif; ? a&vTrf;Ncif; ? rdk;BudK;ypfNcif; paomtEÅ&m,fwdkYudk
umuG,fay;Ekdifrnf [kvnf; ,HkBunfBuonf/ NrefrmEkdifiHwGif ½SifNyKtvIyGJponf NyKvkyfvQif
avrdk;tEÅ&m,fuif;ap&ef ½SifOy*kwf½kyfxkudk uefawmYyGJNzifY wifoí ylaZmfxm;Bu&onf/
NrefrmNynfwGif aemufacwfrSwnfxm;aom tcsKdUaom bk&m;xD; twGif;üvnf;
½SifOy*kwfausmif;aqmifav;rsm;udk xnfYoGif;avY½SdBuonf/ rdk;BudK;tEÅ&m,f ponf
uif;ap&efNzpfonf /
aemufydkif;wGif ½SifOy*kwfrax&fonf *dkPf;q&mvkyfolwdkY\ vufxJ a&mufoGm;&m
pdwåZa0'emtwGuf toHk;cscHwyg; NzpfoGm;&Nyefonf/ ½SifOy*kwfomr[kwf ½Sifr[m
uóyuJYodkYaom rax&frsm;vnf; yg0ifaeBuonf/ xdkrax&frsm;udk tkyfpkzGJYay;um ]] ao 4yg; ?
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
125
½Sif 4yg; }} [líac:qdkxm;Buonf/ xdkrax&f 8 yg;wdkYrSm taoxGuf yk*¾dKvfESifY t½SifxGuf
yk*¾dKvfrsm; [lívnf; vufcHxm;BuNyefonf/
½Sif av;yg;pm&if;ü atmufygrax&fwdkY yg0ifonf/
(1) ½SifOy*kwfonf awmifork'´&mü aBu;Nymó'f NzifYaeonf/
(2) ½Sifacr&ax&fonf taemuf ork'´&mü aBu;Nymó'f NzifYaeonf/
(3) ½Sifb'´rax&fonf aNrmufork'´&mü a½TNymó'f NzifYaeonf/
(4) ½Siftauúmom&rax&fonf ta½SUork'´&mü a½TNymó'f NzifYaeonf/
rax&f 4 yg;udk ae&m 4 rsKd;cGJwrf;csxm;&m NrefrmNynfom;wdkY twGuf ½SifOy*kwfomvQif ylaZmfcGifY
&EkdifBu\/ awmift&yfüom ork'´&m½SdaomaBumifY ½SifOy*kwfomvQif NrefrmNynfom;wdkYtwGuf
wmpm;aom udk,fawmfNzpfae\/
ao av;yg;pm&if;ü atmufygrax&fwdkY yg0ifonf/
(1) ½Sifr[muóy onf a0bm&awmif ausmufNzmxufü½Sdonf/
(2) ½Sifr[moHom& onf Owårawmifü½Sdonf/
(3) ½SifOayu© onf rukvawmifü½Sdonf/
(4) ½Sif"r®om& onf rukvawmifü½Sdonf/
NrefrmEkdifiHrS yk*¾dKvfwdkYonf ½Sifr[muóy taoxGuf½Sd&m tavmif;awmf uóyudk tav;xm;í
oGm;a&mufavY½SdBuonf/
½Sifr[muóy Nyóemuvnf; ½IyfaxG;onf/ yk*Hacwf t&nf;BuD;*dkPf;acgif;aqmif
½Sifr[muóyonf xdkae&modkY oGm;í ysHawmfrlonf[k Zwfvrf;vkyfxm;Buonf/
bk&m;½Sif\ om0uBuD;Nzpfaom yxroH*g,emwif OD;aqmif t½Sifr[muóyBuD;onf
xdkae&modkY vma&mufí y&dedAÁmef NyKonf[kvnf; aNymBuao;onf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
126
trSefrl tavmif;awmf uóy|meonf t&nf;BuD;acgif;aqmif ½Sifuóy ESifYvnf;
roufqdkifyg/ oH*g,emwif t½Sifr[muóy\ y&dedAÁmef NyK&mvnf; r[kwf/
xdk½Sifr[muóyBuD; y&dedAÁmefNyK&m a0bm&awmifESifY tvm;wlaom yx0D taetxm;udk ½Smí
twkNyKvkyfudk;uG,fcJYaom tavmif;awmf uóy twkomvQif Nzpfygonf/
Ak'¨pmayü vmaom NzpfpOfwdkYudk BunfYí yx0Dtaetxm;udk½SmazGvQuf aNcawmf&m rsm;udkvnf;
þodkYyif xkvkyfudk;uG,fcJYBuonf r[kwfavm/
csKyfíqdk&vQif ½SifOy*kwfrax&fonf ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfvm yk*¾dKvfr[kwf/ r[m,me*dkPf;vm
pmtkyfxJu ul;Ekwfxm;aom ax½kyÜwådom Nzpfownf;/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
127
tcef; (2)
ax&0g'ü a&maESmaom ,kHMunfrIrsm;
jrefrmEkdfifiHonf ax&0g' Ak'¨bmomw&m;awmfukd vufcH,HkMunfaeaom EkdifiH jzpfonf/ ax&0g'
w&m;awmfonf vlom;wkdYtwGuf &oifh &xkdufaom vufawGUa'oemwkdYukd azmfjyonf/
rjzpfEkdifaom? r&Ekdifaom pdwful;,Of t,ltqwkdYukd razmfjyay/ Ak'¨bk&m;uvnf;
pdwful;,Ofw&m;oabmukd a[mMum;jcif; r&Sday/
jrefrmwkdYonf Ak'¨a'oemü ryg&Sdaom pdwful;,Of tawG;jzifh MuHqjyKvkyfxm;aom
pmaywkdYukdvnf; zwf½IchJMuonf/ vufcH ,kHMunfolwkdYvnf; &Sdonf/ xkdpmayrsm;rSmvnf;
trsm;tm;jzifh tdEd´,rSyif o,faqmifvmcJhMuonf/
jrefrmwkdYonf acwfOD;ykdif;uyif tdEd´,EkdifiHESifh qufoG,frdcJhMuonf/ tdEd´,wkdY txHrS
enf;ynmrsm;pGmukd &,lcJhMuonf/ jrefrmrif;pOfwpfavQmufwGif tdEd´,ESifh tquftoG,f
rjywfcJhMu/ tdEd´, ,Ofaus;rIwkdYukd jrefrmrI jyKaecJhMuonf/
bkd;awmf A'kHrif;vufxufwGif tdEd´,okdY vlvTwfí jrefrmjynfü r&Sdao;aom pmaywkdYukd
o,faqmifapcJh\/ &&Sdvmaom pmaywkdYukd jrefrmbmomjzifh jyefqkdapcJhonf/ þokdYaom
enf;rsm;jzifh tdEd´,usifh0wfrsm;? twwfrsm;? ,kHMunfrIrsm;onf jrefrmwkdYxH ul;pufcJhMuonf/
a&S;acwfu jrefrmwkdYonf ]] tdEd´,u pm rSefwmawGcsnf; }} [k oabmxm;um vufcHcJhMuonf/
tdEd´,u pdwful;,Of ,kHMunfrIrsm;ukd ] avmuDt,l } [kqkdum u@cGJí ,kHMunfMuonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHokdY tdEd´,u o,faqmifvmaom jAKwfpAsif;awmif; ,kHMunfrI taygif;rSmvnf;
axmifaomif;ru &Sdavonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
128
*E¨m&Dtwwf ,kHMunfrI
tdEd´,uvmaom ,kHMunfrIrsm;xJwGif xl;jcm;qef;Mu,fonfh b0rsdK;ukd arQmfvifh&mrS
ay:aygufvmaom *E¨m&Dvrf;ac: ,kHMunfrIvnf; yg0ifayonf/
*E¨m&Dtwwf qkdonfrSm tdEd´,EkdifiH *E¨m&wkdif;rS ay:aygufvmaom twwfukd qkdvkdonf/
wpfenf;tm;jzifh *E¨m&rnfaom &aohonf jyKpD&ifxm;aom twwfukd qkdayonf/
*E¨m&Dvrf;aMumif;wGif -
- plV*E¨m&Dvrff; ?
- r[m*E¨m&Dvrf; [lí cGJjcm;xm;\/
plV*E¨m&Dvrf;qkdonfrSm zkwfBuD; 40? ua0 99? ukrÇPf? ,u©? *E¨AÁ paom ewfwkdYukd tpGJjyKí
pD&ifxm;aom tif; tkdif rEÅef cvSnfh vufzGJUponfwkdYukd wwfuRrf;ol arSmfq&m? ya,m*q&m?
atmufvrf;q&m ponfwkdYukd ac:onf/
r[m*E¨m&Dvrf; qkdonfrSm ol&ówDr,fawmfrS pí a'0D 21-yg;? ewfrif;BuD; 5-yg;?
avmuygvewfrsdK; 4-yg;? bkd;awmfodMum;rS pí txufewfrsm;jzifh aqmif&Guf&aom twwfukd
qkdvkdonf/ vuf,mwEÅ&*kdPf;ESifh oabmwlonf/
*E¨m&Dvrf;\ t"duvkdtyfcsufrSm 0dZÆmjzpfaa&;yif jzpfonf/ 0dZÆmb0okdYa&mufvQif od'd¨wefckd;
trsdK;rsdK; NyD;pD;onf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/ ,if;wkdY\ pmayrsm;ü od'd¨ 10-rsdK;ukd jyqkdxm;onf/
(1) pdEÅmr,d'd¨ = pdwfMuH&m jzpfapEkdifjcif; ?
(2) O'uod'd¨ = a&jyifay: vrf;avQmufEkdifjcif; ?
(3) yx0Dod'd¨ = ajrukdvQdK;Ekdifjcif;? ajraMum ½IHUEkdifjcif; ?
(4) "eod'd¨ = a&T aiG &wem vkd&m&Ekdifjcif; ?
(5) tm,kod'd¨ = touf&Snfí t&G,fEkysdKpGm aeEkdifjcif; ?
(6) tmumood'd¨ = aumif;uifc&D;jzifh oGm;vmEkdifjcif; ?
(7) tma&m*sod'd¨ = tema&m*g uif;jcif; ?
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
129
(8) um,od'd¨ = "m; vSH aoewf rxdEkdifjcif; ?
(9) yd,od'd¨ = owå0gtm;vkH;wkdYu cspfcifjcif; ?
(10) £'d¨od'd¨ = wefckd;jzifh trsdK;rsdK; zefqif;Ekdifjcif; ?
azmfjyyg od'd¨qkdonfrsm;rSm vlom;wkdYtwGuf xljcm;vSaom rufvkH;rsm;jzpf&m 0dZÆmb0 &&Sda&;ukd
&r®ufBuD;pGm arQmfvifhMuukef\/ arQmfvifhonfhtwkdif; 0dZÆmjzpfa&; vrf;pOfukd &SmazGusifhokH;Muonf/
0dZÆmjzpfa&;vrf;;pOfukd ,if;wkdY\ pmayrsm;ü awGY&Sd&\/
0dZÆmjzpfolwkdYrSm atmufyg 4-rsdK;ukd usifhokH;í &&SdMuonfqkd\/
(1) jy'g;0dZÆm = jy'g;&SifvkH;jzifh pD&ifol ?
(2) aq;0dZÆm = aq;jzifh od'd¨NyD;ol ?
(3) oH0dZÆm = oHaovkH;jzifh pD&ifol ?
(4) tif;0dZÆm = tif; rEÅefponfjzifh od'd¨NyD;ol ?
azmfjyyg 4-rsdK;ukd 0dZÆm 4-rsdK;[k ac:Muonf/ 0dZÆmukd jrefrmwkdYu aZmf*sD[kvnf; ac:\/ aZmf*sD\
rlvyk'frSm a,m*Djzpfonf/ a,m*Dukd a*sm*sD? aZmf*sD[lí ajymif; vJac:qkdvmMuonf/
aZmf*sDonf jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkdYESifh &if;ESD;aeaom yk*d¾Kvfjzpfonf/ eDndKa&mif txnfpukd yefcsmyD
ukvm;0wfpkHoP²mef csKyfí 0wfqifNyD;vQif aq;awmifa0S;ac: wkwfacsmif;ukd ukdifaqmifxm;onfh
aZmf*sDykHrsm;ukd jrefrmjynf tESHYtjym;ü awGUjrifEkdifavonf/ xkdyk*d¾KvfrsdK;ukd
xGuf&yfaygufyk*d¾Kvf[kvnf; ac:Mujyefonf/ xGuf&yfayguf yk*d¾KvfwkdYrSm taoxGufyk*d¾Kvf?
t&SifxGufyk*d¾Kvf[k 2-rsdK; &Sdonf/
taoxGufyk*d¾KvfrSm aovGefNyD;aemuf xGuf&yfaygufoGm;onf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/
t&SifxGufyk*d¾vfrSm toufraobJ vlrjrif&aom cE¨mukd,ftjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;NyD; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
touf&Sifvsuf w&m"r®ukd usifhMuHaeonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif xGuf&yfaygufyk*d¾Kvf vkyfoGm;aom olwkdY&Sdonf/ xkdyk*d¾Kvfrsm;onf
t&SifxGufonf[kum; rMum;zl;ay/ tm;vkH;rSmrl trsm;enf;wl aoqkH;Mu&avonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
130
þuJhokdY 0dZÆmb0? aZmf*sDb0? od'd¨&SifxGuf&yfaygufb0 ponfwkdYrSm vlUavmuü wu,fwrf;
jzpfEkdifaom b0rsdK; r[kwfay/ MuHMuHzefzef pdwful;ÓPfjzifh MuHqxm;aom b0rsdK;om jzpfonf/
þpdwful;,Of b0rsKd;ukd &vdrfhEkd;jzifh arQmfukd;í vkyfukdifaeolrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/
auseyfESpfodrfhaeolrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ xkdyk*d¾Kvfrsm;onf tdrfrufxJu &wemxkyfukd
vkdufvH&SmazGaeolrsm; jzpfayonf/
aA'if ,kHMunfrI
ax&0g' Ak'¨bmomESifh a&maESmaom ,kHMunfrIrsm;xJwGif aA'if,kHMunfrIvnf; tygt0if
jzpfonf/ aA'if,kHMunfrIonf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;okdY oa&acwå&macwfuyif a&muf&SdaeNyD/
þaA'ifusrf;rsm;ukd tdEd´,wkdif;om; jA[®Pbmom0if ykPÖm;rsm; o,faqmifvm&mrS jrefrmwkdY
tarG&Muonf/
jrefrmrif;rsm; vufxufwGif aA'ifvkdufpm;ol aygrsm;vSonf/ aA'ifvkdufpm;ol rsm;wGif ax&0g'
&[ef;awmfrsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ &[ef;wkdYonf aA'ifa[mí rpm;aomfvnf; aA'iftwwfukd
avmuDa&;&m odrSwfp&m twwfwpfck taejzifh avhvmvkdufpm;cJhMuonf/
Ak'¨bk&m;u aA'ifa[mjcif;paom ta[mtajymtvkyfrsdK;ukd rjyKvkyf&ef wm;jrpfxm;onf/
okdYaomfvnf; tcsdKU&[ef;wkdYrSm 0denf;a'oemawmfukd rsufuG,fjyKí aA'ifa[mum
vmbf&SmMuonf/ "r®apwDrif;vufxufwGif aA'ifbkef;BuD;rsm;ukd omoemawmfü rxm;&ef
ta&;,laqmif&GufcJhzl;onf/
aA'ifusrf;rsm;onf Ak'¨bk&m; ryGifhrD bDpD 1500-ESifh 1000-Mum;uyif ay:aygufcJhaom
usrf;rsm;jzpfonf/ tm&d,efvlrsdK;wkdYonf q&qGwDjrpfnma'oü aepOfu jyKpkxm;aom
usrf;rsm;jzpfonf/ rlvu aA'ifusrf;trsdK;tpm; 3-ykH &Sdonf/ aemufykdif;wGif 4-ykH jzpfvmonf/
aA'if 4-ykHrSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
131
(1) £½kaA'if/ / aeMuwf? vMuwf? eu©wfwm&mwkdYukd Munfhí ab;Oy'ftEÅ&m,fjzpfwwf
ysufwwfykHukd jyaomusrf; ?
(2) ,ZkaA'if/ / rdrdwkdYtay:ü a&mufqJ a&mufvwHåUab;&efrsm;rS vGwfuif;aysmufajy&ef
N*dK[feu©wfwkdYukd ylaZmfaomenf;? ,MwmjyKenf;ukd jyqkd&musrf;?
(3) omraA'if/ / ae vwkfdY oGm;&m vrf;ukd 12-&moDcGifjyKí rnfonfh&moDcGifü rnfonfhN*dK[f
&yfwefYaeonfukd MunfhNyD;vQif tHom? vdwåm? Mwif;? e0if;ponfjzifh a0zefvsuf aumif;
raumif;ukd a[m&musrf; ?
(4) tmxAÁPaA'if/ / tmxAÁ&aoh pD&ifojzifh xkdtrnfukd &&Sdjcif; jzpfonf/ rD;xGef;jcif;?
rEÅefpkyfjcif; paom wpfyg;olwkdY ysufpD;&ef tpDt&ifukd jyqkfd&musrf;?
aA'if 3-ykHukd t|u&aohpaom &aoh 10-OD;wkdYu jyKpD&ifxm;onf[k Ak'¨yd#uwfawmfESifh
ygVdtbd"mefusrf;wkdYhü azmfjyxm;\/ &aohwkdY pD&ifxm;aom aA'if usrf;rsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh
a&S;acwfvlwkdY ,kHMunfrIukd tajccHí a&;om;xm;aom pdwåZ a0'em rSwfwrf;pmrsm;omvQif
jzpfayonf/
jrefrmwkdYu avmuDusrf;[k vufcHaeMuaom tdEd´,usrf;rsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh &aohwkdY a&;jyKaom
usrf;rsm;jzpfonf/ 0gusq&m? 0*¾q&m? [&Dwq&m? Asmoq&m paom usrf;jyKq&m
&aohrsm;pGmwkdYukd awGUMu&onf/
aemufykdif;wGif &aohwkdY a&;aom pdwåZusrf;pmrsm;rSm tvGefrsm;jym;vSaomaMumifh emrnfukdyif
razmfjyEkdifawmhay/ ]] &aoh &Spfaomif; q&maygif; }} wkfdY\ vuf&m[lí vufonfrazmfbJ
xif&mjrif&mukd a&;om;aeMuavawmhonf/
&aohwkdYvuf&m usrf;pmrsm;teuf o'´gusrf;? qef;usrf;ponfwkdYrSm tusdK;jyKusrf;pmrsm;
jzpfyg\/ okdYaomf usrf;pmtrsm;pkrSmrl &aohwkdYonf tvkyfr&Sdí tvkyf&Smum avhvmjyKpkxm;aom
pmayrsm; jzpfacsonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
132
þokdY qkdvkdufojzifh &aohwkdY\ usrf;pmrsm;ukd apmfum;onf[lí rrSwf,loifh ay/ &aohwkdY\
b0jzpfpOfukd avhvmaomtcgü þpum;ukd oabmaygufvmayvddrfh rnf/ þjzpfpOfukd
tenf;i,f avhvmMunfh&vdrfhrnf/
a&S;acwf tdEd´,EkdifiH [dE´LwkdY\ "avhxkH;pHrsm;wGif ] tm&S&r } ac: usifh0wf usifhxkH;vnf;
wpfyg;tygt0if jzpfonf/ tm&S&rqkdonfrSm vlUb0wGif t&G,ftvkduf vkyfaqmif&rnfh
wm0efykdif;ukd qkdvkdonf/ t&G,fukd 4-ykdif; cGJjcm;xm;onf/
(1) yxrt&G,f / / ynmtrsdK;rsdK;ukd &SmazG qnf;yl;&rnf/
(2) 'kwd,t&G,f/ / tdrf&maxmifí pD;yGm;&SmazG pkaqmif;&rnf/
(3) wwd,t&G,f/ / pD;yGm;wkdYukd om;orD;wkdYtm; vTJtyfí r,m;ESifhtwl awmxGuf&rnf/
( qHyifjzLjcif;? tom;ta& wGefYjcif;? ajr;&aomtcgukd qkdonf/)
(4) pwkw¬t&G,f/ / rdrdESifh ygvmaom r,m;ukdyg pGefYí &aohb0jzifh wpfOD;wnf;
usifhMuHae&rnf/
a&S;acwf tdEd´,"avht& t&G,fBuD;&ifholwkdYrSm &aoh0wfí awmxJü wpfa,mufwnf;
aeMu&onf/ edygwfawmf Zmwursm;wGif &aohrsm;pGm yg&SdaeonfrSm xkd"avhrS azmfxkwfay;aom
Zmwfaumifrsm; jzpfayonf/
&aohwkdY pdwfajz&m usrf;pmrsm;
&aohwkdYonf azmfryg wpfa,mufwnf; awmBuD;xJrSm ae&ojzifh ysif;&dzG,f jzpf\/
tvkyftukdifuvnf; r&Sd/ tm;vyfae\/ xkdYaMumifh &aohwkdYonf pdwf0ifpm;p&mrsm;ukd &SmazGí
pdwfajzMu&onf/ tm½kHtpm;xkd;í ajzazsmufMu&onf/
tcsdKU &aohwkdYonf xGufouf 0ifoufukd rSwfjcif;paom tvkyfwkdYjzifh pdwfukd xdef;csKyfí
ajzodrfhMuonf/ pdwfwnfjidfrfrIukd &,lvsuf Nidrf;csrf;apMuonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
133
þusifhMuHrIrsm;onf aemiftcgü [dE´LbmomxJokdY 0ifa&mufvmonf/ [dE´Lbmomü ] a,m*enf;
} ac: usifhMuHrIonf tmemygeac: xGufouf 0ifoufukd tajccHaom usifhxkH; jzpfayonf/
tcsdKU &aohwkdYonf aeMuwf? vMuwf ponfwkdYukd rSwfom;í vlUurÇm\ jzpf&yfwkdYESifh
,SOf[yfMunfhMuonf/ vlUurÇm\ jzpf&yfwkdYESifh wkdufqkHaomtcg þokdY edrdwfjyvQif xkdokdY
jzpfwwfonf ponfjzifh rSwfom;xm;Muonf/
tcsdK &aohwkdYonf opfjrpf opf&GufwkdYukd a&m*gb,twGuf avhvmMuonf/ awGU&SdorQukd
rSwfwrf;jyKMuonf/ tcsdKU &aohwkdYonf *Pef;ocsFmwkdYukd tokH;csí vlUb0\
tqkd;taumif;wkdYukd rSwfwrf;jyKMuonf/ tcdsKU &aohwkdYonf ukd;uG,f&myk*d¾KvfwkdYukd &SmazG
azmfxkwfMuonf/ *gxmrEÅefwkdYukd zefwD; a&;om;Muonf/ rSwfwrf;wifMuonf/
þokdY enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh pdwf0ifpm;pGm vkyfukdifvmMu&mrS usifh0wf usifhxkH;rsm;pGm
ay:aygufvmcJhonf/ ,kHMunf&mrsm;pGm ay:xGef;vmcJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh &aohwkdY a&;aom
usrf;pmwkdYukd tvkyfr&SdaomaMumifh tvkyf&Smum a&;om;cJhMujcif; jzpfonf[k qkd&jcif;
jzpfayonf/
&aohwkdY a&;om;cJhaom usrf;pmwkdYrSm trsm;tm;jzifh odyHÜenf;us avhvmxm;cJhaom
twwfynmrsm; r[kwfay/ omrefwkdufqkHrIukd tajcjyKí twnfxifum rSwfwrf;wifxm;aom
pmrsm;jzpf&m {uefrSefvSNyD[lí ,kHMunfpGJrSwf rxm;tyfacs/
ykHpHtm;jzifh aeMuwf? vMuwf a[mudef;rsdK;ukd Munfhoifhonf/ a&S;acwfu ae vwkdY Muwfjcif;ukd
a&;BuD;cGifus,fvkyfí a[mudef;rsm; jyKvkyfxm;&m tvGefaMumuf rufzG,fuJhokdY xifrSwfae&onf/
trSefrl ae v urÇmwkdY wnfpk&m pMu0Vmü þokdYyif ESpfpOf jzpfay:aeMurnfjzpf\/ aMumufp&m
r&Sd? vefYp&m r&Sd? obm0t& jzpfwnfrI[l í em;vnfvmMu\/ a&S;acwfu a[mudef;rsm;
t"dyÜm,f r&Sdawmhacs/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
134
aA'ifa[mjcif;qkdaom vkyfief;rSmvnf; &aohwkdY\ pdwåZrSwfwrf; rsm;pGmxJu pdwful;,Of
rSwfwrf;yGm; wpfckom jzpfonf/ aA'ifa[mjcif;rSm *Pef;ocsFmwkdYukd aygif;? Ekwf? ajr§muf? pm; 4-
yg;aom vIyf&Sm;rIjzifh vufupm;NyD;vQif vlom;wkdY\ b0Mur®mukd ajz&Sif;ay;aeaom
vkyfief;jzpfonf/
a&S;acwf tdEd´,EkdifiHwGif jAm[®PwkdYonf bmoma&;\ OD;aqmifyk*d¾Kvfrsm; jzpfMuonf/
¤if;wkdYonf bmoma&;qkdif&m vkyfief;rsm;udk wm0ef,lí aqmif&GufMuonf/ bmoma&;ukd
uRrf;usifaom jAm[®Prsm;rSm rif;q&m yka&m[dwfrsm;tjzpf trIxrf;Mu &onf/
rif;rokH;aom jAm[®Prsm;rSmrl rdrdwkdY b0&yfwnfrItwGuf aA'ifq&mrsm; tjzpfvnf;aumif;?
tjcm; twwfynmwkdYjzifhvnf;aumif; toufarG;Mu&onf/
aA'ifq&mrsm;onf vlom;wkdY\ b0wpfckvkH;ukd aA'ifudef;*Pef;atmufokdY odrf;oGif;cJhMuonf/
vlwkdY tokH;jyKaeaom tu©&mrsm;ukdvnf; N*dK[fewfrsm;jzifh csOf;uyfí tokH;csxm;Muonf/
u c paom tu©&mrsm;ukd wevFmpaom N*dK[fwkdYu ykdifpkd;onf[k qkdMuonf/
emrnfrSnfhonfh tcgüvnf; eHoifhtu©&moHwkdYjzifh rSnfhac:Muonf/ N*dK[fewfwkdYonf
tu©&moHwkdYukd rnfonfhacwfu cGJwrf;csí ,lcJhMuoenf;/ rnfolu tykdifpm; ay;cJhoenf;
qkdaom ar;cGef;ukdrl tajzay;Ekdifol rawGU&acs/
vlwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ aumif;rI qkd;rIwkdYukd aA'iftwwfu jyKjyif ajymif;vJay;Ekdifonf[laom
tEkrmepGJvrf;csufjzifh aA'ifar;Muonf/ ,MwmacsMuonf/ ,Mwmacsí aus rausawmh rod/
aiGuawmh vufawGU ukef\/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
135
vlwkdYonf &uf&mZm? jyó'g;? 0g&rdwåK? tdrfaxmifzuf? rdwffzuf? &efzuf? "mwfzuf? vmbfae?
ewfae? pufae? a&csdK;aeY? acgif;avQmfaeY? orm;jzLaeY? wmaemaeY ponfjzifh a&Smifp&mtrsdK;rsdK;
aqmifp&mtzkHzkH aygufu&rsdK;pkHukd ,kHMunfaeMuavonf/
vlwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ b0ESifh cHpm;rIrsm; xdckdufrnfukd pkd;&dfrfMuonf/ þpkd;&drfrI onf vlwkdY\
yifukd,fÓPf pGrf;&nfukd tm;aysmhapcJhonf/ rdrdwkdY\ b0ukd xdckdufwwfonf[k Mum;zl;vQif
bmukdrQ rvkyf0HhMuawmh/ ,kwdå &Sd r&Sdukdvnf; rqifjcifEkdifawmhay/
]] aomMuma&aMumif; roGm;aumif; }} [laom aqmifyk'faMumifh avS oabFm oGm;vmrI vkyfief;rsm;
aESmifhaES;Mu&onf/ ]] wevFm wpfcgESifh rNyD; }} [laom aqmifyk'faMumifhvnf; &ufa&TU
aewwfMuao;onf/
jrefrmEkdifiHü aA'ifq&mwkdYu pdwåZa0'emukd tm;qufay;xm;aom aqmifyk'frsm;? vuFmrsm;?
usrf;pmrsm;rSm zwfí rukef? &Gwfí rcef; wif;usrf; &Sdaeavonf/
jreffrmEkdfifiHom; tcsdKUonf 13-*Pef; aMumuf&GHUrIukdvnf; ,kHMunfvmMuNyD/ 13-*Pef;ukd
aumif;usdK; ray;aom *Pef;[lí ,kHrSwfum vufrcHcsifMu/
þaMumuf&GHUrIrSm c&pfawmf\ tw¬KyÜwådüvmaom usrf;pum;t& jzpfay:aeaom t,ltq
jzpfonf/ a&S;OD;pGm c&pf,mefbmom0ifwkdY vufcH,kHMunfMuonf/ Ak'¨bmomESifh bmrQ
rywfoufay/ ,cktcsdefwGif ta&SUwkdif;okdYvnf; ul;pufvmNyD/ ua,mufuwrf;jzifh
a,mif,rf;NyD; aMumufaeMuNyD/ *Pef;qkdonfrSm ta&twGufukd azmfjyaom trSwfvu©Pm
jzpfonf[k trSefukd rjrifEkdifMuay/
vlom;wkdY\ ,kHMunfrIonf t,lonf;rIrsm; jyif;xefaeygu wkd;wufrIukd taESmifht,Suf
jzpfaponf/ vl\ vGwfvyfrIukd t[efYtwm; jzpfaponf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
136
vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;? EkdifiH wpfEkdifiHonf pdwåZ,kHMunfrIrsm; tpGJoefaeygu vlrsdK;\ edrfhusjcif;? EkdifiH\
qkwfepfjcif;ukd jzpfapavonf/
e*g;ukd;uG,frI vufusef ,kHMunfrI
e*g;ukd;uG,frIonf ,cktcg jrefrmEkdifiHü r&Sdawmhay/ taemf&xmrif; vufxuf ukd;uG,frI
oefYpifa&;ukd aqmif&GufpOfu tNyD;tykdif aysmufuG,fcJhNyD/
taemf&xm rwkdifrDu jrefrmEkdifiHü e*g;ukd;uG,frIrsm; xGef;um;cJhzl;onf/ jrefrmha&S;OD;&mZ0ifwkdYukd
MunfhvQif e*g;ukd;uG,frI trSwfoauFwrsm;ukd awGU&Sd&onf/
jrefrm&mZ0ifü ysLapmxD;rif;\ trdonf e*g;rif;orD; jzpfonfqkd\/ 'Gwåaygifrif;\ rdzk&m;
abpED´onfvnf; e*g;rif;\ orD;jzpfonf qkd\/ xkdolwkdYrSm e*g;ukd;uG,fol
e*g;bmom0ifrsm;[lí oabmaygufwwf&ayrnf/
e*g;ukd;uG,frIonf anmifOD; apm&[ef;rif; vufxufwGif txGef;um;qkH; jzpfonf/ xkdrif;onf
rdrdaexkdifcJh&m ocGm;,mcif;xJü e*g;½kyfBuD; jyKvkyfonf/ e*g;onf vlwkdYxuf jrwfonf[k
qkdum ukd;uG,fqnf;uyfonf/
taemf&xmrif;vufxuf a&mufaomtcg e*g;ukd;uG,frI aysmufuG,foGm;onf/ tdEd´,EkdifiHürl
,aeYwkdif e*g;ukd;uG,frI &Sdaeao;onf/ xkde*g;ukd;uG,faom tavhrSSmvnf; tdEd´,EkdifiHrSyif
ul;a&mufvmcJhavonf/
e*g;ukd;uG,frIukd xlaxmifcJholwkdYrSm tdEd´,EkdifiHrS '&mAD'D,efvlrsdK;wkdY jzpfonf/ olwkdYonf bDpD
3000-cefYwGif tdE´Kjrpf0Srf; ,Ofaus;rIBuD;ukd xlaxmifcJhMu\/ xkdvlrsdK;wkdYonf opfyif awm
awmif ponfwkdYukd ukd;uG,fMuonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
137
xkdYjyif a>rowå0gukd ajr\ t&Sifocif jzpfonf[k qkdum a>r½kyfrsm; xkvkyfukd;uG,fMuonf/
a>rukd em*[k ac:\/ xkdtcsdefrS pí e*g;ukd;uG,frI xGef;um;vmonf/ tdEd´,EkdifiHwGif
e*g;ukd;uG,fol e*g;bmom0ifrsm; tiftm;BuD;rm;cJhonf/
e*g;bmom0ifwkdY onfvnf; e*g;rsdK; jzpf&onfukd *kPf,lum rdrdwkdYukd,fukd ] e*g;rsdK; } [k
ac:qkdcJhMuonf/ e*g;rsdK;wkdYukd tkyfcsKyfoltm; e*g;rif;[k ac:onf/
ewfukd;uG,folwkdYuvnf; rdrdwkdYukd,fukd ewfrsdK; (ewfom;) ewforD;[k ac:MuouJhokdYyifwnf;/
a&S;a[mif;pmayrsm;wGif ewfom;? ewforD;? e*g;rif;? e*g;r qkdonfwkdYrSm rdrdwkdY ukd;uG,faom
bmomukd trTrf;wifí ac: qkdxm;jcif; jzpfonf[k em;vnfEkdifMuayonf/
aemiftcgwGif e*g;ukd;uG,frI 0g'onf '&mAD'D,ef vlrsdK;rsm; a&muf&Sd&m ta&SUawmiftm&SokdY
ul;puf jyefYyGm;oGm;avonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHü e*g;ukd;uG,frI yaysmufoGm;aomfvnf; e*g;ESifh ywfoufaom t,ltqrsm;
vufcH,kHMunfaeMuqJ jzpfonf/ e*g;onf wpfESpfvQif 4-BudrfrQ OD;acgif;ajymif;avh &Sdonfqkd\/
e*g;OD;acgif;onf waygif;? wefcl;? uqkefvwkdYü taemufokdY vSnfhonf/ e,kef? 0gqkd?
0gacgifvwkdYü ajrmufokdY vSnfhonf/ awmfovif;? oDwif;uRwf? wefaqmifrkef;vwkdYü ta&SUokdY
vSnfhonf/ ewfawmf? jymokd? wykdYwGJvwkdYü awmifbufokdY vSnfhonf[k qkdonf/
wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf e*g;cHwGif;okdY r0if&/ e*g;\ taMu;cGHukd vSefroGm;&/oGm;vQif
uHqkd;rkd;arSmif uswwfonf/ e*g;\ 0rf;ukd azmufoGm;rSomvQif uHaumif;NyD; csrf;omokcESifh
BuKH&rnf/ þt,ltqjzifh vlwkdYonf tdrf,majymif;vQifvnf;aumif;? c&D;oGm;vQifvnf;aumif;
e*g;vSnfhoifhatmif apmifhqkdif;aeavh &SdMuonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
138
,cktcg acwfrD tawG;tjrif &SdolwkdYurl xkdt,ltqukd vufrcHMuawmhay/ tpkd;&0efxrf;wkdYrSm
vkyfief;ajymif;a&TUvQif e*g;vSnfhoifhatmif apmifhaeí r&ay/ e*g;vSnfhukd ,kHMunfaeívnf;
rjzpf/ tcsdefrqkdif; a&TUMu&\/
okdY&mwGif a&S;a[mif;,kHMunfrIukd vufcHaeMuaom aus;vufEG,fzGm; t&yfol t&yfom;rsm;url
]] ewfESifh e*g; rvSnfhpm; ESifh? }} [laom aqmifyk'ftkd aqmifyk'faqG;BuD;jzifh axmufxm;
usm;uefvsuf &SdMuukefao;\/
twdwf edrdwfponf ,kHMunfrI
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif twdwfedrdwfponf ,kHMunfrIvnf; rsm;vSonf/ ,kHMunfp&m jyKvkyfxm;aom
t&mrsm;vnf; rsm;jym;vS\/ twdwfa[m edrdwfa[musrf;rsm;ukd MunfhvQif obm0avmuü
&Sdaom ypönf;wkdY\ vIyf&Sm;rI rSeforQukd twdwfedrdwfxJü xnfhoGif;xm;Mu\/ a[muGuf
ajymuGufrsm; jyKvkyfxm;Muonf/
armif;axmifomoemykdif vlxGuf r[m"r®oBuFefuJhokdY yk*d¾KvfBuD;rsm;uvnf;
aerdwåu0dZÆmusrf;rsdK;ukd a&;om;um pdwåZa0'emukd jyefYyGm;atmif jyKvkyfxm;cJhMuonf/
þokdYjzifh vlwkdY\ pdwfoEÅmef0,f twdwfpGJa&m*g edrdwfzwfa0'emrsm; uyfa&mufae&avonf/
þtwdwfedrdwf ,kHMunfrIrsm;rSmvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh tdEd´,rSyif ul;pufvm aom ,kHMunfrIrsm;
jzpfonf/ jAm[®Pac: ykPÖm;wkdY\vuf&m usrf;tpOftvm[k od&ayonf/
[dE´L0g'usifhxkH;rsm;wGif ] oEdÅ } ac: usifhpOfwpfck &Sdonf/ xkdusifhpOfrSm twdwfqkd; edrdwfqkd;
awGUBuHKaomtcg ab;tEÅ&m,f uif;pifa&;twGuf ,Mwmacs&aom tvkyfjzpfonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
139
tdrfü xGef;xm;aom rD;cGuf ½kwfw&uf Nidrf;jcif;? tdrfajr§mifusjcif;? pkwfxkd;jcif;? raumif;aom
tdrfruf rufjcif;? vif;w em;jcif;? iSufqkd; xkd;jcif;? &GmwGif;okdY awmwd&pämef 0ifjcif;paom
trIrsm;ukd twdwfqkd; edrdwfqkd;[k owfrSwfxm;onf/
xkdtcgrsdK;wGif ykPÖm; rsm;tm; yifhzdwfí vSLzG,f0w¬Krsm; vSL'gef;NyD;vQif wEÅ& rEÅ&rsm;ukd
&Gwfzwf&onf/ xkdokdY &GwfzwfrS tEÅ&m,frsm; uif;aysmufoGm;onf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/
[dE´LjAm[®PwkdY\ ,kHMunfcsuf jzpfonf/
þwGif twdwf edrdwfqkdaom pum;ukd jrefrmwkdYu a&maxG;ac:qkdaeMu\/ twdwf
edrdwfa0g[m&wkdYukd jrefrmtbd"mefusrf;rsm;ü þokdY zGifhjyxm;Muonf/
twdwfukd ]] aemifvmrnfh umvwGif jzpfysufrnfh taMumif;ukd odapEkdifaom edrdwf? aemiftcgwGif
jzpfysufrnfh tjcif;t&m\ a&SUajy;jzpf&yfvu©Pmponf }} [k zGifh jyxm;ygonf/
edrdwfukd ]] aumif;rnf? qkd;rnf? jzpfrnf? ysufrnf ponfwkdYukd BudKwifodapEkdif aom
trSwfvu©Pm }} [k zGifhjyygonf/
þzGifhqkfdcsufukd avhvmygu oabmoGm;csif; wlnDaeonfukd awGU&ygonf/ trSefrl twdwfESifh
edrdwfonf jcm;em;rI &Sd&ygrnf/ jcm;em;íom cGJjcm; tokH;jyKcJhjcif; jzpfygrnf/ pma&;ol\
oabmxm;jzifh ajym&vQif twdwfqkdonfrSm ,kwdårJh t,ltq jzpfygonf/ edrdwfrSmrl ,kwdå&Sd?
,kwdårJhESpfrsdK;ukd tjccHaeygonf/
&Sif;ygOD;rnf/ tdyfrufwdw¬KHac:aom usrf;rsm;ukd awGUzl;? Mum;zl;Muayvdrfhrnf/ þokdYjrifrufvQif
þokdjzpffrnf ponfjzifh a[mpmwrf; trsdK;rsdK; jyKvkyfxm;onf/
tdyfrufonf vlwkdif;vkdvkd jrifrufaeMuonf/ tdyfrufaumif;vnf; rufonf/ tdyfrufqkd;vnf;
rufonf/ tdyfrufaumif;vQif twdwfaumif;onf/ tdyfruf raumif;vQif twdwfraumif;/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
140
twdwf aumif; raumif;ukd Munfhí tusdK;ay; aumif; raumif;ukd a[mqkdMuonf/ þokdYaom
twdwfa[mrsm;rSm ,kwdårJh a[mqkdcsufrsm;om jzpfonf/ tdyfruf\ tusdK;ukd a[mjyívnf;
rSefuefvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/
jrefrm&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;ü tdyfruftusdK;ay; Zmwfvrf;rsm;ukd awGU&Sd&onf/ þonfrSm a&S;acwf
,kHMunfrIt& tpGJtvrf;ukd tajccHaom rSwfwrf;rsm;om jzpfyg vdrfhrnf/ þwGif
aumovtdyfruf 16-csufukd ukd;um;í tjiif;ryGm;apvkdyg/ Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf vlwkdY\ jyKrlrI
obm0jzpfpOfukd aumovtdyfruf tjrifjzifh ,SOfpyfí a[mMum;cJhjcif; jzpfavonf/
jrefrm&mZ0ifukd zwfvQif jrefrmrif;rsm; uHukefwkdif; twdwfrsm; jypNrJ jzpfae\/ xkdtwdwfrsm;rSm
bk&ifuHukefNyD;rS jzpfay:cJhaom twdwfrsm;ukd jyefajymif; avhvmí a&;oGif;cJhjcif; jzpfEkdifavonf/
tcsdKUrSmvnf; &mZ0ifq&mwkdY\ zefwD;rIrsm; jzpfEkdifayonf/
taemf&xmrif; tedpöa&mufvkdaomf eef;awmf Ouifoü ysm;pGJ\ ponfjzifh &mZ0ifq&mwkdYu
qkd\/ ysm;pGJaom tao;tzGJ udpöuav;ukd rSwfwrf;wifEkdfifaom &mZ0if q&mwkdYonf
tvGefta&;BuD;aom taemf&xmrif;\ tavmif; b,fa&mufoGm;onf[k &mZ0ifq&mwkdY
ra&;wwfcJhacs/
edrdwfrSmrl ,kwdå&Sdí rSefonfvnf; &Sdonf/ ,kwdårJhaom edrdwfvnf; &Sdonf/ bk&m;tavmif;onf
oltkd? olem? olao? &[ef;[laom edrdwf 4-yg;ukd jrifcJhonf/
þedrdwfrsm;aMumifh oHa0*&í awmxGufcJhonf/ bk&m;jzpfcJhonf/ þedrdwfonf ,kwdå&Sd\/
tusdK;quf trSefukd ay:aygufap\/ ,ckESpf rkd;aumif;í oD;ESHrsm; &Muonf/ rkd;&Gmjcif;onf
oD;ESHxGufrnfh edrdwfaumif; jzpfonf/
uav;wpfa,mufonf ÓPfaumif;\/ 0D&D,aumif;\/ xkduav;onf pmawmfvdrfhtrnf[k
edrdwfzwfjcif;onf ,kwdå&Sdonf/ rSefuefEkdifonf/ obm0usaom edrdwfvu©Pmrsm; jzpfayonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
141
xkdYjyif obm0rus? ,kwdår&Sdaom edrdwfa[mrsm;vnf; rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ ykHpHtm;jzifh ivsifvIyfedrdwf
a[mudef;rsdK; jzpfonf/ we*FaEGaeY ivsifvIyfvQif bmjzpfrnf ponfjzifh a[mudef;vuFm
uAsmtwkdtprsm;ukd jyKvkyfxm;Muonf/ þa[mudef;rsm;rSm wpfcgwpf&H rS ivsifvIyfaom
EkdifiHom;wkdY jyKvkyfxm;onfh a[mudef;rsm; jzpfonf/ *syefEkdifiHuJhokdY tNrJwrf; ivsifvIyfaeaom
EkdifiHtwGufrl bmrQ tokH;r0ifawmhacs/
twdwfedrdwfa[m pmwrf;rsm;wGif wdrfedrdwf? Mu,fwHcGefedrdwf? iSufrnfoHedrdwf? <uufcJedrdwf?
awmifykdYaygufedrdwf? ysm;pGJedrdwf? iSufem;edrdwf? aetdrfzGJUedrdwf? vtdrfzGJUedrdwf ponfjzifh
trsm;tjym; &Sdayonf/
þtwdwfpGJ edrdwfpGJ t,ltqrsm;onfvnf; vlom;wkdY\ pdwfykdif;qkdif&m vGwfvyfrI?
½kyfykdif;qkdif&m zHGUNzdK;rIwkdYukd tEÅ&m,fjyKaeaom ,kHMunfrIrsm; jzpfonf/ Ak'¨ bk&m;&Sifuvnf;
þtwdwf edrdwfrsm;ukd vufrcHbJ awmfvSefa[mMum;cJhavonf/
rEÅef&Gwfqkd ,kHMunfrI
*gxmrEÅef &GwfqkdrIrsm;onf ,aeY acwfpm;aeaomvkyfief;wpf&yf jzpfayonf/ *gxmrEÅefukd
OD;pm;ay;aom pmapmif r*¾Zif;rsm;vnf; vuf 10-acsmif;ru rsm;vSonf/ Ak'¨bmom
qkdif;bkwfwyfí bkd;awmf? r,fawmfwkdYtaMumif;? tpGrf;xufaom *gxmrEÅefwkdY taMumif;ukd
OD;pm;ay; azmfjyaeMuonf/ *gxm&Gwfojzifh pD;yGm;Opöm wkd;wufaMumif;? a&m*g a0'em
aysmufuif;aMumif; a&;om;Muonf/ uifqma&m*gyif aysmufuif;aMumif;
a&;om;azmfjyMuonfukd awGU&zl;onf/ aemufqkdvQif attkdif'Dtufpf a&m*gyg
aysmufuif;OD;rnfvm; roday/
*gxmrEÅef &GwfqkdrIonf [dE´LjAm[®PwkdY\ "avhxkH;pHwpfck jzpfonf/ jAm[®P wkdYonf
*g,Bwdac: rEÅefrsdK;ukd udpöwpfck aqmif&GufawmhrnfqkdvQif 10-Budrfavmuf &GwfzwfMu&onf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
142
aexGufcsdef ae0ifcsdefwkdYüvnf; rEÅefukd &GwfMu&onf/ tMudrf 1000-jynfhatmif &GwfqkdvQif
tukokdvf[lorQ uif;pif yaysmufEkdifonf[l\/
[dE´LjAm[®PwkdYonf *gxmrEÅef &Gwfqkd&mü ] OHK } [laom a0g[m&ukd a&S;OD; xm;í
&GwfqkdMu&onf/ þa0g[m&rSm t? O? r [laom tu©&m 3-vkH;ukd aygif;pnf; &Gwfqkdaom
a0g[m&jzpfonf/ t tu©&monf AdóEkd;ewfudk a[m\/ O tu©&monf od0ewfukd a[m\/ r
tu©&monf jA[®mewfukd a[m\/ ewfbk&m;BuD; 3-OD;ukd wpfNydKifwnf;ygap&ef aygif;pnf;
&Gwfqkdaomtcg ] OKH } [k jzpfvmonf/ tkrf [k toH xGuf&\/ ouúwbmomü ] Morf } [k
a&;onf/
þOKHcHaom *gxmrEÅefwkdYukd r[m,me wEÅ&*kdPf;om;rsm;u ,lí tokH;jyKMuonf/
þOKH&GwfqkdrIonf jrefrmEkdifiHokdYvnf; ul;puf a&muf&Sdvmonf/ jrefrmwkdYonf *gxmrEÅef
&GwfqkdfvQif OHKcHí &GwfqkdMuonf/ trSefrl OHK*gxmrSm Ak'¨bmomESifh vkH;0 ywfoufjcif; r&Sdacs/
jrefrmEkdifiHü *gxmrEÅef &GwfqkdrIrsm;vnf; tdEd´,rS ul;pufvmaom vkyfief;jzpfaMumif;
rjiif;qkdEkdifMuay/ *gxmrEÅefwkdY\ wefckd;ukd [dE´LjAm[®Prsm; ,kHMunf ovkdyif jrefrmwkdYuvnf;
,kHMunfMuonf/ taemf&xmrwkdifrDu t&nf;BuD;wkdYonf *gxmwefckd;ukd trsdK;rsdK;
tokH;jyKMuonf/ *gxmrEÅef &GwfqkdvQif tukokdvfrSeforQ uif;pif yaysmufEkdifonf[laom
t,ltqrSmvnf; [dE´LjAm[®PwkdY\ t,ltqtwkdif;yif jzpfavonf/
aemiftcgwGif Ak'¨a'oemawmf *gxmwkdYukdyif OHKcHí &GwfqkdvmMuonf/ OHKa0g[m&ESifh
Ak'¨a'oemwkdYrSm bmrQ ywfoufrI r&Sdonfukd awGUod em;vnfrI r&SdcJhMuacs/
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif *gxmrEÅefwkdYukd ygVd? ouúw wkdYjzifhom &Gwfqkdref;rIwfMuonf r[kwf/ jrefrmwkdY
jyKvkyfxm;aom jrefrmbmom rEÅefrsm;vnf; ay:aygufcJhonf/wDxGifcJhMuonf/ O'g[½kPftm;jzifh
um,od'd¨*gxm[k ac:aom rEÅefwpfyk'fukd nTefjy ygrnf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
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]] OHK ig\ &efum; vGwfav &Sm;av a0;pGm &SJ? OHK &Sifarm*¾vmef- &efwumukd a&Tvuf0g;awmfESifh
umq&mhum/ }}
þ*gxmjzifh oajyyifukd ajcESifhuefí 37-acguf &Gwfyg/ &GwfNyD;vQif ¤if;oajyyifu oajyyef;ukd
csdK;í yefav/ aqmifav/ um,od'd¨ aumif;vSonf[l\/ &Sifarm*¾vmefrax&fonf
olU&efolukdyif umuG,fEkdifjcif; r&SdbJ 0#fa<u;t& ckd;om;ig;&m t½kdufcHí y&dedAÁmef jyKoGm;cJhNyD/
,cktcsdefwGif r&Sdawmh/ okdYygvsuf &Sifarm*¾vmefukd oufawmfapmifh&mxl; ay;í umuG,f&ef
apckdif;xm;onfh *gxmrSm A½kwfokwfc*kdPf;orm;wkdY wDxGifxm;aom ujyufuacsmf
*gxmwpfyk'fom jzpfayonf/
rMumrDu jrefrmjynfwGif csdwfqGJp&m qkdif;bkwf*gxm wpfckvnf; acwfpm;cJhzl; onf/
xkd*gxmrEÅefrSm ]] OHK rPdya'®[kH }} jzpfonf/ ¤if;*gxmrEÅefukd tdrfay:rSm? ,mOfay: rSm?
qkdifay:rSm? ae&mwumrSm awGU&\/
þreÅefonf r[m,me*kdPf;rS t0avmudawo& bk&m;avmif;ewfukd ylaZmf aom *gxmjzpfonf/
t"dyÜm,frSm ]] ywåjrm; &wemESifhwlaom t0avmudawo& t&Sifonf MumyGifhBuD;xJu
jzpfxGef;vmovkd tuREkfyf\ ESvkH;tdrfrSvnf; aAm"dÓPf jzpfxGef;ygap/ }} [lí jzpfonf/
jrefrmjynfü xkd*gxm a&yef;pm;aepOf ax&0g' oefYpifapvkdaom r*¾Zif;rsm;u acszsuf
a&;om;MuaomaMumifh aemufykdif;wGif arS;rSdefoGm;&avonf/
jrefrmwkdYonf *gxmrEÅef &Gwfqkd&mü tacguf ta&twGufukd pdyfykwD;ac:aom tuGif;jzifh
vkH;a&rSwfívnf;aumif;? ywfa& rSwfívnf;aumif; &GwfqkdMuonf/ þpdyfykwD;jzifh vkH;a& ywfa&
rSwfí pdyfjcif;rSmvnf; [dE´LjAm[®PwkdY xHrSyif ul;pufvmaom vkyfief;jzpfaMumif; od&Sd&ayonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
144
pdyfykwD;jyóem tajz&Sm
a&S;acwfu w½kwfESifh yD½l;EkdifiHwkdYwGif csnfBudK;jzifh txkH;ykwD; jyKvkyfNyD; rSwfwrf;rSwf&moabm
tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/ wpfzef jAm[®P? [dE´L? *sdef;? c&pf,mef? rlpvifwkdYvnf; opfaph? 0g;? zef?
ausmufykwD;ponfwkdYukd tokH;jyKMuonf/
jrefrmAk'¨bmom0ifwkdYonfvnf; ykwD;ukd tqifwefqm tjzpfvnf;aumif;? bmoma&;
tokH;taqmif tjzpfvnf;aumif; tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/ *kdPf;orm;wkdYuvnf; *kdPf;okH;ypönf;tjzpf
tokH;csMuonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tqifwefqmtjzpf ykwD;rsm;ukd ysLacwfuyif wGifus,fpGm okH;pGJaeMuonf/
bmoma&; tokH;taqmifykwD;ukdum; aemufacwfa&mufrS okH;pGJcJhMujcif; jzpfonf/ xkdbmoma&;
tokH;jzpfaom pdyfykwD;rSmrl [dE´LwkdYxHrS enf;,lí jyKvkyfcJhMujcif; jzpfayonf/
[dE´L0g' usifhxkH;rsm;wGif ] Oygoe } ac: usifhxkH;wpfck ½Sdonf/ þusifhxkH;rSm bk&m;xD;?
bk&m;rwkdY\ *kPfukd zGJUqkdxm;aom rEÅefwkdYukd &Gwfqkd&onfh tvkyfjzpfonf/ xkd*kPfwkdYukd &Gwfzwf
ylaZmf&mü ] ZyÜ } ac: pdyfykwD;jzifh &GwfzwfrIvnf; yg0ifonf/ xkdYaMumifh [dE´LwkdYu pdyfykwD;ukd ]
ZyÜrmvm } [k ac:Muonf/
ZyÜ = &Gwfqkdjcif;? o&ZÑm,fjcif; ?
rmvm= yef;? okdYr[kwf tpOftwef;-
[lí t"dyÜ,f&ayonf/
ZyÜrmvm\ t"dyÜm,frSm wpfckckukd &Gwfqkdaomtcg tBudrfaygif;ukd rSwfom;&eftwGuf
oDukH;xm;onfh t&m0w¬K [lí jzpfygonf/ [dE´LbmomwGif AdóEkd;*kdPf;0ifwkdYonf 108-vkH;
ykwD;ukd tokH;jyKavh &SdMu\/ jrefrmwkdYuvnf; 108-vkH; ykwD;ukdyif tokH;jyK rsm;Muonf/
jrefrmEkdfifiHü ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdYonf rnfonfhacwfu pwifí tokH;jyKcJhonf[k rod&ay/
yk*Hacwf ty,f&wemvkdPf*lbk&m; twGif;ü awGU&onfh eH&Haq;a&; taxmuftxm;rsm;t&
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
145
[dE´L&aohBuD;rsm;[k ,lq&aom &aohBuD;rsm; ykHwkdYü pdyfykwD;rsm;ukd ukdifaqmifxm;Mu\/
&aohwkdYonf pdyfykwD;ukd ukdifí rEÅef&Gwfae[ef &Sdayonf/
tif;0acwfwGifrl Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdYvnf; pdyfykwD;ukd tokH;jyKvmMuNyD jzpfonf/ tif;0acwfwGif
&mZm"d&mZfESifh pBudKoljrwfwkdY awGUqkHyGJü oDwif;onf 300-wkdYu pdyfykwD; ukd,fpDjzifh
vkdufyg&aMumif; orkdif;a[mif;wkdYü awGU&Sd&onf/
ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdYonf [dE´LwkdY txHrS pdyfykwD;tokH;ukd enf;,lí tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/
þokdY usifhokH;onfukd rSm;onf[k rqkdEkdifyg/ rnfonfh t,l0g'rS enf;,lí usifhokH;onf jzpfap?
Ak'¨bmomwkdYu Ak'¨bmom enf;[efjzifh tokH;jyKjcif;om y"me jzpfonf/
[dE´LwkdYu rEÅef&Gwf&mü tokH;jyKonf/ Ak'¨bmomwkdYu Ak'¨*kPfawmf &GwfyGm;&mü tokH;jyKonf/
þokdY jcm;em;oGm;Muygonf/ xkdYaMumifh Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdYonf *kPfawmftm½kH yGm;xkH&ef tvkdYiSm
pdyfykwD;ukd tokH;jyKoifhMuygonf/ pE´&m;onf jrefrmwkdY wDxGifaom wl&d,mypönf;
r[kwfaomfvnf; jrefrmaw;ukd wD;cwf&eftwGuf tokH;jyKcJh MuouJhokdY rSwf,lEkdifayonf/
okdY&mwGif tcsdKUyk*d¾KvfwkdYonf pdyfykwD;ESifh ywfoufí ,kHMunfrI tykdtuJrsm; jzpfvmygonf/
eHYomykwD;? N*dK[fwkdifykwD;? "mwfom;ykwD;? yef;aygif;ykwD;? *rkef;aygif;ykwD; ponfjzifh
pdwful;ay:&m wDxGifí tokH;jyKvmMuonf/ pdyfykwD;\ wefckd;ukdvnf; trsdK;rsdK;
,kHMunfvmMuonf/ ykwD;ukd a&pdrfaomufvQif bma&m*g aysmufrnf ponfrsdK; jzpf\/
tcsdKUyk*d¾KvfwkdYvnf; ykwD;acgif;rS BudK;tzsm;ukd ukdifum touf0ifvmoa,mif xifatmif
awmif&rf; ajrmuf&rf; vkyfNyD; y&rf;ywm a[mudef;jzifh vkyfpm;aeMuonf/ þ,kHMunfrIrsdK;um;
obm0vGef ,kHMunfrI jzpfvmaomaMumifh tpGef;a&mufcJhavNyD/
,cktcsdefwGif jrefrmEkdifiHü bkd;bkd;atmifqkdol\ pdwful;,Ofbkd;awmfykHüvnf;aumif;?
tjcm;yk*d¾KvffykHwkdYüvnf;aumif; pdyfykwD;xnfhí xkvkyf a&;qGJMuonf/ pdyfykwD;onf þrQ
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
146
wGifus,faeNyD/ xkdtxJwGif &SifoD0vdykHawmfukd pdyfykwD;jzifh xkvkyfMuonfum; ravsmfuefvSay/
tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf &SifoD0vdacwfu pdyfykwD;ukd tokH;jyKavh r&SdaomaMumifhwnf;/
od'd¨wifjcif;
,aeY jrefrmEkdifiHü od'd¨wifaom tvkyfukdvnf; vltawmfrsm;rsm; vufcH ,kHMunfaeMu\/
od'd¨wifjcif; qkdonfrSm ygVdbmom od'd¨[laom a0g[m&yk'fESifh jrefrmbmom wif[laom
a0g[m&ESpfckukd aygif;pyfí ] od'd¨wif } [k ac:qkdaeMujcif; jzpfayonf/
þwGif od'd¨[laom yk'fukd teuft"dyÜm,f &SmazGMunfhygu tbd"mefygVdü od'd¨yk'f\ tzGifhr&Sd/
y&d,m,fvnf; r&Sd/ okdYaomf om"eo'´ga[mEkdifaom teufwYkdukd azmfjy&mü od'd¨dyk'fukd
NyD;pD;jcif;[lí teufay;xm;Muygonf/
jrefrmtbd"mefusrf;ü ]] od'd¨ = NyD;jcif;? od'd¨wif? vufzGJUponfukd tpGrf;xufatmif
aqmif&Gufonf/ csD;rGrf;onf/ trTrf;wifonf/ }} [k zGifhjyxm;onf/ xkdYaMumifh
od'd¨wifjcif;qkdonfrSm pDrHzefwD;xm;aom ypönf;ukd tpGrf;xufatmif aqmif&Gufaom tvkyfukd
qkdvkdonf/
od'd¨wifonf qkd&mrSmvnf; [dE´L jAm[®PwkdYuJhokdY *gxmrEÅefjzifh &Gwfqkdjcif;ukdyif qkdvkdygonf/
jrefrmwkdYu rEÅefjzifh ref;onf[k ac:\/ vufzGJUref;? a&ref;? qDref; ponfjzifh trsdK;rsdK;aom
ref;rIwfrIwkdYukd wDxGifjyKvkyfMuonf/ þokdY ref;vkdufojzifh a&onf tpGrf; xufoGm;\/ qDonf
wefckd;&SdoGm;\/ vufzGJUponfwkdYvnf; tpGrf;xufoGm;um vkd&mod'd¨rsm; NyD;ajrmufrnf[k
,kHMunfMuonf/
þuJhokdYaom ,kHMunfcsufjzifh *gxmrEÅefwkdYukd ukd,fwkdif &Gwfzwf o&ZÑm,fí od'd¨wif
ref;rIwfMuonf/ rdrdwkdY rvkyfwwfygu tjcm; ref;rIwfwwfolwkdYukd ref;rIwfapí
tpGrf;xufatmif jyKvkyfMuonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
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147
od'd¨wifonfqkdaom *gxmrEÅefwkdYrSmvnf; ouúw? ygVd? jrefrmbmomwkdYjzifh oDukH;xm;jcif;
jzpfonf/ *gxmrEÅefwkdYrSm rdrdwkdY vkdtifqE´ukd awmif;qkdxm;aom pmrsm;om jzpfonf/ ykHpHtm;jzifh
atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/
]] r[d'd¨um ab;&efumí urÇmrysuf tm,kqufí toufuyfvkH; wnfapaomf /}}
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]] ta&;&SdvQif t&dyfqm,m ewfwumESifh 0dZÆmtaygif; rapaomf /}}
]] Akdvfvlrsm;pGm &efjyKvmvQif 0dZÆmAv ewfupí od'd¨qkdif&m ewfrsm;pGmu nDnmjzjz 0kdif;tkHMuí
r p jyKjyif igh½kyfoGif rxifcsufcsif; aysmufapaomf / }}
þokdYaom rEÅefpmjzifh od'd¨wifMujcif;om jzpfayonf/
,aeYacwfwGif od'd¨wifjcif;ukd vlBudKufrsm;vmonfhtavsmuf od'd´wifay;aom
yk*d¾KvfBuD;rsm;vnf; ay:aygufae\/ xkdyk*d¾Kvfrsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh *kdPf;qefqeftvkkyfukd
jyKvkyfaeolrsm; jzpfonf/
*kdPf;yk*d¾KvfBuD;wkdYonf ykwD;? vufzGJU? "mwfvkH; ponfwkdYukd OKH atmif;*gxm tjzmjzmwkdYjzifh
&Gwfqkdí od'd¨wifay;Muonf/ vlawGuvnf; emrnfBuD; *kdPf;yk*d¾KvfBuD;u &Gwfqkday;orQukd
uGefysLwm*Pef;pufuJhokdY tcsufusrSefrnf[k {uef,kHMunfrIjzifh vuf0g;vSefí
awmifcHaeMuukef\/
,aeYacwfwGif aiGpuúLukdyif od'd¨wif ay;olrsm; &Sdaeonf/ xkdyk*d¾KvfBuD;u wpfusyfwef
aiGpuúLukd od'd¨wifí vufaqmifay;onf/ xkdaiGpuúL&olrSm tm;&0rf;omjzifh vufukdiftdwfxJ
oGif;um oyf&yfpGm odrf;qnf;xm;vkdufonf/ NyD;aemuf vufukdiftdwf wGif;rS 200d^- wef
aiGpuúLukd xkwfí ylaZmfuefawmhvkdufonf/ vufawGUrSmrl od'd¨wif ay;aom yk*d¾KvftwGuf 199-
usyf tjrwf&oGm;NyD/ wpfusyft&if;jzifh 199-usyf jrwfaom tvkyfrSm b,fzufpyf
ukrÜPDvkyfief;rS r&Sdacs/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
148
vlwkdYonf b0ESifh b0cHpm;rItwGuf tmom&r®ufjyif;pGm vkyfukdifaeMuonf/ tmom&r®uftwGuf
ukd;uG,f&mukd &SmazGqnf;uyfaeMuonf/ ,kHMunfp&mukd &SmazG vufcHaeMuonf/ ,kwdå&Sd r&Sdukd
todÓPfjzifh tjrifrSef r&EkdifcJhMuay/
þuJhokdY ,kwdårJh ukd;uG,frIESifh ,kHMunfrIrsm;ukd ax&0g'u jiif;y,fxm;\/ ax&0g'tjrifESifh
qefYusifonfh þ,kwdårJh tawG;tjrifwkdYukd ax&0g' Ak'¨a'oemawmfvm pum;&yfwkdYjzifh
,SOfuyfí okH;oyfMuygOD;pkdY/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
149
tcef; (3)
ax&0g'ESifh jyify,kHMunfukd;uG,frI
tavmif;awmf od'¨w¬rif;om;onf rZÑdry#dy'gvrf;pOfukd usifhokH;vsuf w&m;rSefukd &SmazGcJh&m
r[mouú&mZf 103-ck? uqkefvjynfh? Ak'¨[l;aeYwGif opömav;yg;ukd odjrifí bk&m;tjzpfokdY
a&muf&SdcJhonf/
Ak'¨tjzpfokdY a&muf&SdNyD;aemuf vlom;wkdY\ b0ukd okH;oyfMunfh½IcJhonf/ xkdtcg vlom;xkBuD;\
rSm;,Gif;aom vlaerIb0"avhBuD;ukd awGUjrifvm&onf/ rdrd\ ywf0ef; usif&Sd vlwkdY\
ukd;uG,faerIrsm;? ,kHMunfaerIrsm;rSm rdrd jrifodaom w&m;"r®ESifh jcm;em;vSayonf/
Ak'¨bk&m; yGifhxGef;vmcsdefwGif tdEd´,EkdifiH rZÑdra'oü pdwftawG;ukd tajccHaom 0g'rsm;
xGef;um;aeavNyD/ bDpD 3000-cefYu xlaxmifvmcJhaom '&mAD'D,efwkdY\ ukd;uG,f,HkMunfrI
"avhrsm;? bDpD 2000-cefYrS pí xlaxmifvmcJhaom tm&d,efwkdY\ ukd;uG,f,kHMunfrI "avhrsm;rSm
tdEd´,wpfcGifü wGifus,faeNyD/ ,if;tiftm;pkBuD;u BuD; pkd;aecJhNyD/
Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf vlwkdY\ ,kHMunfukd;uG,frI "avhrsm;ukd okH;oyfvsuf ]] avmu BuD;[m
ysufpD;aeyguvm;?}}[k nnf;wGm;rdonf/ rdrd odjrifaom w&m;"r®wkdYukd a[mjyvkdpdwf
wkefYaES;oGm;&onf/
bk&m;&Sif\ wkefYaES; wGefYqkwfaerIukd o[HywdjA[®mu arwåm&yfcHí awmif;yefcJh&\/ xkdtcgrS
bk&m;&Sifonf rdrdodjrifaom opömw&m;ukd a[mMum;awmfrl\/ rdrd\ ywf0ef;usifü&Sdaom
ukd;uG,frI trSm;rsm;? ,kHMunfrI tvGJtrsm;ukd axmufjyonf/ rSefuefaom
opömvrf;aMumif;ay:okdY a&mufatmif ykdYaqmifay;avonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
150
jyifyukd;uG,frI awmfvSefa&;
Ak'¨bk&m; yGifhay:vmcsdefwGif tdEd´,a'oü a'oü a&SUwef;a&mufaeaom 0g'rSm twå0g'
jzpfonf/ [dE´L jAm[®P0g't& twåw&m;rSm jA[®mBuD;u zefqif;ay;xm;aom t&m[k
vufcHaeMu\/
jA[®mBuD;onf txufaumif;uif wpfae&mü &Sdonf/ rtkd rao tNrJaeaom yk*d¾Kvfvnf;
jzpfonf/ urÇmavmuBuD;ESifh ouf&Sdowå0g rSeforQukd zefqif;ay;xm;onf/
jA[®mBuD;onf vl\cE¨mukd,fxJü qkd;vf? 0dnmOf[kac:aom twåuav;ukd zefqif;ay;xm;onf/
xkdtwåuav;onf cE¨mukd,fxJrSm tNrJ&SdaeNyD; ½kyfcE¨mysufpD; oGm;aomtcg tjcm; ½kyfcE¨mxJokdY
ul;ajymif;oGm;avonf/
þtwåuav;onf rlvzefqif;&Sifjzpfaom jA[®mBuD;ESifh jyefvnfaygifpnf;&eftwGuf ylaZmfyorI?
0wfjyK ukd;uG,frIrsm; jyKvkyf&onf/ þt,ltqjzifh jA[®mukd;uG,frI 0g' xGef;um;aeavonf/
Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf vlom;\ cE¨mü twåw&m;[lí r&SdaMumif;? twåw&m; qkdonfrSm b,frSmrS
r&SdEkdifaMumif; a&S;OD;a'oemjzifh twå0g'ukd acszsufa[mMum;awmfrlonf/ twå0g'ukd
awmfvSefaom tewå0g'a'oemonf Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif\ yGJOD;xGufw&m;awmf jzpfavonf/
Ak'¨yGifhawmfrlpOftwGif; tdEd´,EkdifiH\ ukd;uG,frI ½kyfykHvTmwkdYukd vSpfzGifhMunfvQif tjcm; ukd;uG,frI
rsm;pGmwkdYukdvnf; awGYjrifMu&onf/ þukd;uG,frIrsm;rSmvnf; a&Sa[mif; vlwkdY pdwful;jzifh
MuHpnfxm;aom obm0ukd;uG,frIbmom ( Nature Worship ) ukdyif tajccHaeavonf/
bDpD 3000-cefYu '&mAD'D,efvlrsdK;wkdYu pwifcJhaom opfyif awm awmif paom
ukd;uG,frIrsm;vnf; Ak'¨bk&m; yGifhonftxd &Sdaeonf/ Ak'¨bk&m;onf t*Fwkdif;ESifh r*"wkdif;wkdY
tMum;okdY a&muf&SdoGm;\/ xkdtcsdefwGif t*d¾d'wåac:aom &aohwpfOD;u olUwynfhwkdYtm; opfyif
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
151
awm awmif ponfwkdYukd ukd;uG,fMu&ef qkH;rae\/ Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf t*¾d'wå\ ukd;uG,frI
tqkH;trukd þokdY acszsufa[mMum;awmfrlonf/
]] ab;ukd xdwfvefYaom olwkdYonf awm awmif opfyifwkdYukd ukd;uG,f&m[lí
qnf;uyfMuukef\/ xkd awm awmif opfyifwkdYukd ukd;uG,fjcif;onf ab;uif;aomukd;uG,f&m
r[kwfay/ þudk;uG,frIwkdYonf jrwfaom ukd;uG,frIvnf; r[kwf/ bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm
&wemokH;yg;omvQif ukd;uG,fqnf;uyftyf\/ &wemokH;yg;ukd ukd;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;onf
omvQif ab;uif;aom qnf;uyfrI jzpfonf/ jrwfaom ukd;uG,frI jzpfonf/ }}
xkdYaemuf Ak'¨bk&m;onf opömav;yg;w&m;ukd qufvufa[mMum;&m t*d¾'wå&aohESifh
wynfhwpfaomif;wkdY &[EÅm jzpfcJhMuonf/
yg&SefvlrsdK;wkdY\ Zdk½kd;tufpwm;bmomonf rD;ukd txGwftjrwfxm;aom 0g' jzpfonf/
xkd0g'rsdK;onf tdEd´,EkdifiHüvnf; xGef;um;ae\/
Ak'¨bk&m;onf a0VK0efausmif;ü aeawmfrlpOf &Sifom&dykwå&m\ wlawmfol ykPÖm;wpfa,mufonf
rD;ewfukd vkyfauR; ylaZmfaeoljzpfonf/ bk&m;&Sifonf xkdykPÖm;ukd þokdY
a[mMum;qkH;rawmfrlonf/
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ÓPftjrif&Sdaom &[ef;ukd cPrQ ylaZmf\/ xkdyk*d¾Kvf ESpfOD;wkdYwGifÓPftjrif&Sdaom yk*d¾Kvftm;
ylaZmfjcif;onf jrwf\/ rD;ukd tESpfwpf&m ylaZmfjcif;jzifh tusdK;r&Sd/ }} t*d¾a'0ac:
rD;ewfylaZmfrIonf orkdif;OD;u ukd;uG,frI"avhwpfck jzpfonf/ þukd;uG,frIrsm;rSm bmrQ
tusdK;r&SdaMumif; Zmwfa[mif;rsm;üvnf; a[mMum;jyocJhonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
152
e*kF| Zmwffawmf
vGefavNyD;aomtcg Am&mPoDjynfü jA[®'wfrif;onf rif;jyKvwfaomf bk&m;tavmif;onf
O'´dpöykPÖm;rsdK;ü jzpf\/ rdbwkdYonf bk&m;avmif; arG;aomaeYrS pí rD;ukd odrf;qnf;xm;Muonf/
xkdrD;ukd rjidrf;raysmufatmif apmifh&Smufxm;Muavonf/
bk&m;avmif; 16-ESpft&G,f a&mufaomtcg rdbwdkYu ]] cspfom;? oifarG;zGm;aom aeYuyif 'DrD;ukd
arG;í xdef;odrf; apmifha&SmufcJh&onf? tu,fí tdrfrSm aevkdvQif aA'ifokH;ykHukd oifyg? jA[®mhjynf
a&mufvkdvQifvnf; 'DrD;ukd ,lNyD; awmukdoGm;yg? rD;ewfukd vkyfauR;NyD; jA[®mBuD;ukd ESpfoufatmif
aqmif&Gufaeygawmh? }} [k ajymMuonf/
bk&m;avmif;onf tdrfaevlom;tjzpf raevkdaomaMumifh rdrdtwGuf arG;,lxm;aom rD;ukd ,lí
awm0emokdY xGufcGmvmchJonf/ awm0emü aeí rdD;ukd rjidrf;atmif xdef;odrf;NyD; rD;ewfukdyif
vkyfauR;aecJhonf/
wpfaeYaomf ypöEÅ&mZf&Gmu EGm;wpfaumifukd tvSLcH &&Sdonf/ bk&m;avmif; onf rdrd&aom EGm;ukd
rD;ewftm; ylaZmfyovkd\/ okdYaomfvnf; awmxJrSm jzpfí qm;u r&Sd/ qm;rygaom [if;vsmukd
rD;ewfociftm; qufovQif auseyfrnf r[kwf/ xkdYaMumifh qm;&&Sd&ef &GmqDokdY xGufvmcJhonf/
bk&m;avmif; r&SdcsdefwGif rkqkd;wpfokduf a&muf&SdvmNyD;aemuf EGm;ukd awGUí owfpm;oGm;Muonf/
tNrD;ESifh t½kd;ta&wkdYukdrl xkdae&mrSmyif ypfcsoGm;Muonf/
bk&m;avmif;ykPÖm; jyefvmaomtcg EGm;ukd rawGU&awmh/ tNrD;ESifh t½kd;ta&wkdYukdom
awGU&awmhonf/ bk&m;avmif;onf rdrd xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufcJhaom rD;ewfa'0gukd Munfhí
todrSef &oGm;onf/
]] bkef;&Sdaom rD;ewfrif;[m ukd,fpm;&rnfh Opömukdyif rapmifha&SmufEkdifbl;? ightwGufqkdvQif
b,frSm apmifha&SmufEkdifygrnfenf;? 'DrD;ukd qufvuf vkyfauR;aeí tusdK;r&SdEkdifbl;? }} [k todrSef
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
153
&oGm;onf/ xkdYaMumifh ]] tkd- rD;ewf&Sif? oif[m ukd,hf Opömukdyif apmifha&SmufEkdifol r[kwfyg?
,ckcsdefrSm trJvnf; r&Sdawmhyg? oifESifh xkdufwef onfh 'Dta&ESifh tNrD;wkdukdom pm;&pfayawmh? }}
[k qkdum tNrD;ESifh tykdif;tpwkdYukd ypfcsNyD;vQif xGufcGmoGm;avawmhonf/
Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf opfyif awm awmif paom obm0w&m;wkdYukd ukd;uG,f aejcif;jzifh
tusdK;r&SdEkdifaMumif; xkH;a[mif;oufaorsm;jzifh a[mMum;jyocJhygonf/
okdYaomfvnf; vlwkdYonf ,aeYxufwkdif opfyif awm awmifponfwkdYukd ewftoGif rSwfxifvsuf
ukd;uG,f qnf;uyfaeMuao;onf/
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif &SifBuD;yifac:aom opfyifrsm;rSm opfyifukd;uG,frIukd tajccHaeaom ,kHMunfrI
jzpfayonf/ jrefrmwkdY\ aus;&Gmrsm;ü &SifBuD;yifac:aom opfyif rsdK;pHkukd awGUae&onf/
xkdopfyifonf vlwkdYukd tEÅ&m,fay;wwfonf[k qkdum aMumuf&GHU Muonf/ tnGefYtwufukdyif
rcl;0HhMu/ tcsdKUurl oajyyef;ESifh a&csrf;rsm;ukdyif uyfí ylaZmfaeMuao;onf/ xkdewfopfyifwkdY\
Zmwfvrf;rsm;vnf; cyfqef;qef; &Sdaewwfonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif opfyifukdomr[kwf/ awmukdvnf; aMumuf&GHUaeMuonf/ awmifay:üvnf;
ewfwifxm;Muonf/ ykyÜm;awmifqkdvQif a&S;acwfuyif ewfawmif [lí xifay:vmcJhonf/
rif;r[m*D&dac: ewfBuD;u tkyfpkd;aecJhonf/ aemufykdif;wGif eD*&pfwkdrsdK;EG,f ewfr r,f0PÖu
acwfpm;vmojzifh r[m*D&dewfBuD; wefckd;rSefoGm;\/ ,cktcsdefwGif ykyÜm;awmifxdyfü
ewf½kyfwkaygif;pkHukd xkvkyfwifxm;Mu&m ewfjywkdufBuD;tvm; xif&Sm;aeavonf/
,aeY jrefrmEkdifiHwGif awmifwkdif;avmufrSmyif ukd,fhawmifESifh ukd,fhewf? ukd,hfZmwfESifhukd,f
toD;oD; &SdaewwfMu\/ ukd,fht&yfESifh ukd,f&SifBuD;yifrsm; &SdaeMuonf/ aMumuf&GHUaeMuqJ
&Sdao;\/ rdbESifh q&morm;ukd jypfrSm;0HholwkdYonf &SifBuD;yifatmufürl zdeyfyif rpD;&JMuacs/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
154
þae&mü pOf;pm;p&m &Sd\/ ewf&Sdaom &SifBuD;yifrsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh &yfem; &Gmem;&Sd
opfyifrsm;om jzpfonf/ vlESifh a0;&m awmBuD;xJürl ewfopfyif[lí r&Sd/ ewfukdifp&mvnf; r&Sd/
ewf&Sdí ewfukdifrnfqkdvQif opfxkwfvkyfa&; 0efxrf;wkdYtwGuf cuf&acsawmhrnf/
ax&0g' tjrifESifh u,fwif&Sif
ax&0g'a'oemtpOfü u,fwif&Sif[lí r&Sd/ u,fwifay;Ekdifol[lívnf; r&Sday/ Ak'¨bk&m;
ukd,fwkdifvnf; vlom;wkdYtwGuf u,fwif&Sif r[kwfcJh? vlom;wkdYtwGuf ] vrf;nTefol }
omjzpfavonf/
Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifu-
]] cspfom;wkdY? oifwkdY vGwfajrmufrItwGuf oifwkdYukd,fwkdif BudK;pm; tm;xkwftyf\?
bk&m;&SifwkdYrnfonf vrf;nTef a[mjy½kHom a[mjyawmfrlEkdifMuukef\?}} [k "r®y'a'oemü
twdtvif; a[mjyxm;\/
xkdYjyif cE¨0*¾oH,kwf? twå'Dyokwfüvnf;-
]] &[ef;wkdY? rdrdukd,fom rSDckdMuvsuf? rdrdukd,fukdom tm;xm;Muvsuf tjcm;wpfyg;ukd
tm;rukd;MubJ w&m;ukdom rSDckdMuvsuf? w&m;ukdom tm;xm;Muvsuf tjcm;wpfyg;ukd
tm;rxm;bJ aeMuukefavmh? }} [k a[mMum;awmfrlcJhonf/
Ak'¨bk&m;u vlom;wpfOD;\ b0ukd w&m;"r®jzifhom aexkdifMu&ef a[mMum;cJhonf/ vlwkdYonf
rdrdwkdY\ b0ukd rdrdwkdY ukd,fwkdifom zefwD;onf/ ukd,fhuH ukd,fjyKí ukd,fhtrI
ukd,faqmifMu&onf/ rdrdb0twGuf aumif;rI qkd;rIwkdYukd rdrdukd,fwkdifomvQif zefwD;onf[k
a[mMum;\/ aumif;rI raumif;rI[laom oabmw&m;wkdYukdvnf; a[mMum;jyo\/ raumif;rIukd
a&Smifí aumif;rIukd aqmif&efvnf; nTefMum;onf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
155
aumif;rIukd vkyfaomolonf aumif;aom tusdK;qufukd jzpfap\/ raumif;rIukd vkyfaomolonf
raumif;aom tusdK;qufukd jzpfap\/ þokdYvQif ur®ed,mroabm w&m;jzifh xdef;ausmif;vsuf
rwdrf;apmif;atmif a[mjyawmffrlcJhonf/
okdYygvsuf vltcsdKUwkdYonf rdrdb0twGuf u,fwif&Sifukd &SmrSD;ukd;uG,faeMuonf/ rjrif&aom?
rjrifzl;aom? Mum;zl;em;0&Sdaom ewfa'0wmwkdY\ ulnDrprIukd tawG;pdwåZjzifh awmifhwaeMu\/
awmif;cHaeMu\/
rdrdwkdY vlom;tcsif;csif;vnf; u,fwifEkdifrnf[k xifaom yk*d¾KvfBuD;rsm;\ rprIukd
arQmfvifhaeMuonf/ "mwfyGifhatmif? pef;yGifhatmif awmif;qkdaeMuonf/ aumif;rIr*Fvm
tjzmjzmESifh jynfhpkHygapaMumif; &Sdckd;OD;wifí awmif;qkyefqifaeMuavonf/
wu,fawmhrl vlom;wpfOD;\ aumif;rI qkd;rIukd vrf;aMumif;ajymif;í wdrf;apmif;oGm;atmif
b,fyk*d¾KvfurSS &Gufaqmifray;Ekdifay/ qkawmif;ay;ívnf; r&/ þoabmw&m;ukd
Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifuvnf; a[mMum;cJhygonf/
Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf emvE´NrdKU? yg0g&du o&ufO,smOfü oDwif;okH;aepOf &GmolBuD;wpfa,mufu
avQmufxm;cJhzl;onf/
]] t&Sifbk&m;? ypämblrdt&yfrSm aeaom ykPÖm;awGu vlawGukd ewfb0 a&mufatmif
vkyfay;EkdifonfvkdY qkdygonf? t&Sifbk&m;aum vkyfay;Ekdifygovm;? }}
]] &GmolBuD;? ausmufwkH;BuD; wpfwkH;ukd a&xJ ypfcsvkdufNyD;aemuf vlawGu 0kdif;NyD; ] tkd
ausmufwkH;BuD;? a&ay:rSm ay:ygavmh? ukef;ay:okdY wufcJhygavmh? } vkdY tBudrfBudrf awmif;qkdvQif
ausmufwkH;BuD; ay:vmygrnfvm;? ukef;ay:wufvmygrnfvm;?}}
]] ray:vmEkdifyg? rwufvmEkdifygbk&m;? }}
]] &GmolBuD;? axmywftkd;wpfvkH;ukd a&xJrSm cGJvkdufrnfqkfdvQif tkdjcrf;uGJawGu a&xJrSm jrKyfNyD;
axmywfawGu a&ay:rSm ay:aevdrfhrnf? 'DtcgrSm vlawGu 0kdif;NyD; ]axmywfawG a&atmuf
epfjrKyfygap? } vkdY qkawmif;MuvQif jrKyfoGm;ygrnfvm;? }}
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
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]] rjrKyfEkdifygbk&m;? }}
]] &GmolBuD;? 'DOyrmvkdyJ? ukokdvfaumif;rI rvkyfbJ raumif;rIawGukd vkyfaeNyDqkdvQif aumif;&mb0
a&mufygapvkdY b,fvkdyif qkawmif;aomfvnf; r&Ekdifbl;? aumif;rIawG vkyfaeolukdvnf;
raumif;onfhb0 cH&ygapqkdvkdY r&bl;? aumif;rI tusdK;twkdif; aumif;aomb0ukd
&&Sdrnfomwnf;? }}
þa'oemawmfukd MunfhvQif vlom;wpfOD;twGuf tjcm;olu u,fwifí r&EkdifaMumif;?
qkawmif;ívnf; r&EkdifaMumif;? olwpfyg;u qkawmif;ay;ívnf; r&Ekdif aMumif;? rdrdb0ukd
rdrdomvQif zefwD;EkdifaMumif;? rdrdukd,fukdomvQif rdrdu,fwif&SifjzpfaMumif; a&jyifrSm
avS,mOfoGm;ovkd xif&Sm;avNyD/
ax&0g'ESifh twdwfedrdwf ,kHMunfrI
Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif yGifhawmfrlaomacwfü tdEd´,EkdifiHwGif twdwfpGJ edrdwfpGJpaom t,ltqrsm;vnf;
rsm;jym;vS\/ twdwfaumif; edrdwfaumif;ESifh awGUBuKHrS r*Fvmjzpfonf/ raumif;vQif
tr*Fvmjzpfonf[k vufcH ,kHMunfaeMu\/ þt,ltqukd avmuDr*Fvm[k ac:Muonf/
þtwdwf edrdwfpGJvnf; 3-rsdK;&Sdonf/
(1) 'd|r*Fvm/ / tjrifedrdwfukd pGJíjhzpfaom r*Fvmukd ac:onf/ eHeuf tdyf,mrS xvQif
ysHvTm;iSuf? rkd;pmiSuf? ukd,f0efaqmif? tysdK vlysdK? tmZmenfjrif;? EGm;vm;Oob ponfukd jrifvQif
edrdwfaumif;onf[k ,lqMu\/ olawmif;pm;ponfukd jrif&vQif edrdwfraumif;?
tr*Fvmjzpfonf[k ,lqMuonf/
(2) okwr*Fvm/ / tMum;ukd pGJíjzpfaom twdwfedrdwf r*Fvmukd ac:onf/0rf;ajrmuf aysmf&TifzG,f
toHaumif; tqkdaumif;ukd Mum;&vQif twdwfedrdwfaumif; r*Fvmjzpfonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/
ZD;uGufrnfoHukd Mum;&vQifvnf; xkdYtwlyif/ ikda<u;oH? iSufqkd;xkd;oHwkdYukd Mum;&vQif
twdwfedrdwf raumif;? tr*Fvmjzpfonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
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(3) rkwr*Fvm/ / tawGUukd pGJíjzpfaom twdwfedrdwfr*Fvmukd ac:onf/ teHYaumif;?
t&omaumif;? tawGUtxdaumif;rsm;ukd &&SdvQif r*Fvm&Sdaomtwdwfedrdwf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/
teHYqkd;? t&omqkd;? tawGUtxdqkd;wkdYukd awGU&vQif edrdwfraumif;aom tr*Fvm[k
,kHMunfMuonf/ tdEd´,t,l0g't&qkdvQifZmwfedrfhaom 'Gef;p@m;wkdY\ ukd,fESifh xdrdvQif
tr*FvmtrI[kí ,kHMunfMuavonf/
vlwkdY\ &uf&mZm? jyó'g;? vmbfae? ewfae? eu©wfaumif;? raumif;paom
t,ltqrsm;rSmvnf; xkdtwdwfedrdwfpGJ r*Fvm,kHMunfrIwkdYü yg0ifonf/
Ak'¨bk&m;onf þuJhokdY twdwfedrdwfpGJ r*FvmwkdYukd tav;xm;í r,kHMunftyfaMumif;
aemufaMumif;jzpf&yf Zmwfa'oem tjzmjzmjzifh a[mjycJhygonf/
Am&mPoDjynfrS rdbESpfyg;wkdYonf om;twGuf Zeyk'frS trsdK;orD;wpfOD;ukd awmif;,l&ef
&ufcsdef;ay;í owfrSwfcJhMuonf/ trsdK;orD;\ rdbwkdYuvnf; oabmwl vufcHxm;Muonf/
&ufcsdef;ay;NyD;rS tmZD0uwuúwGef;ukd oGm;ar;&m xkd&ufrSm eu©wf aumif;aom &ufr[kwfaMumif;
ajymonf/
xkdYaMumifh om;&SifwkdYonf csdef;qkdaom&ufrSm roGm;MubJ aemuf&ufokdY a&TU qkdif;aeMu\/ Zeyk'frS
orD;&Sifrsm;url csdef;qkdonfhaeYü apmifhqkdif;aeMu\/ tcsdefukefí rvmaomaMumifh
tjcm;a,musfm;uav;wpfODD;ESifh ay;pm;vkdufMuonf/ þjzpf&yf ZmwfaMumif;ukd tajccHí
Ak'¨bk&m;u-
]] eu©wfaumif; tcsdefaumif;ukd apmif;qkdif;aeonfh todÓPf r&Sdolukd vkdtyfaom
tusdK;w&m;onf eD;uyfvmNyD;rS ausmfvGefoGm;wwf\/ vkdtyfaom tcsdefü vkdtyfaomtvkyfukd
vkyfaqmifjcif;onf tcsdefaumif;? eu©wfaumif;yif jzpf\/ aumif;uifu eu©wfwm&mwkdYonf
b,ftusdK;udk jzpfapEkdifygrnfenf;/ }}-
[k aeYaumif;&ufom a&G;olwkdYtwGuf trSefw&m;ukd >rufMum;awmfrlcJhayonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
158
twdwfpGJ? edrdwfpGJESifh ywfoufívnf; Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifu acszsufa[mMum;cJhygonf/
bk&m;&Sifvufxufuvnf; ykxkZOf&[ef;wkdYonf twdwfedrdwfpGJ ,kHMunfrIrsm; &SdaeMu[ef
wlygonf/ xkdudpöESifh ywfoufí or®my&dAÁmZeD,okwfü-
]] umr*kPfwkdYukd y,fpGefYí vlUabmifrS xGufvmonfh &[ef;wkdYrSm b,fuJhokdY aumif;pGm
usif;okH;ae&ygrnfenf;? }} [k ar;onf/
xkdtcg bk&m;&Sifu þokdY ajzMum;awmfrl\/
]] tMuif&[ef;onf aumif;usdK;&aMumif; edrdwfaumif; jzpfonf[k pGJvrf; ,kHMunfonfh
avmuDqkdif&m r*FvmwkdYukd t&d,r*fjzifh aumifpGmy,fNyD;NyD/ rkdBudK;ypfjcif;? avmifrD;usjcif;paom
ab;Oy'fqkdif&m t,ltpGJ? ouf&Sd oufrJh tokH;taqmif ypönf;wkdY\ vu©Pmqkdif&m
t,ltpGJwkdYukd t&d,r*fjzif aumif;pGmy,fNyD;NyD/ xkd&[ef;onf r*FvmESifhpyfaom tjzpf[lorQ
y,fNyD;jzpfavawmhonf/ xkd&[ef;onf avmuü aumif;pGm usifhokH; aeEkdifygayonf/ }}
Ak'¨bk&m;onf þuJhokdY twdwfpGJ edrdwfpGJ,kHMunfrIrsm;ukdvnf; acszsufí a[mMum;ygonf/
þ,kHMunfrIrsm;rSm vlom;wkdY\ pdwåZtawG;jzifh owfrSwf,kHMunfaeaom zefwD;rIrsm;om
jzpfonf/ vufiif; vufawGU rusaom ,kHMunfrIrsm; jzpfonf/ xkdtawG;,kHMunfrIrsm;rSm bmrQ
t"dyÜm,fr&Sd/ vl\pdwfukd npfEGrf;apaom ,kHMunfrIrsm;omjzpfí y,fjrpfaexkdifMu&ef
a[mMum;jcif; jzpfonf/ þokdY y,fjrpfaeEkdfifNyDqkdvQif pdwfukd aESmifcsKyfxmaom w&m;rsm;rSvnf;
vGwfajrmufNyD/ pdwf\ vGyfvyfrIukd &&SdoGm;NyD/
Ak'¨bk&m;onf rdrdukdwkdifvnf; pdwåZtawG;jzifh zefwD;xm;aom twdwfedrdwfpGJwkdYukd
awmfvSefjycJhonf/ ukd,fwkdifusifhokH; jycJhonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
159
edrdwfpGJqefYusifa&; Zmwfawmfrsm;
&mZN*dK[fjynfü ykPÖm;wpfa,mufonf twdwfedrdwfukd r*Fvm[k ,kHMunfaeol jzpfonf/
&wemokH;yg;ukdrl r,kHMunf/ rdpämt,lukd usifhokH;aeolwnf;/
wpfaeYoü ykPÖm;\ t0wfaowåmxJokdY <uuf0ifí ukdufxm;\/ ykPÖm;onf a&csdK;
acgif;avQmfNyD;í t0wfvJ&ef t,lckdif;vkdufonf/ xkdtcgrS t0wfrsm;ukd <uufukdufxm;aMumif;
od&Sd&onf/
ykPÖm;onf <uufukdufaom t0wfwkdYukd Munfhí ]] <uufukdufonfh t0wfukd 'DtdrfrSm xm;vQif
ysufpD;awmhrnf? r*Fvmr&Sdawmhbl;? edrdwfraumif;awmhxl;? edrdwf raumif;onfh t0wfawGukd
om;orD;awG? tapcHawG ay;vQifvnf; olwkdY ysufpD;ukefawmh rnf? t0wfawGukd okomefoGm;NyD;
ypfckdif;&rnf? }} [k MuHpnfrdonf/
þt0wfawGukd tapcHwkdYtm; vTifhypfckdif;&efvnf; rjzpf/ t0wfawGu taumif;pm;awG jzpfonf/
tcsdKU t0wfawGu okH;í aumif;ao;onf/ tapcHawGu vTifhrypfbJ odrf;qnf;oGm;vQif
ysufpD;ukefMuawmhrnf/ xkdYaMumifh rdrdom;ukdyif ypfckdif;&onf/
]] cspfom;? 'Dt0wfawGukd vufESifh rxdapESifh? vSifuef (wkwfacsmif;)ESifh aumf,loGm;yg? okomefrSm
ypfxm;cJhyg? ighom;vnf; OD;acgif;avQmfNyD;rS tdrfukd jyefvmyg?}}
þjzpfpOfukdodaom Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf okomefokdYoGm;í ykPÖm;\om; tvmukd
apmifhBudKaeavonf/
ykPÖm;BuD;\ om;vnf; t0wfawGukd vSifuefjzifh aumfí okomefokdY a&muf&Sdvm\/
toifhapmifhaeaom bk&m;&SifESifh awGUMuonf/ bk&m;&Sifu ]] toifvkvif? bmhaMumifh okomefokdY
vmoenf;? }} [k ar;onf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
160
]] t&Sifbk&m;? wynfhawmfwkdY tdrfrSm t0wfawGukd <uufukdufcH&ygonf? edrdwf raumif;awmhyg?
'Dypönf;awGukd tdrfrSmxm;vQif ysufpD;wwfygonf? 'gaMumifh <uufukdufonfh t0wfawGukd
pGefYypfzkYd vmcJhygonf? }} [k ajzonf/
xkdYaemuf ykPÖm;\ om;u t0wfawGukd vTifhypfvkdufonf/ bk&m;&Sifonf pGefYypfvkdufaom
t0wfawGukdukd aumuf,lodrf;qnf;í a0VK0efausmif;okdY jyef<u oGm;avonf/
ykPÖm;om;onf þxl;qef;aom jzpf&yfukd zcifykPÖm;BuD;tm; jyefajymonf/ ykPÖm;BuD;onf
ysmysmovJ jzpfum ]] &[ef;a*gwr[m ysufpD;awmhrnf? tjrefoGm;NyD; t0wfopfESifh vJay;rS
oifhvdrfhrnf? }} [kqkdum tjcm; t0wfopfwkdYukd ,lí a0VK0efausmif; awmfokdY vkdufvmonf/
]] t&Sifa*gwr? <uufukdufonfh t0wfawGukd xm;vQif t&Sifbk&m;a&m ausmif;wkdufyg
ysufpD;ygvdrfhrnf? rxm;ygESifh? ouFef;twGuf rvkHavmufvQif 'Dt0wf opfawGukd ,lNyD;
ouFef;csKyfyg? <uufukdufwmawGukd tckcsufcsif; pGefYypfvkdufyg? }} [k avQmufxm;avonf/
xkdtcgrS Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf ykPÖm;om;tztm; r*FvZmwfawmfukd a[mMum; awmfrl\/
r*FvZmwftqkH;wGif ykPÖm;tm; þokdY a[mjyygonf/
]] ykPÖm;BuD;? &[EÅmyk*d¾KvfwkdY[m avmuDr*FvmwkdYukdvnf;aumif;? aeMuwf? vMuwf? Ouúmus?
t&yfrD;avmifjcif; paom Oy'fwkdYukdvnf;aumif;? txl;xl;aom tdyfrufqkdif&m
twdwfedrdwfwkdYukdvnf;aumif;? vu©Pmzwfaom tvkyfukdvnf;aumiff; y,fjzwfxm;MuNyD?
&[EÅmwkdYonf avmuDr*FvmESifh twdwfpGJ edrdwfpGJwkdYukd vGefajrmufaeMuNyD? tpGJtvrf;ukd
y,fy,fjzwfNyD;NyD? t,kwfqkH;tm;jzifh þavmuukdyif tpGJr&SdMuawmhNyD?}}
ykPÖm;om;tzonf bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfukd emMum;&ojzifh aomwmywdåzkdvfokdY
a&muf&SdoGm;Muawmhonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
161
bk&m;&Sifvufxufu oefvsufukd erf;í edrdwfzwfaom jzpf&yfqef;Zmwfawmf wpfyk'fvnf;
&Sdonf/ aumovrif;BuD;rSm oefvsuf\ edrdwfvu©Pmukd zwfaom ykPÖm;wpfa,muf &Sdonf/
yef;yJq&mwkdYonf oefvsufukd jyKvkyfí bk&ifhxH qufaomtcg wGif xkdykPÖm;u oefvsufukd
erf;í edrdwfzwfavQmufonf/
ykPÖm;onf rdrdtm; vmbfxkd;xm;aom yef;yJq&mwkdY\ oefvsufqkdvQif ]] 'Doefvsufukd okH;pGJvQif
bkef;uHBuD;rnf? r*Fvm&Sdrnf? }} ponfjzifh a[majymavh &Sdonf/ tu,fí vmbfxkd;rxm;cJhvQif ]]
'Doefvsufu r*Fvmr&Sd? }} [kqkdum uJh&JhajymMum;avh &Sdonf/
wpfaeYaomtcg ykPÖm;\ tjyKtrlukd rauseyfaom yef;yJq&mwpfOD;u oefvsuftdrfxJü
El;nHhonfh i&kwfoD;rIefYukd xnfhí qufonf/ ykPÖm;onf oefvsufukd xkwf,lí ½kwfw&uf
erf;vkduf&m ESmacgif;xJokdY i½kwfrIefYrsm; 0ifoGm;NyD; acsqwfvkduf\/ ykPÖm;BuD;onf
oefvsufoGm;ESifh cwfrdaomaMumifh ESmacgif;jywfoGm;&onf/ olwpfyg; twGuf edrdwfzwfaom
ykPÖm;BuD;onf rdrdESmacgif;jywfrnfh udpöukdrl b,ftwdwfedrdwfrS jycJh[ef rwlacs/
ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom rlig;&yf
Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf pdwåZtawG;jzifh zefqif; udk;uG,f,kHMunfaeaom vkyfief;&yfrsm;ukd tcgrvyf
acszsufa[mMum;awmfrl\/ xkdukd;uG,frIwkdYaMumifhvnf; bmrQ tusdK;w&m; r&EkdifaMumif;
oufaoaygif; rsm;pGmjzifh a[mMum;awmfrlonf/
Ak'¨bk&m;\ bmomw&m;awmfukd ouf0if,kHMunfí Ak'¨\ OygoumtrnfcHaom
Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdYonf txifpGJtm½kH ukd;uG,frI tzkHzkHwkdYukd pGefYvTwfEkdifMu&ygrnf/ tawG;pGJtvDvD
,kHMunfrI t&yf&yfwkdYukdvnf; y,fowfEkdifMu&ygrnf/
þjyify ukd;uG,frIESifh ,kHMunfrIrsm;ukd ry,fowfEkdifao;vQif Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif vkdvm;aom Oygoum?
Oygodum*kPfukd tjynfht0 r&Ekdifay/ pifMu,foefY&Sif;aom Ak'¨bmom0if[lí rqkdEkdifao;acs/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
162
Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf rdrd\ bmomw&m;awmfukd ouf0if,kHMunfaom Oygoum tppfjzpfa&;twGuf
Oya'o 5=csufukd pHjyKowfrSwfxm;onf/ ,if;wkdYrSm-
(1) ,kHMunfrI o'¨gw&m; &Sd&rnf/
(2) apmifhxdef;rI oDv &Sd&rnf/
(3) aumwk[vr*Fvmukd r,kHMunf&/
(4) uHukdom ,kHMunfol jzpf&rnf/
(5) omoemawmf jyifyukd;uG,frIukd r&SmrSD;&-
[lí jzpfygonf/
(1) ,kHMunfrI o'¨gw&m; qkdonfrSm Ak'¨? "r®? oHCwkdYü tjynfht0 ,kHMunfolukd qkdvkdygonf/
(2) apmifhxdef;rI oDvqkdonfrSm Ak'¨bmomu owfrSwfxm;aom ukd,fusifhoDvukd apmifhxdef;ol
jzpf&ygrnf/
(3) aumwk[vr*Fvm qkdonfrSm &uf&mZm? jyó'g;? aeMuwf? vMuwfpaom
pdwful;,OftawG;wkdYü ,kHMunfaerIukd qkdvkdygonf/
(4) uHukdom ,kHMunfjcif; qkdonfrSm 'o0w¬Ku ur®óuwmor®m'd|d tjrifESifh jynfhpkH&rnf/
rdrd\ uHESifh uH\ tusdK;qufukdom ,kHMunf&rnf/ tjcm; ,kHMunfrIrsm;ukd r,kHMunf&[k
qkdvkdonf/
(5) omoemawmfrS tyjzpfaom ukd;uG,frIrsm;? omoemhjyifyrS tvSLcHyk*d¾KvfwkdYukd &SmrSD;í
rqnf;uyf&yg/ ewf? odMum;? jA[®m? N*dK[fewf? xGuf&yfayguf? bkd;awmf? r,fawmf? 0dZÆm paom
omoemhjyifyrS ukd;uG,frIrsm;ukd a&Smif&Sm;&rnf[k qkdvkdygonf/
tcsif; ax&0g' Ak'¨0g'D Oygoum? OygodumwkdY oifwkdYonf Ak'¨tvkdus *kPfajrmufaom
Oygoum(a,musfm;)tppf jzpfNyDavm/ Oygodum(rdef;r)tppf jzpfNyDavm/ þar;cGef;ukdrl
rdrdwkdYukd,fwkdif ½kd;om;pGm ajzqkdMu&ayvdrfhrnf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
163
,kHMunfukd;uG,frI rSefuefa&;
jreffrmEkdifiHonf ax&0g' Ak'¨bmomoeYfoefYukd vufcH ukd;uG,fcJhonfrSm ESpfayg;if; 1000-eD;yg;
&SdavNyD/ xkdtawmtwGif; ax&0g' Ak'¨bmomESifh a&maESmí tjcm;ukd;uG,f ,kHMunfrIrsm;ukdvnf;
tqifhedrfhae&mü xm;í ukd;uG,f ,kHMunfcJhMu\/ acwftqufquf aysmufysufonf[lí r&SdcJhay/
tcsdKUacwfrsm;wGiff Ak'¨bmom jyifukd;uG,frIrsm; acwfpm;onf/ tvGeftuRHjzpfonfh tcgrsdK;lvnf;
&Sdonf/ þukd;uG,frIrsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh ewfukd;uG,frIrsm; jzpfonf/ xkdtcgrsdK;wGif
wkdif;jynftkyfcsKyfaom rif;rsm;u xdef;ausmif;ay;Mu&onf/
taemf&xmrif;onf ukd;uG,frI trSm;rsm;ukd oefYpifatmif aqmif&Gufay;aom rif;wpfyg;
jzpfonf/
bk&ifhaemifrif;w&m; vufxufwGif ewfukd;uG,frIrsm; xlajymae\/ uRJEGm; ponfwkdYukd owfí
t&ufjzifh ewfwifaom ewfyGJBuD;rsm; acwfpm;aeonf/ xkdYaMumifh bk&ifhaemifrif;w&m;u
þtrIrsdK;ukd rjyKvkyf&ef rif;rdefYjzifh wm;qD;cJhonf/
taemufbufvGefrif;w&m;onf vlwkdYukd vdrfnmaeaom ewfwkdYukd ESdyfuGyfí ewf½kyfykHrsm;ukd
pkaqmif;NyD; av;xyfausmif;BuD;ü odrf;qnf;xm;cJhonf/
[Hom0wDa&mufrif;onf ewfuGef; ewfeef;rsm;ukd vlwkdYtwGuf taESmifht,Suf
jzpfaponf[kqkdum zsufodrf;ypfcJhzl;onf/
jrefrmrif; tcsdKUwkdYonf þokdYaom pdwåZukd;uG,frIrsm;ukd vspfvsL½Irxm;bJ xdef;odrf;
uGyfuJay;cJhMuonf/
jrefrmpmay ynm&SifwkdYonfvnf; rSm;,Gif;aom ukd;uG,frIESifh ,kHMunfrIrsm;ukd pmayjzifh
a&;om;jycJhMuonf/ pmqkdawmf &Sifr[m&|om&q&mawmfu ukd;cef;ysdKU(42)ü þokdY zGJUqkdjy\/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
164
]] oufcwf N*dK[foGm;? N*dK[fpm; N*dK[fysuf? "mwf&uf rdwf&ef? okH;wefay:edpf? N*dK[ftdyfpef;us?
rlvtm'd? od&dtqkH;? ywfukH;&ufykdif;? ocsØKif;av;axmifh? Ewfapmifh ewfae? &SpfaxGtcg? zDvm
u&P? yOöwdxD? ,m,D,Mwm? Zmwmtdyfruf? rysuf rjyK? xkdtpkum;? odrIawG;q? ynwfrQom?
aMumif;&if;&Smrl? Mur®mjzifhcsnf;? jzpfownf;[k? crnf;,kHap? pdwfraoGvifh? oaAÁowåm?
owå0g[k? ememavmu? teEÅukd? ur®oum? rSwfxif&monf? ,if;omblw0g'Dwnf;/ }}
oHa0*cef;ysdKUukd a&;pyfaom pmqkdawmfuvnf; eu©wfukd;uG,frI trSm;rsm;ukd þokdY a&;om;zGJUqkd
jyxm;onf/
]] tcrf;tem;? ewfxdef;rsm;ESifh? aomufpm;jrL;atmf? waMumfaMumf[pf? ewfoHypfí? rl;,pfrdIif;a0?
taxGaxGvQif? vlUajrewf&Gm? ewfrdpämukd? u,fomxifrSwf? oabmuyfí? ewfvljA[®m?
owå0gukd? uHomt&if;? jyKzefqif;[k? ,lvsif;tyfpGm? ,ckrSmum;? csrf;omqif;&J? ewfcyJonf?
ay;NrJwkdYrSm? xifrSwf&Smonf? rdpäm,lrd,lrSm;wnf;/ }}
pdEÅausmfol OD;Mouvnf; u0dvu©PowfykHusrf;ü-
]] rdpämtm;vkH;? vTrf;ydwfzkH;? awmifjyKef;nDaemifeef;/ }}- [lí epfematmif a&;jycJhayonf/
refvnfq&mawmfBuD;url rCa'0vuFmopfü-
]] paet*Fg? aeY&ufcgESifh? wm&mN*dK[frsdK;? aumif;uifrkd;u? jzpfusdK;,kwfjrwf? b,fjyKwwfvdrfh?
eu©wfcsdefoifh? iHhvifhukefMu? vlUAmvwkdY? &tHhcsufcsif;? vufiif;csrf;om? vGefwwfpGm\/ rdpämpGJae?
roefapESifh? }} - [kvnf;aumif;?
]] [l;&m;tvkd? eu©wfN*dK[fESifh? xkdxkdwm&m? rkd;tmumu? a&mif0gEGrf;nd§K;? atmufvlrsdK;tm;?
jzpfusdK;wpd? b,fjyKbdtHh? }}- [kvnf;aumif; a&;zGJUjycJhonf/
q&mawmfBuD;uyif ]] okc'ku©? aMumif;rlvukd? ur®w&m;? ESpfyg;jzifhom? usrf; üvm\? }} [k
uHomy"mejzpfaMumif; a&;om;cJhonf/
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
165
xkdYaMumifh ax&0g' Ak'¨0g'DwkdYonf Ak'¨bk&m; a[mMum;aom uHomy"me tvkyf0g'jzifh
BudK;pm;tm;xkwftyf\/ trdAk'¨bmomukd ausmfí a'G;awmfvGrf;aom ,kHMunfukd;uG,frIrsm;ukd
a&Smif&Sm;tyfukef\/
]] tkd- ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom0if olawmfpifwkdY? ,aeYrSpí-
- pdwåZtawG;"mwfjzifh qnf;uyfaerIrsm; ?
- ,kwdårJhpepfjzifh ,kHMunfaerIrsm;-
ukd oifwkdY\ pdwftm½kHrS z,fxkwfMuukefavmh/ ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom*kPfaqmif xGef;ajymif aom
yk*d¾Kvfrsm;jzpfatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfMuygukefavmh/ }}
a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )
udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf
166
ed*kH;
þwGif ] ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom } pmtkyfukd ed*kH;csKyf&ygawmhrnf/ þpmtkyfwGif ax&0g'
Ak'¨bmomESifh ax&0g' Ak'¨bmomü a&maESmaeaom ukd;uG,frI tvDvD? ,kHMunffrI t00wkdYukd
rD;armif;xkd;í jycJhyg\/
,aeY jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ax&0g' Ak'¨bmomxJü ax&0g'ESifh rpyfqkdifaom pdwåZvkyfief;&yfrsm;
pdrfhysHUpl;0ifvsuf &Sdaeonf/ rGef;rkdufatmif rdIif;wkdufolwkdYvnf; &Sdaeonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHonf
ax&0g' OD;aqmifEkdifiH jzpfae\/ jrefrmEkdifiHonf Ak'¨bmom vlaerIb0ukd avhvmp&m
pHjyEkdifiHvnf; jzpfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHa&muf wkdif;wpfyg;om; wkdYonf Ak'¨bmom vlaerIb0ukd
avhvm&mü Ak'¨bmom vlaerIb0onf pdwful;,OfvlaerIb0 jzpfonf[lí qkH;jzwf
owfrSwfoGm;Ekdifygonf/ trsdK;*kPf? Zmwd*kPf? Ak'¨bmom \ *kPfukd xdckdufapEkdifygonf/
xkdYaMumifh-
- Ak'¨bmom\ *kPfukd rxdckdufapa&; ?
- Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdY\ *kPfukd rxdckdufapa&; ?
- jrefrmEkdifiH\ *kPfukd rxdckdufapa&;-
wkdYtwGuf tzufzufrS 0kdif;0ef; umqD;&ef tcsdefwefcJhNyD/ okdYjzpfí atmufyg uAsmpm ykd'fjzifh
wyfvSefYí ed*kH;urÜwf tqkH;owfvkduf&ygawmhonf/
jrwfAk'¨\
"r®tESpf? w&m;ppfwkdY
EGrf;npfao;odrf? rarS;rdSefcif
tvdrftnm? rSm;rdpämwkdY
rsm;pGmaxmifaomif;? tm;raumif;cif
bufaygif;pkHrS? enf;vrf;csí
0g'rSm;,Gif;? trkdufoif;ukd
y,f&Sif;acsrIef;? yaysmufokOf;zkdY
tm;vkH;wm0ef&Sdonfwum;/ /
(trSwf 73? "r®&HoDr*¾Zif;? csrf;ajrUom&\ uAsmrS )