Hrph.dorsey

7/18/2019 Hrph.dorsey

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INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS:

Foundation, History, and Nexuswith Public Health

Jim Dorsey


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DEFINITIONHUMAN RI H!" are the ri#hts thatall $eo$le ha%e by %irtue o& bein#human bein#s'

HUMAN RI H!" are the ri#hts that all$eo$le ha%e by %irtue o& bein# humanbein#s'

HUMAN RI H!" are deri%ed &rom the

inherent dignity o& the human $erson andare de(ned internationally, nationally andlocally by %arious law ma)in# bodies'


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Overview*rie& History o& International Human Ri#hts+Modern Protection o& Human Ri#hts

United NationsRe#ional r#ani-ations.ocal Non/ o%ernmental r#ani-ations

Health as a Human ri#ht

+"ource0 1International Human Ri#hts0 .aw,Policy and Process,2 Da%id 3eissbrodt, JoanFit-$atric) and Fran) Newman 45d ed' 67789


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Brief HistoryAnti:uity

;ode o& HammurabiRi#hts o& Athenian citi-ens

Medie%al

Ma#na ;arta 4868


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>nli#htenment>n#lish Declaration o& the Ri#hts o& Man

48?@ 9U'"' Declaration o& Inde$endence 48BB?9French Declaration o& the Ri#hts o& Manand o& the ;iti-en 48B@ 9United "tates ;onstitution and *ill o&Ri#hts 48B@ 9

Brief History


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>arly De%elo$ments 4cont'9International ;ommittee &or the Red;ross 48@?59

ene%a ;on%ention 48@?C9Ha#ue ;on%entions 48@ and 8 7B9.ea#ue o& Nations and theInternational .abor r#ani-ation48 8 9

Brief History


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A&termath o& 3orld 3ar IIRoose%elt=s Four Freedoms "$eech4January ?, 8 C89

!he Atlantic ;harter *etween theUnited "tates and reat *ritain

4Au#ust 8C, 8 C89 !he Nurember# and !o)yo !ribunals;reation o& the United Nations 48 C


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Modern Protection ofInternational Human Rig ts !he Preamble to the United Nations;harter states that the 1Peo$les o&the United Nations2 are determined1to rea rm &aith in &undamentalhuman ri#hts, in the di#nity andworth o& the human $erson, in thee:ual ri#hts o& men and womenand o& nations lar#e and small'2


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Modern Protection ofInternational Human Rig ts

In 8 C@, the UN eneral Assemblyado$ted the Uni%ersal Declaration o&Human Ri#hts'+ !he Declarationenumerates ci%il, $olitical, economic,social, and cultural ri#hts, but theDeclaration contains no $ro%isions&or monitorin# or en&orcement'

+ C@/7 with @ abstentions 4>astern bloc,"audi Arabia and "outh A&rica9


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Modern Protection ofInternational Human Rig ts

In 8 ??, the eneral Assemblyado$ted0

!he ;o%enant on ;i%il and PoliticalRi#hts 4and its First $tional Protocol9

!he ;o%enant on >conomic, "ocial and;ultural Ri#hts

which, to#ether with the UDHR, arenow )nown as the International *illo& Human Ri#hts


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;o%enant on ;i%il and Political Ri#hts0Prohibits discrimination on the basis o&1race, color, sex, lan#ua#e, reli#ion,$olitical or other o$inion, national or socialori#in, $ro$erty, birth or other status2without re#ard to citi-enshi$Prohibits torture and cruel, inhuman orde#radin# treatment or $unishment4$ersonal inte#rity9Prohibits sla%ery.imits the death $enalty 4in countries thatstill allow it9 to the most serious crimescommitted by $ersons o%er 8@


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;o%enant on ;i%il and Political Ri#hts 4cont'90Prohibits arbitrary arrest or detentionProtects &reedom o& mo%ement and residenceProtects the ri#ht to trial, $resum$tion o&innocence, ri#ht to a lawyer, ri#ht to ana$$eal, &reedom &rom sel&/incrimination, and&reedom &rom double Eeo$ardyProtects &reedom o& o$inion and ex$ressionProtects &reedom o& association and

assemblyPublic emer#ency exce$tion 4but no torture,executions, or sla%ery is e%er $ermissible9Rati(ed by the United "tates in 8 6


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;o%enant on >conomic, "ocial and ;ulturalRi#hts0Ri#ht to wor) and ma)e a 1decent li%in# &orthemsel%es and their &amilies2

"a&e and healthy wor)in# conditionsRi#ht to &orm trade unions with the ri#ht tostri)e

Ri#ht o& e%eryone to "ocial "ecurity,includin# social insurance 1widest $ossible$rotection and assistance should beaccorded to the &amily, which is the natural

and &undamental #rou$ unit o& society2


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;o%enant on >conomic, "ocial and;ultural Ri#hts 4cont'90Ri#ht to ade:uate &ood, clothin# andhousin# and to the continuous

im$ro%ement o& li%in# conditionsRi#ht to educationRi#ht to heath care>conomic ri#hts are subEect to eachcounty=s ability to $ro%ide such ri#hts$ro#ressi%ely as its resources $ermit"i#ned but not rati(ed by the United

"tates


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!N Human Rig ts Bodies"ecurity ;ouncil

eneral Assembly>conomic and "ocial ;ouncil;ommission on Human Ri#hts"ubcommission on the Promotionand Protection o& Human Ri#hts;ommission on the "tatus o& 3omen


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!N Human Rig ts Bodies;ommission on ;rime Pre%entionand ;riminal JusticeInternational ;ourt o& JusticeInternational ;riminal ;ourt

ce o& the Hi#h ;ommissioner&or Human Ri#hts 4created by theeneral Assembly in 8 59


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!N Human Rig ts Bodies !reaty Monitorin# *odies

Human Ri#hts ;ommittee

;ommittee on the >limination o& All Forms o&Racial Discrimination;ommittee on the >limination o&Discrimination A#ainst 3omen

;ommittee A#ainst !orture;ommittee on the Ri#hts o& the ;hild;ommittee on >conomic "ocial and ;ulturalRi#hts


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Human Rig ts in International "awRe#ional r#ani-ations and .aw/Ma)in#

>uro$ean ;on%ention &or the Protection o& HumanRi#hts and Fundamental Freedoms 48 uro$ean ;ommission o&

Human Ri#hts and the >uro$ean ;ourt o& HumanRi#hts !he American Declaration o& the Ri#hts and Dutieso& Man ado$ted by the r#ani-ation o& American"tates in 8 C@ and the American ;on%ention onHuman Ri#hts ado$ted by the A" in 8 ? whichare im$lemented by the Inter/American;ommission on Human Ri#hts and the Inter/American ;ourt o& Human Ri#hts


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Human Rig ts in International "aw

Re#ional r#ani-ations and .aw/Ma)in# 4cont'9

r#ani-ation o& A&rican Unity was&ounded in 8 ?5 and ado$ted theA&rican ;harter on Human andPeo$les= Ri#hts in 8 @8' !he A&rican;ommission on Human and Peo$les=Ri#hts is char#ed with su$er%isin# theim$lementation o& the A&rican ;harter'


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!se of #tate and Federal $ourts toProtect Human Rig ts;on#ress and "tate .e#islatures

may enact le#islation thats$eci(cally incor$oratesinternational law into domestic law

Judicial inter$retation anda$$lication o& existin# le#islati%e orconstitutional $ro%isions


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"ocal Non%&overnmentalOrgani'ations

Minnesota Ad%ocates &or HumanRi#htsAmerican Re&u#ee ;ommittee;enter &or ictims o& !orture

Institute on A#ricultural and !radePolicyUni%ersity o& Minnesota Human Ri#hts;enter


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N&O (ctivities

Monitor elections and $olitical trialsIn%esti#ate human ri#hts and

conditionsAnaly-e human ri#hts $ractices in closedcountries G Albania, North orea, "audiArabia

Identi&y and analy-e con icts in ;hia$asand oso%o;hild sla%ery in Haiti child health inMexico, U#anda and the United "tates


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N&O (ctivities

.obby United NationsDra&t model statutes

In:uest $roceduresForensic techni:uesDomestic %iolence laws

Re$resent $olitical asylum see)ersPromote rati(cation o& humanri#hts treaties


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Healt $are and Human Rig ts !he re%elations o& the Nurember# trialsabout ex$eriments by $hysicians on

concentration cam$ inmates led to thecreation o& the 3orld Medical Association'

ne o& the (rst acts o& the 3MA was there%ision o& the Hi$$ocratic ath in 8 C@ to

include0 1I will not $ermit consideration o&race, reli#ion, nationality, $arty $olitics, orsocial standin# to inter%ene between myduty and my $atient'2


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Healt as a Human Rig t !he $rinci$le o& medical neutrality

"ource0 ene%a ;on%entions o& 8 C ,Protocol I o& 8 BB

!he ri#ht to $hysical and mental healthInternational ;o%enant o& >conomic, "ocial

and ;ultural Ri#hts;on%ention on the Ri#hts o& the ;hild;on%ention on the >limination o& All Formso& Discrimination A#ainst 3omen


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Princi)le of Medical NeutralityA' Ri#hts #uaranteed by medical

neutrality8' Protection o& the sic) and

wounded, ci%ilians, and medical$ersonnel

K No torture or cruel, inhuman orde#radin# treatment

K No )illin#s or disa$$earances


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Princi)le of Medical Neutrality*cont+,

K No im$edin# medical &unctionsK No $unishment &or treatin# the sic) and

wounded or &or u$holdin# medicalcon(dentiality

6' Protection o& medical &acilities andser%ices

K No bombin# or shellin# o& hos$itals orclinics


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K No incursions into hos$italsK No $re%ention o& the &unction o& medical

ser%ices in con ict areas or occu$iedterritories

*' Res$onsibilities re:uired bymedical neutrality

8' Pro$er use o& medical &acilities


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K No misuse o& hos$italLclinicLambulance&or military $ur$oses

K No misuse o& medical emblems &or$rotection

6' No abuse o& medical s)illsK No torture, cruel treatment or

interro#ation by medical $ersonnel


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K No selecti%e or discriminatory treatmento& wounded combatants or ci%ilians on

non/medical #roundsK Prohibition o& medical treatment #i%enaccordin# to military instruction ratherthan clinical indications

K No breach o& medical con(dentiality


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#ources of Modern Rig t toP ysical and Mental Healt

International ;o%enant on>conomic, "ocial and ;ulturalRi#hts, Article 860

8' !he "tate=s Parties to the $resent;o%enant reco#ni-e the ri#ht o&

e%eryone to the enEoyment o& thehi#hest attainable standard o&$hysical and mental health'


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#ources of Modern Rig t to P ysicaland Mental Healt *cont+,

6' !he ste$s to be ta)en by the "tate=sParties to the $resent ;o%enant to

achie%e the &ull reali-ation o& thisri#ht shall include those necessary&or0

a9 !he $ro%ision &or reduction o& stillbirth

rate and o& in&ant mortality and &or thehealth de%elo$ment o& the child

b9 !he im$ro%ement o& all as$ects o&en%ironmental and industrial hy#iene


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#ources of Modern Rig t to P ysicaland Mental Healt *cont+,

c9 !he $re%ention, treatment and controlo& e$idemic, endemic, occu$ational and

other diseasesd9 !he creation o& conditions which wouldassure to all medical ser%ice andmedical attention in the e%ent o&sic)ness'


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$onvention on Rig ts of t e$ ild

Articles ? in 6C $ro%ide &or, amon#other thin#s0

> orts to combat disease andmalnutrition throu#h the a$$lication o&a%ailable technolo#y and the $ro%isiono& ade:uate nutritious &oods and cleandrin)in# waterA$$ro$riate $renatal and $ost natalhealth care &or mothers


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$onvention on Rig ts of t e$ ild *cont+,

Access to education concernin# basichealth, nutrition, hy#iene, and

en%ironmental sanitationPre%ention o& accidents


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$onvention on t e Elimination of (llForms of Discrimination (gainst -omen

Articles 88 $ro%ides s$ecial$rotection to women durin#$re#nancy with res$ect to ty$es o&wor) that are $ro%en to be harm&ulto them'


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$onvention on t e Elimination of (ll

Forms of Discrimination (gainst -omen*cont+,Article 86 insures e:uality o& men andwomen with res$ect to access to

health care ser%ices includin# thoserelated to &amily $lannin# ands$eci(cally $ro%idin# that women #eta$$ro$riate ser%ices in connection with

$re#nancy, con(nement, and the $ostnatal $eriod, includin# ade:uatenutrition durin# $re#nancy andlactation'


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$onvention on t e Elimination of (ll

Forms of Discrimination (gainst -omen*cont+,Article 8C $ro%ides e:ual access towomen in rural areas to health care&acilities includin# counselin#ser%ices and &amily $lannin#'


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2742410v1

- ere Do Human Rig ts Begin.1In small $laces, close to home, so close andso small that they cannot be seen on anyma$s o& the world' et they are the world o&the indi%idual $erson, the nei#hborhood heli%es in, the &actory, &arm, or o ce where hewor)ed' "uch are the $laces where e%eryman, woman, and child see)s e:ual Eustice,e:ual o$$ortunity, e:ual di#nity withoutdiscrimination' Unless these ri#hts ha%emeanin# there, they ha%e little meanin#anywhere'2

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