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HOWDY AGS!
Welcome to KINE 426!
Exercise Biomechanics�4 hour lecture/lab class
�3 contact hrs in lecture
�3 contact hrs in laboratory
KINE 426 TeamDr. John Lawler - lecture instructor
Jeff Hord, Jackie Perticone: laboratory assistants – you will conduct experiments!
�John Lawler - support
Exercise Biomechanics
old class name: Kinesiology
Kinesiology:
The Science of Movement
Kinein – to move
Logos – to discourse or study in a
scientific manner
� Used today – Division, Departments, broad field
KINE 426
Exercise Biomechanics
Performance
- techniques
• Exercise for Rehabilitation,
Health, Fitness
Usain Bolt
Exercise Biomechanics
Integrative, Applied Science
Exercise Biomechanics – application
of mechanics to musculoskeletal
system during exercise
KINE 426
Exercise Biomechanics�Integrative, applied, pragmatic science
�Merging
- anatomy, physiology, mechanics
3 prerequisites for class
- sports medicine
• branch of orthopedics – sports-related injuries
KINE 426Exercise Biomechanics�Exercise for Health
�Reduce risk of chronic diseases– Type II diabetes, obesity, heart disease,
hypertension, cancer, Alzheimer’s
• We have the genes of hunter gatherers
- engineered for activity to procure food
KINE 426Exercise Biomechanics�Exercise for Health
�Reduce risk of chronic diseases– Type II diabetes, obesity, heart disease,
hypertension, cancer, Alzheimer’s
• Exercise modifies specific proteins
Ex. NADPH oxidase, nitric oxide synthase,
brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
KINE 426 – How to Score a great Grade!
Bee Prepared!
- Read presentations, text, and lab materials before class!
- Take Notes during class
- (re)Commit to memory formulae, standard units, muscle anatomy
- Study Nightly (Don’’’’t Cram!)
- Prepare for each laboratory!
- Ask Content questions!
- Practice, Practice, Practice!
KINE 426 – How to Score a great Grade!
Bee Prepared!
� Bee Positive, Professional, Persistent, and Passionate
(the 4 Ps!)
It’s all about You
Diligence!
Summer 201031% As, 62% Bs, 7% Cs
Exercise BiomechanicsRepresents the human body as a mechanical system or machine
Involves the application of physics and engineering principles during analysis of locomotion (walking, running, etc.), exercise,athletic activities, and rehabilitation (PT, OT, cardiac rehab.)
Young discipline --> Technology�Computer-equipment interface, cell & molecular biology
Course Content and Design
Based on a description and set of standards proposed by the American Alliance of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance (AAHPERD) in 1991
Course Description: ““““An integrative, mechanistic study of the biomechanics human motion during physical activity and exercise: biology and mechanical properties of the human movement system including bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, skeletal muscle, joints, and other whole body mechanisms are investigated.””””
Exercise Biomechanics
Course StructureA. Whole Body Biomechanics� Muscular anatomy –
� Anatomical, linear, angular reference systems
� Applying mechanics – exercise
�Kinematics (velocity, acceleration)
�Kinetics (force, torque, power)
Exercise Applications� Performance techniques
� Injury prevention, Rehabilitation
� Use, design of exercise, sports equipment
Applications to daily living� Health
� Workplace design (Ergonomics)
Exercise Biomechanics
Course Structure
B. Tissue Biomechanics -
components
�Bones
�Tendons
�Ligaments
�Cartilage
�Injury prevention, Rehabilitation
The Human Mechanical
System(Human Movement System)
Skeletal muscle - driving force & power
Connective tissue
�Bones
�Tendons
�Ligaments
�Cartilage
�Fascia - skeletal muscle
�Guidance system - receptors (ex. muscle
spindles)
�Processors (brain, spinal cord, motorneurons)
Exercise Biomechanics
Course Structure
C. Skeletal Muscle & Joint Biomechanics
�Generation of force, velocity, power
�TORQUE @ joints
�Running
�Back injuries
�Weight training machine design
Exercise BiomechanicsYoung discipline --> Technology
�Classic mechanical, engineering concepts + cool tools
�Computer-equipment interface, cell & molecular biology
�Digital Video
�Laboratory
- Research
Exercise BiomechanicsYoung discipline --> Technology: hands-on
Exercise BiomechanicsYoung discipline --> Technology: hands-on
Using Exercise Biomechanics
*Optimizing performance, health benefits of exercise
�Minimizing chronic disease risk, physical fitness, brain development/preservation
�Doing our best in athletic events
Playing safe
�Pre-hab: preparing connective tissues, muscle
�Re-hab: promoting recovery after injury
Applications (what’’’’s in it for
me?) – Teacher CertificationUnderstanding the capabilities and limitations of
students
Developing age-appropriate activities
Developing activities which are fun, safe, and of
benefit to student health
Applications –Wellness/Fitness
Understanding the health maintenance and
rehabilitative processes in:
�Adult fitness
� Qualified personnel
� (ACSM certification)
National Strength & Conditioning Association, KINE degree
Applications – Applied & Basic
Exercise Physiology, Motor Learning
Understanding the health maintenance and rehabilitative processes in:
�Athletic training
�Triage of sports injuries
�Rehab
�Conditioning
Applications – Applied & Basic
Exercise Physiology, Motor Learning
Understanding the health maintenance
and rehabilitative processes in:
�Cardiac Rehabilitation
�Disease Prevention
Applications – Applied & Basic
Exercise Physiology, Motor Learning
Understanding the health maintenance and rehabilitative processes in:
�Physical Therapy
�Rehab after surgery
–Orthopedic injury
Applications – Applied & Basic
Exercise Physiology, Motor Learning
Understanding the health maintenance and rehabilitative processes in:
�Occupational Therapy�Relearning tasks of daily living
Applications – Applied & Basic
Exercise Physiology, Motor Learning
Understanding the health maintenance and rehabilitative processes in:
�Medicine�Diagnosing sprain severity
�ACL graft surgery
�Prosthetics
�Arthritis
Applications – Applied & Basic
Exercise Physiology, Motor Learning
Understanding the health maintenance and rehabilitative processes in:
* Nursing�Recovery from
Orthopedic surgery
Applications – Outdoor
Education/RecreationKnowing the physical limitations of human
performance in outdoor recreation
Understanding the technical aspects of
equipment use and design
Applications – Applied & Basic
Exercise Physiology, Motor Learning
*Graduate SchoolResearch
Aging
Osteoporosis
Parkinson’’’’s
Exercise
Sedentary lifestyle
Diabetes
Cardiovascular disease
Obesity
Muscular dystrophy
Spaceflight
http://hlknweb.tamu.edu
http://redox.tamu.edu
•KINE 485, 491
•Internships
•Work Study
Integrative, problem solving approach
to Exercise Biomechanics
““““Your mind should be a place
where you work things out,
not store a bunch of stuff.””””
- Albert Einstein
Get on Board!
Get on Board!
Things move fast in the Summer!
Let’s Jump into Biomechanics!
Integration of Disciplines -->
Exercise Biomechanics
Anatomy – the study of body structure and function
�Gross (whole body) anatomy
�Cellular anatomy
Physiology – study of the integrated function of cells, tissues, and organ systems
Mechanics – branch of physics which studies forces and their effects on mechanical structures
Integration of Disciplines -->
--> Exercise Biomechanics
Statics - branch of mechanics dealing with systems in a constant state of motion
Dynamics - branch of mechanics dealing with systems subject to acceleration
Biomechanics: “Application of mechanical principles in the study of living organisms and their function”
ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY MECHANICS
BIOMECHANICS
EXERCISE
BIOMECHANICS
SPORTS
MEDICINE
Problem solving - Complexity
of Human MovementIn order to understand the basics, we will
use the underlying principle of the
human body as a mechanical machine.
Human-made
Machine
�Wears out with use
�Must replace damaged
parts with new ones
�Designed for a limited
number of purposes
� IBM Deep Blue vs
Garry Kasparov (1997)
2-1-3
Human Machine
�May improve with use
�Can repair itself (within
limits – ex. torn ligament)
�Joint sprain
�Muscle soreness
�tendonitis
�Capable of learning (diversity of purposes)
Andrea Zambrano
Problem Solving - Critical Thinking in
Biomechanics: Asking howL?
How do forces produced by muscles create
movement at the joints?
How are running shoes designed to reduce injury
and improve running performance?
How does joint cartilage act as a shock absorber?
How does genetics play a role in muscle power?
How do we design prosthetics (ex. artificial knee) to
optimize function?
Critical Thinking in Biomechanics:
Asking HowL?
How?
Critical Thinking in Biomechanics:
Asking why, how L?How do muscle forces create torque at joints
�The ability to produce rotation
�Kinetics: causal analysis of movement
Fm
joint
torque
Critical Thinking in Biomechanics:
Asking how, why L?
Why are rotator cuff injuries common in
swimming and in baseball/softball?
Why does a curve ball curve?
Why do joint sprains often take so long to heal?
Why are bone fractures common in the elderly?
Critical thinking is an important part of
biomechanical analysis
Historical Timeline – Combining
Classic Knowledge w/ Today’s Tech
Aristotle (382 – 322 BC)
�Student of Plato
�Founded own school (lyceum)
�Wrote extensively on philosophy, politics, logic, natural sciences, and physics
�Much of his complete works were lost
�Pictured the human body as a machine: muscles cause an action which moves the bones at the joints
Historical Timeline – Combining
Classic Knowledge w/ Today’s Tech
Leonardo DaVinci (1452 – 1519)
� Artist
� Mona Lisa, Last Supper
�Scientist
�Anatomist (one of the first scientists to
make a detailed record of human
dissections)
�Detailed descriptions of design of skeleton
�Illustrated muscle origins and insertions
Historical Timeline – Combining
Classic Knowledge w/ Today’s Tech
Sir Isaac Newton (1643 – 1727)
�Developed basic Laws of Motion
� Invented calculus
�Developed the theory of gravity which was held until updated by Einstein’’’’s theories
�Founder of the Royal Academy of Sciences
�Despite his contributions to science, Newton’’’’s primary investigations were into Biblical text
Historical Timeline – Combining
Classic Knowledge w/ Today’s Tech
Thomas Alva Edison
� (from Menlo Park, NJ)
1093 inventions including:
� the electric light bulb, voice transmitter
(amplifier), answering machine, and phonograph
� Invented motion pictures in 1888
�He used a roll of film called a kinetoscope
�Quote from Edison: ““““Genius is 1% inspiration
and 99% perspiration.””””
Historical Timeline – Combining
Classic Knowledge w/ Today’s TechComputers
� transistor (1940s - common by ‘‘‘‘60s)
� microcomputers
�1960s: NASA
�1970s: research
�1980s: public - Apple, IBM, Compaq, Dell, etc.
Historical Timeline – Combining
Classic Knowledge w/ Today’s Tech
Digital Video� 1990s
� Equipment
�DV cameras
�DVRs
�Easy to interface with computer, video
Historical Timeline – Combining
Classic Knowledge w/ Today’s Tech
Exercise Biomechanics is only reaching
maturity as a science
� Principles - many are quite old and applied by
Engineers for machines - Engineering
approach to mechanics of the human body
� Technology
�Film analysis; Digital video analysis
� Interfacing with computers
�Tools of cellular and molecular biology
Technology & BiomechanicsExercise Biomechanics is only reaching maturity as a
science
http://www.datlof.com/8Axamal/docs/Marketing/jhu/JE/index.htmGait analysis
Biomaterials - hydrogels
Technology & BiomechanicsExercise Biomechanics is only reaching maturity as a
science
Orthoscopic surgery Rehabilitation
Current Applications of
Biomechanics – Problem Solving
Orthopedic Surgeons and Engineers :
http://www.nisss.org/publications.html
�Design of artificial hips and knees (prosthetics)
�Design of support devices (knee braces, etc.)
�Synthetic and natural replacements for
structural tissues (cartilage replacement)
Current Applications of
Biomechanics – Problem Solving
Physiologists and Engineers
EXAMPLES:
• Response of bone and connective
tissue (ligaments, tendons) to exercise
training, rehab
Current Applications of
Biomechanics – Problem Solving
Space Scientists (NASA)
EXAMPLES:
�Adaptation to low gravity environments
�Bone loss
�Atrophy of skeletal muscle
�Loss of blood volume, CV function
– Orthostatic intolerance (fainting)
Current Applications of
Biomechanics – Problem SolvingExercise Biomechanists and EngineersEXAMPLES:
�Design of running shoes
�Design of exercise equipment (Nautilus and Cybex equipment, etc.)
�Design of competitive sportswear, protective gear�Football pads and helmets
�Low friction swimming, cycling, and running wear
Current Applications of
Biomechanics – Problem Solvers
Giants of Whole Body Biomechanics�Peter Cavanagh -
�Penn State University (1970s -• Today – U. of Washington
• NSBRI, NASA
• Biomechanics of athletic and orthopedic shoewear
• > worked with Nike in the 70s, 80s
• > Runner’’’’s World articles
• > concepts of cushioning (shock absorption)
• > elastic recoil (bounce) in shoes
Current Applications of
Biomechanics – Problem Solvers
Early Giants of Tissue Biomechanics
� Charlie Tipton - Exercise Physiologist (1960s -
90s)
University of Iowa
�Effect of Exercise on bone and connective
tissue biomechanics and chemistryArthur Vailas - student
Current Applications of
Biomechanics – Problem Solvers
Early Giants of Tissue Biomechanics
�Savio Woo -
�Biomedical Engineer (1970s - 80s)
�UCSD, UPitt
� Effect of exercise (increased
forces/mechanical stress) and
immobilization (decreased mechanical. stress) on connective tissue
� Revolutionized Sports Injury Therapeutics!
�Lifetime Achievement - ACSM