How We Learn from How We Learn from ExperienceExperience

Classical and Operant Classical and Operant ConditioningConditioning

Classical Conditioning Was Classical Conditioning Was Discovered by Ivan PavlovDiscovered by Ivan Pavlov

All animals automatically salivate when All animals automatically salivate when food is placed in their mouthfood is placed in their mouth

But, as we all know, we can also begin But, as we all know, we can also begin to salivate just by seeing someone to salivate just by seeing someone

eating scrumptious foodeating scrumptious food

Originally Pavlov was only interested in Originally Pavlov was only interested in studying the digestive process of dogsstudying the digestive process of dogs

He knew that each time he gave his dogs food, they would He knew that each time he gave his dogs food, they would automatically salivate.automatically salivate.

The food is an example of an The food is an example of an ununconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus and salivation to the food is an example of a salivation to the food is an example of a ununconditioned conditioned response. Why are they unconditioned?response. Why are they unconditioned?

But what puzzled Pavlov is that his dogs soon began to But what puzzled Pavlov is that his dogs soon began to salivate salivate when they were put in their harness when they were put in their harness beforebefore he had he had given them food?!given them food?!

The brains of these dogs had begun to The brains of these dogs had begun to associate the lab with food associate the lab with food

Originally only food powder placed in their mouth Originally only food powder placed in their mouth would cause the dogs to salivate.would cause the dogs to salivate.

However, soon the dogs began to salivate to the However, soon the dogs began to salivate to the stimuli of the lab.stimuli of the lab.

Which salivation response is unconditioned and Which salivation response is unconditioned and which is conditioned and whywhich is conditioned and why? ?

To study how a reflex is conditioned to a To study how a reflex is conditioned to a new stimulus, Pavlov decided to associate new stimulus, Pavlov decided to associate

a tuning fork with fooda tuning fork with food

Sure enough, the dogs now began to Sure enough, the dogs now began to salivate to the sound of the tuning forksalivate to the sound of the tuning fork

The salivation response to food in your mouth is The salivation response to food in your mouth is inborn so is called an _________inborn so is called an _________

response.response.

However, the salivation response to the sound of However, the salivation response to the sound of the tuning fork is learned so is called a _________ the tuning fork is learned so is called a _________ response. response.

The salivation response to both the food and to The salivation response to both the food and to the tuning fork is a reflex. Why?the tuning fork is a reflex. Why?

Watson used classical conditioning Watson used classical conditioning to get little Albert to fear white ratsto get little Albert to fear white rats

How Albert was conditioned to fear rats How Albert was conditioned to fear rats

From birth we all fear a loud sudden noise—it is From birth we all fear a loud sudden noise—it is inborn or unlearned. Therefore, the noise is an inborn or unlearned. Therefore, the noise is an _________ stimulus and the _________ is an _________ stimulus and the _________ is an _________ response._________ response.

Watson made a loud, sudden noise every time the Watson made a loud, sudden noise every time the white rat was close to little Albert.white rat was close to little Albert.

Fairly soon little Albert began to fear white rats—a Fairly soon little Albert began to fear white rats—a learned fear. So the rat is a ________stimuluslearned fear. So the rat is a ________stimulus

and the fear of the rat is a _________responseand the fear of the rat is a _________response

So a loud sudden noise is causes a So a loud sudden noise is causes a fear reflex from birth so is called what fear reflex from birth so is called what

type of stimulus?type of stimulus?

a)a) A conditioned stimulusA conditioned stimulus

b)b) An unconditioned stimulusAn unconditioned stimulus

However, Albert However, Albert learnedlearned to fear to fear white white rats rats so now a white rat is called:so now a white rat is called:

A) a conditioned stimulus; orA) a conditioned stimulus; or

B) a unconditioned stimulusB) a unconditioned stimulus

The Fear Response to a sudden loud The Fear Response to a sudden loud noise is inborn or unlearned so is a:noise is inborn or unlearned so is a:

A) a conditioned responseA) a conditioned response

B) an unconditioned responseB) an unconditioned response

In contrast, the Fear response to the In contrast, the Fear response to the white rat is learned so is called:white rat is learned so is called:

A) the conditioned responseA) the conditioned response

B) the unconditioned responseB) the unconditioned response

Classical conditioning explains how we Classical conditioning explains how we learn all types of fears like a fear of learn all types of fears like a fear of

small enclosed spacessmall enclosed spaces

Being stuck in a small, enclosed space elicits an automatic fear response

Being stuck is an unconditioned stimulus and the fear reflex is an unconditioned response. Why?

Some of my students learned fear of small spaces by being stuck in

small space, like a trunk

Being locked in trunk can condition a person to fear any small enclosed space, like being

in a closet or under a bed. Identify the unconditioned stimulus (UCS):

unconditioned response (UCR):

conditioned stimulus (CS):

conditioned response (CR):

Almost Drowning

Almost drowning is an unconditioned stimulus that elicits the unconditioned reflex of fear. Why?

Now a Person could have a conditioned or learned fear of deep water due to it being associated with the experience of almost drowning. Identify the

unconditioned and conditioned variables:

UCS: ___________________

UCR: ___________________

CS: _____________________

CR:_____________________

We all will have a fear reflex if attacked by a dog!

If attacked by a dog, we might start to have a fear response every time we see a dog.

The Unconditioned stimulus is the ___________ and the conditioned stimulus is the __________

The automatic response to the dog The automatic response to the dog attack attack andand the automatic response to the automatic response to

seeing a dog would both be fear seeing a dog would both be fear

The fear response to an The fear response to an attacking dog attacking dog would is would is called a ___________ response. Why?called a ___________ response. Why?

But the fear response to seeing a dog is called a But the fear response to seeing a dog is called a ________________ response. Why?________________ response. Why?

We all are born with a fear of falling

So falling is which typeof stimulus—unconditionedor conditioned and why?

What type of response is the fear response tofalling—unconditioned orconditioned and why?

A person who had a bad fall from a tree might learn a fear of heights

Is this an unconditionedfear or conditionedfear?

Is being on a ladder aunconditioned stimulusor conditioned stimulus?

All people would have a fear response to being bitten by a snake What type of stimulus and response is

this?

If you were bitten by a snake or heard scary stories about snakes, you likely would learn

to fear snakes. Identify the:

UCS:

UCR:

CS:

CR:

People can learn a fear by People can learn a fear by observing others with that fear observing others with that fear

See a person become fearful to a spider:See a person become fearful to a spider:

Now you have a fear response to seeing Now you have a fear response to seeing spiders:spiders:

If a fear can be learned, it also can be If a fear can be learned, it also can be unlearned through desensitizationunlearned through desensitization

In class we watched a video of a In class we watched a video of a woman who unlearned her phobia of woman who unlearned her phobia of

snakes.snakes.

Describe the small steps used by the Describe the small steps used by the therapist when exposing the woman to the therapist when exposing the woman to the snake.snake.

Why does this type of exposure therapy so Why does this type of exposure therapy so effective in helping people lose their fears?effective in helping people lose their fears?

How could someone learn a taste How could someone learn a taste aversion to cotton candy? To aversion to cotton candy? To

Brussels Sprouts?Brussels Sprouts?

What is UCS, UCR, CS and CR when a What is UCS, UCR, CS and CR when a person learns to feel nauseated to the smell person learns to feel nauseated to the smell

of tequilas? of tequilas?

How we learn voluntary behaviors: Law How we learn voluntary behaviors: Law of Effect as observed by Thorndikeof Effect as observed by Thorndike

B. F. Skinner work discovered the science of B. F. Skinner work discovered the science of operant conditioning: Consequences that operant conditioning: Consequences that encourage & discourage our behaviorsencourage & discourage our behaviors

Skinner taught his rats to press the Skinner taught his rats to press the lever by giving them food pellets as lever by giving them food pellets as moved closer and closer to the levermoved closer and closer to the lever

Operant conditioningOperant conditioning

Our voluntary (operant) responses are Our voluntary (operant) responses are influenced by the consequences they receive.influenced by the consequences they receive.

Positive reinforcements encourage our operant Positive reinforcements encourage our operant responses by providing us something goodresponses by providing us something good

Examples of positive reinforcement: praise, Examples of positive reinforcement: praise, attention, money, a sense of accomplishment, attention, money, a sense of accomplishment, affection, good grades, blue ribbonsaffection, good grades, blue ribbons

Examples of positive Examples of positive reinforcements that encourage us!reinforcements that encourage us!

Skinner taught his pigeons to turn circles, Skinner taught his pigeons to turn circles, play ping pong & play tic, tack, toe by play ping pong & play tic, tack, toe by

positively reinforcing these behaviors in positively reinforcing these behaviors in small step.small step.

Positive Reinforcement

Getting something pleasant

Intrinsic: Simply gives us a good feeling via our pleasure centers

Extrinsic: Grades, money, approval, attention—i.e. from our environment

Negative Reinforcements Also Negative Reinforcements Also Encourage Operant ResponsesEncourage Operant Responses

Negative reinforcements enable us to Negative reinforcements enable us to escape or avoid an unpleasant escape or avoid an unpleasant consequenceconsequence

Examples of negative reinforcement: take Examples of negative reinforcement: take an aspirin to escape a headache, drive an aspirin to escape a headache, drive close to speed limit so not get a speeding close to speed limit so not get a speeding ticket or study for a test so not get an F!ticket or study for a test so not get an F!

Punishment and extinction both Punishment and extinction both discourage our behaviorsdiscourage our behaviors

Skinner never use punishmentSkinner never use punishment—just extinction—just extinction

Why do you think giving electric shocks to Why do you think giving electric shocks to rats or pigeons that weren’t learning well is rats or pigeons that weren’t learning well is a terrible idea?a terrible idea?

So what would Skinner do if the rats and So what would Skinner do if the rats and pigeons did not accomplish the behavior pigeons did not accomplish the behavior they had been taught? they had been taught?

QuizQuiz

You start a fitness program and lose a You start a fitness program and lose a significant percentage of body fat. This significant percentage of body fat. This consequence is:consequence is:

a)a) Positive reinforcementPositive reinforcement

b)b) Negative reinforcementNegative reinforcement

c)c) PunishmentPunishment

d)d) ExtinctionExtinction

QuizQuiz

You join a health club but never have the You join a health club but never have the time to go. This consequence would time to go. This consequence would best be identified as:best be identified as:

a)a) Positive reinforcementPositive reinforcement

b)b) Negative reinforcementNegative reinforcement

c)c) PunishmentPunishment

d)d) ExtinctionExtinction

QuizQuiz

Your personal trainer at your fitness club Your personal trainer at your fitness club is very critical about your attitude and is very critical about your attitude and fitness. This would be perceived by fitness. This would be perceived by many of us as:many of us as:

a)a) Positive reinforcementPositive reinforcement

b)b) Negative reinforcementNegative reinforcement

c)c) PunishmentPunishment

d)d) ExtinctionExtinction

QuizQuiz

You take an art class and find that your You take an art class and find that your sketching ability improves significantly. sketching ability improves significantly. This consequence is a:This consequence is a:

a) positive reinforcementa) positive reinforcement b) negative reinforcementb) negative reinforcement c) punishmentc) punishment d) extinctiond) extinction

QuizQuiz

Your art teacher makes no comments Your art teacher makes no comments about your art work. This consequence about your art work. This consequence is:is:

a)a) Positive reinforcementPositive reinforcement

b)b) Negative reinforcementNegative reinforcement

c)c) PunishmentPunishment

d)d) ExtinctionExtinction

QuizQuiz

At the end of your art class, one of your At the end of your art class, one of your projects is chosen to be in the student projects is chosen to be in the student exhibit. This is a:exhibit. This is a:

a)a) Positive reinforcementPositive reinforcement

b)b) Negative reinforcementNegative reinforcement

c)c) PunishmentPunishment

d)d) ExtinctionExtinction

QuizQuiz

During your art class other more During your art class other more experienced students make it clear that experienced students make it clear that your work is inferior and unsophisticated.your work is inferior and unsophisticated.

a)a) Positive reinforcementPositive reinforcement

b)b) Negative reinforcementNegative reinforcement

c)c) PunishmentPunishment

d)d) ExtinctionExtinction

Animal trainers faithfully follow the principles Animal trainers faithfully follow the principles of operant conditioning: Only use positive of operant conditioning: Only use positive

reinforcement and extinctionreinforcement and extinction

Shaping a mouse to learn through Shaping a mouse to learn through a mazea maze

Shaping of Complex Behaviors: Shaping of Complex Behaviors: Shaping Dog to Climb WallShaping Dog to Climb Wall

Shaping Dog to Open Waste CanShaping Dog to Open Waste Can

How Teach a Dog to Jump over How Teach a Dog to Jump over fences and through hoops through fences and through hoops through

shaping?shaping?

Clicker Training used with animalsClicker Training used with animals

Bandura’s Study with the Bobo Doll Bandura’s Study with the Bobo Doll illustrate the learning principle of illustrate the learning principle of

observation and imitationobservation and imitation

Children will imitate live models, Children will imitate live models, filmed models and cartoon modelsfilmed models and cartoon models