How Was the World in 1095…

• Byzantines – more stable than any time since Basil

• Macedonian dynasty

• Revival in Art and Culture…

• Muslims – civil wars erode Abbasids

• Seljuk Turks rise up and take over land, but by 1092 are fragmented.

• Arabs out – Turks in as dominant Muslims in world.

The Age of Faith• Faith is central to High Middle Ages – unity due to Faith is central to High Middle Ages – unity due to

Christianization of BarbariansChristianization of Barbarians• Desire to expand their domination, much like Muslims in Desire to expand their domination, much like Muslims in

700’s.700’s.• Muslims losing ground in Spain, gaining it in ByzantiumMuslims losing ground in Spain, gaining it in Byzantium• Church Reforms Threatened The Centralization of Church Reforms Threatened The Centralization of

CatholicismCatholicism– Lay InvestitureLay Investiture

– MonasticismMonasticism

– ScholasticismScholasticism

– Mendicant Orders

The Need to Crusade Arises…

• 700’s on – Muslim empires were fighting with Christians.

• 1050s CE – Muslims invaded and overran the Byzantine Empire…again.

• 1090s – They captured Palestine…again for the third time

• So…• 1093 – The Byzantine Emperor Alexius asks

Pope Urban IIPope Urban II to help resist the Muslims and recover their territories

Why a Crusade..officially…

• On November 27, 1095, Pope Urban II gave an important speech at the end of a church council in Clermont, France.

• In it he called upon the nobility of Western Europe, the Franks, to go to the East and assist their Christian brothers, the Byzantines, against the attacks of the Muslim Turks.

Reasons for the Crusades

Religious• Recover the Holy

Land and restore Christianity there

• Reunite the E. and W. split with the Byzantine Empire

• Crusaders fought for forgiveness of sins

Secular• The pope wanted to

become more powerful in Europe

• Nobles participated to gain land and wealth

• Travel and excitement• Serfs hoped to escape

Feudal oppression

The First Crusade, 1097 AD• Early 1097 AD – Christian armies

gather outside of Constantinople

• 12,000 Crusaders headed for Jerusalem unprepared and without a plan

• July, 1099 – Christians captured Jerusalem– Massacre in the city hotly debated…

• The only truly successful Crusade – although the Christians only won a 650mi. strip of land from Edessa to Jerusalem

The Second Crusade, 1140-80s AD

• The Holy Land was vulnerable to a Muslim counter-attack

• 1144 AD – Edessa is taken back by the Muslims

• The Second Crusade, aimed at recovering Edessa failed

• 1187 AD – Jerusalem itself falls to the Muslims, who were led by the great warrior Saladin

Saladin, 1138-1193

• Saladin, a great Kurdish warrior, was the most famous Muslim leader of the Crusades

• United the Muslim worlds throughout the 1100s and used that to build an army capable of taking back Palestine– Remember that the Holy Land is sacred to

Christians, Muslims, and Jews alike

• Muslims and Christians admired and respected Saladin’s honesty and bravery

• Saladin forbade his armies from harming any Crusader after they surrendered the city

Richard the Lion-Hearted, 1157-1199

• 1189 – Became King of England

• He was determined to regain the Holy Land in the name of Christianity after hearing it had fallen to the Muslims

• Excellent military commander known for his ruthlessness– After conquering the city of Acre he

ordered all survivors to be killed

• Won victories against the Muslims

The Third Crusade, late 1100s AD

• The 3rd Crusade was led by three of Europe’s most powerful monarchs

1) Philip II of France2) Frederick I of Germany3) Richard the Lion-Hearted of England

• Philip left, Frederick drowned…Richard leads the Crusaders on his own

• Richard vs. Saladin for Jerusalem– Crusaders won a few victories– They moved within a few miles of the city, but never

got any further – They are unable to capture the city• 1192 – TRUCE – Jerusalem remains under

Muslim control, but unarmed Christians can safely visit the city

The Fourth Crusade, 1204

• By the end of 4th Crusade, which was also unsuccessful, the spirit of the Crusaders was gone

• Four more unsuccessful attempts would be made throughout the next 100 years

Other CrusadesThe Children’s Crusade, 1212

AD• 2 Different movements

1) Led by 12 yr. old Stephen of Cloyes, 300,000 children left France and marched to the Holy Land believing it would be given to them by God

- Most died along the way – the others were sold into slavery

2) The next saw 20,000 from Germany suffer a similar fate

The Spanish Crusade, 1400s• Much of Spain was controlled by Muslims• Reconquista – long effort by Christians to regain

control– By 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella finally expelled the Muslims– The Inquisition put Heretics on trial– All practicing Jews and Muslims expelled from Spain

Negative Results of the Crusades

1) Christians failed to regain the Holy Land

2) A hatred between Christians and Muslims has existed ever since

3) Jews often targeted by Crusaders as scapegoats for their shortcomings

Positive Results of the Crusades

1) Increased Trade: The Crusades introduced Europeans to goods from the East

2) Learning: European interest in education was renewed when they saw the continuation of classical culture in Muslim and Byzantine territories

3) Power of the Church was weakened

4) Feudalism weakened too as the economy became based more on money than on land