Upload
mohitjainrocks
View
222
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
1/28
Chapter 18Financing and Investing Through Securities
Markets
Distinguish between the primary
and secondary securities markets.
Compare money market
instruments, bonds, and common
stock, including their benefits.
Identify the objectives of investors
and the types of securities that
best correspond to each.
Describe the characteristics of the
major stock exchanges.
Explain the process of buying orselling a security and the
information included in stock and
bond quotations and stock
indexes.
Discuss the role of mutual funds
and exchange-traded funds in the
securities market.
Evaluate the major
features of regulations
and laws designed to
protect investors.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
2/28
Securities Financial instrument such as stocks and bonds.
PRIMARY VERSUS SECONDARY
MARKETS
Primary market Market in which new security issues are first sold to investors;
issuers receive the proceeds from the sale.
Stock offering gives investors the opportunity to purchase ownership shares in a
firm and to participate in its future growth, in exchange for providing current
capital.
Initial public offering (IPO) The first sale of a companys stock to the general
public.
Securities are sold on the open market and through investment bankers.
U.S. Treasury accepts both competitive and noncompetitive bids
for its securities.
7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
3/28
Investment bankers Financial specialists who handle the sales of most
corporate and municipal securities.
Underwriting Process of purchasing an issue from a firm or government and
then reselling the issue to investors.
Investment bankers underwrite stock and bond issues at a discount, which is
their compensation for their services.
Secondary market Market in which existing security issues are bought and sold
by investors.
Examples:New York Stock Exchange,Nasdaq
On a typical day, more than $50 billion worth of stock is traded on NYSE.
http://www.nyse.com/http://www.nasdaq.com/http://www.nasdaq.com/http://www.nyse.com/7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
4/28
TYPES OF SECURITIESMoney Market Instruments
Money market instruments Short-term debt securities issued
by corporations, financial institutions, and governments.
Generally low-risk securities and are purchased by investorswhen they have surplus cash.
Bonds
Through bonds firms obtain long-term debt capital.
Claims of bondholders are satisfied before those of stockholders in cases of
bankruptcy.
7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
5/28
Types of Bonds
Government bonds Bonds sold by the U.S. Treasury.
Backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government
Municipal bonds Bonds issued by state or local governments.
Revenue bondproceeds are to be used to pay for a project
that will produce revenue, such as a toll road or bridge.
General obligation bondproceeds are to be used to pay for a project
that will not produce any revenue, such as a new state police post.
Can be sold only by governmental units that have the power to levy taxes.
Interest payments are exempt from federal income tax.
Secured bond Corporate bond backed by a specific pledge of company
assets.
Debentures Corporate bonds backed only by the issuing firms
financial reputation.
Mortgage pass-through security Backed by a self-liquidating pool
of mortgage loans purchased from lenders.
7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
6/28
7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
7/28
Quali ty Rat ings for B ond s
Two factors determine the price of a bond: its risk and its interest rate.
Bond rating A rating of a bonds level of risk.
7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
8/28
Quali ty Rat ings for B ond s
Two factors determine the price of a bond: its risk and its interest rate.
Bond rating A rating of a bonds level of risk.
Higher interest rates bring higher bond prices.
Market interest rates also influences bond prices.
Ret i r ing B ond s Firms must have necessary funds to pay bonds at maturity.
Some firms issue serial bonds, an issue of bonds that mature at different rates.
Call provision Allows the issuer to redeem the bond before its maturity at a
prespecified price.
7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
9/28
Stock
Common stock Shares of ownership in a corporation.
Holders of common stock vote on major company
decisions.
In exchange for their investment, they receive
dividends and/or benefits of increased stock price.
Risk loss of investment if company fails.
Book value
Market value Price at which a stock is currently selling.
Company assets company liabilities
No. of outstanding shares of common stock
7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
10/28
Preferred Stock
Preferred stock Stock whose holders have priority over common stockholders in
the payment of dividends but usually have no voting rights.
Pays fixed dividend regardless of company performance.
Many investors consider it more like a bond than a common stock.
Convert ib le Secu r i t ies
Feature of bond or preferred stock that gives the holder the right to exchange the
bond or preferred stock for a fixed number of shares of common stock.
Convertible bonds pay a lower interest rate than those without a conversion
feature.
7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
11/28
SECURITIES PURCHASERS Two types of purchasers:
Institutional investors An organization that invests its own funds or those it
holds in trust for others.
Individual purchasers, many of who own shares through mutual funds or
employers retirement funds.
Investment Motivations
Five primary sources of motivation:
Growth in capital
Stability of principal Liquidity
Current income
Income growth
7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
12/28
7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
13/28
Taxes and Investing
Interest from government and corporate bonds is income taxed at the investors
marginal tax rate.
Dividends are taxed at a lower rate.
Profits from stock sales are taxed as capital gains.
Tax considerations are an important factor in investment decisions.
7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
14/28
SECURITIES EXCHANGESStock exchanges Financial market where stocks are traded.
Exist throughout the world, and most countries have at least one.
7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
15/28
7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
16/28
New York Stock Exchange
One of worlds oldest, founded in 1792.
Lists more than 3,000 common and preferred stocks
with market value of more than $13 trillion.
Worlds largest, as measured by total value of stock traded.
Trading takes place face-to-face on trade floor.
Only members are allowed to trade on the floor.
The Nasdaq Stock Market
A computerized communications network that links member investment firms.
Worlds largest intranet.
Lists approximately 5,000 stocks.
7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
17/28
Other U.S. Stock Markets
American Stock Exchange, or AMEX, in New York.
Daily trading volume around 60 million shares.
Regional stock exchanges include Chicago, Pacific (San Francisco), Boston,
Cincinnati, and Philadelphia Stock Exchanges.
Foreign Stock Markets Most countries have at least one stock exchange.
One of largest outside U.S. is the London Stock Exchange.
Lists 2,900 companies.
Handles two-thirds of all cross-border trading worldwide.
ECNs and the Future of Stock Markets
Electronic communications networks (ECNs) Fourth market
opening up to smaller, individual investors.
Buyers and sellers meet trade directly with one another in a
virtual stock market.
7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
18/28
BUYING AND SELL ING SECURITIESBrokerage firm Financial intermediary that buys and sells securities for
individual and institutional investors.
Examples: A. G. Edwards, Raymond James, Morgan Stanley, and Wachovia
Securities.
Placing an Order
Investor initiates purchase by contacting brokerage firm.
Market order Instructs the brokerage firm to obtain the highest price possible, if
the investor is selling, or the lowest price possible, if the investor is buying.
Limit order Instructs the brokerage firm not to pay more than a specified pricefor a stock, if the investor is buying, or not to accept less than a specified price,
if the investor is selling.
http://www.agedwards.com/http://www.raymondjames.com/http://www.morganstanley.com/http://www.wachovia.com/http://www.wachovia.com/http://www.wachovia.com/http://www.wachovia.com/http://www.morganstanley.com/http://www.raymondjames.com/http://www.agedwards.com/7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
19/28
7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
20/28
7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
21/28
Stock Indexes
Examples include the Dow Jones Industrial Average, Standard & Poors 500,
and theNasdaq Composite indexes.
Dow Jones Industrial Average, started in 1884, has served as a general measure
of overall stock prices and a reflection of the economy.
Only original remaining member is General Electric.
http://www.standardandpoors.com/http://www.standardandpoors.com/http://www.standardandpoors.com/http://dynamic.nasdaq.com/services/indexes/ViewIndexes/Nasdaq_composite.aspx?symbol=IXIChttp://djindexes.com/mdsidx/index.cfm?event=showAverageshttp://djindexes.com/mdsidx/index.cfm?event=showAverageshttp://dynamic.nasdaq.com/services/indexes/ViewIndexes/Nasdaq_composite.aspx?symbol=IXIChttp://www.standardandpoors.com/http://www.standardandpoors.com/http://www.standardandpoors.com/7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
22/28
MUTUAL FUNDS AND EXCHANGE-TRADED FUNDS
Mutual fund Financial institution that pools money from purchases of its shares
and uses the money to acquire diversified portfolios of securities consistent
with the funds investment objectives.Mutual Funds
Investors become part owners of large number of securities, lessening individual
risk.
Total mutual fund assets exceed $8 trillion.
55 million American households own mutual fund shares.
7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
23/28
7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
24/28
7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
25/28
Exchange-Traded Funds
Raises funds by selling shares to investors and then uses those funds to purchase
a portfolio of securities.
Sells a fixed number of shares to investors in what is effectively an initial public
offering.
Then ETF shares trade on stock exchanges much like shares of individual
companies.
Almost 200 ETFs with total assets of around $250 billion.
Two main appeals:
Shareholders are charged little or nothing for annual operating expenses.
Can be more tax efficient because they dont generate a lot of taxable capital
gains.
7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
26/28
LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES INSECURITIES TRADING
Government Regulation of the Securities Market
Mostly by the federal government, primarily the Securities and Exchange
Commission.
SEC requires registration of all new public issues of corporate securities.
Full and fair disclosure Requirement that investors should be told all relevant
information by stock or bond issuers so they can make informed decisions.
Insider trading Use of material, nonpublic information to make investor profits.
Regulation FD Requires firms to share information with all investors at the
same time.
Public corporations must file several reports annually.
http://www.freeedgar.com/http://www.freeedgar.com/7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
27/28
Industry Self-Regulation
Professional Rules of Condu ct
Rules of conduct established and updated by the National Association of Securities
Dealers
Ensure that brokers perform their basic functions honestly and fairly, under constant
supervision.
Market Survei l lance
Techniques for spotting possible violations of trading rules or securities laws.
NYSE uses Stock Watch to flag unusual price and volume activity.
Market participants keep detailed records about transactions.
7/27/2019 How to Trade Stocks and Bonds
28/28
Perfection is not just for the movies.
Self-regulation means that
Professional Rules of Conduct
should always be followed.
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_11/American%20Express.mov.wmv