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HOW TO SOLVE GENETICS PROBLEMS 1. Read the problem. 2. Determine what traits are dominant and which are recessive. Often you must marshal background knowledge to do this – which may not be explicitly mentioned in the problem. 3. Are any letters assigned to the genes? If not, make some up. We usually take the dominant characteristic and use the first letter of that word. For example, if polydactyly ( extra fingers ) is dominant over the normal five– fingered condition , we would pick P for the dominant gene, and small p for the recessive normal allele. 4. Determine, if possible, the genotypes of the parents. In 9 out of 10 problems this information is given, or at least implied. Sometimes you have to deduce it from other information given. Write it down so that you can remember what it is, e.g. Pp. 5. Determine all the possible kinds of gametes that can be made by each parent. Be careful, remember that a gamete can ordinarily receive only one gene of a pair of alleles. This is the part that most people have trouble with! e.g. P p. 6. Make a Punnett square, using each of the gametes for one parent across the top of each column, those of the other parent go vertically. If you have done step 5 properly you shouldn’t have any trouble with this step. 7. Work the cross carefully. 8. Now read the problem again. Find out exactly what it is asking for. Don’t assume too much. This is another place where many people get lost. 9. In most problems, these steps should get you through adequately. Some are slightly altered – for example, if the genotype of one of the parents is unknown, and that is what the problem wants you to discover. You may assign that parent

How to Solve Genetics Problems

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Page 1: How to Solve Genetics Problems

HOW TO SOLVE GENETICS PROBLEMS

1. Read the problem. 2. Determine what traits are dominant and which are recessive. Often you must marshal background knowledge to do this – which may not be explicitly mentioned in the problem. 3. Are any letters assigned to the genes? If not, make some up. We usually take the dominant characteristic and use the first letter of that word. For example, if polydactyly ( extra fingers ) is dominant over the normal five–fingered condition , we would pick P for the dominant gene, and small p for the recessive normal allele. 4. Determine, if possible, the genotypes of the parents. In 9 out of 10 problems this information is given, or at least implied. Sometimes you have to deduce it from other information given. Write it down so that you can remember what it is, e.g. Pp. 5. Determine all the possible kinds of gametes that can be made by each parent. Be careful, remember that a gamete can ordinarily receive only one gene of a pair of alleles. This is the part that most people have trouble with! e.g. P p. 6. Make a Punnett square, using each of the gametes for one parent across the top of each column, those of the other parent go vertically. If you have done step 5 properly you shouldn’t have any trouble with this step. 7. Work the cross carefully. 8. Now read the problem again. Find out exactly what it is asking for. Don’t assume too much. This is another place where many people get lost. 9. In most problems, these steps should get you through adequately. Some are slightly altered – for example, if the genotype of one of the parents is unknown, and that is what the problem wants you to discover. You may assign that parent something like A_ or __ genotype and see if that helps. Put the offspring genotypes in the square and work backward. Remember this won’t get all the problems – there is still nothing like real understanding – but it can help organize your attack on a genetic problem. and of curse, unless you understand the terms, such as homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive, allele, and so on, you cannot begin to think of working problems. 10. Finally, the actual genetic information you need to solve these problems often appears concealed rather than revealed by the wording of the problem. learn to translate such a sentence, “Mary is normally pigmented but had an albino father”, into its logical consequence: “Mary is heterozygous for albinism” and then into “Mary is Cc”. Notice that, in this kind of a problem you may need to solve several subsidiary problems before you can proceed with the final solution

Page 2: How to Solve Genetics Problems

1. Lea el problema.

2. Determine que rasgos son dominantes y cuales recesivos. A menudo usted debe ordenar el conocimiento de generalidades para hacer esto – lo cual puede que no esté explícitamente mencionado en el problema.

3. ¿Es asignada alguna letra a los genes? Si no, hágalo usted. Por lo general tomamos la característica dominante y usamos la primera letra de aquella palabra. Por ejemplo, si polydactyly (dedos extra) son dominantes sobre la condición normal cinco-tocada, nosotros escogeríamos P para el gene dominante, y p para el alelo recesivo normal.

4. Determinar, de ser posible, el genotipo de los padres. En 9 de 10 problemas dan esta información, o al menos esta implícita. A veces usted tiene que deducirlo de otra información dada. Anótelo de modo que usted pueda recordar cual es, p.ej. Pp.

5. Determine todas las clases posibles de los gametos que pueden ser hechos por cada padre. Sea cuidadoso, recuerde que un gameto generalmente puede recibir sólo un gene de un par de alelos. ¡Esto es la parte con la cual la mayoría de la gente tiene problemas! p.ej. P p.

6. Haga un cuadrado de Punnett, usando cada uno de los gametos para un padre a través de la cima de cada columna, los del otro padre van verticalmente. Si usted ha hecho el paso 5 correctamente usted no debería tener ningún problema con este paso.

7. Trabaje el cruce con cuidado.

8. Ahora lea el problema otra vez. Averigüe exactamente lo que le están preguntando. No asuma demasiado. Esto es otro punto donde muchos se pierden.

9. En la mayor parte de problemas, estos pasos deberían ser suficientes. Unos son ligeramente cambiados - por ejemplo, si el genotipo de uno de los padres es desconocido, y es lo que el problema quiere que usted descubra. Usted puede asignar a aquel padre algo como A_ o __ genotipo y ver si esto ayuda. Ponga el genotipo descendiente en el cuadrado y trabaje hacia atrás. Recuerde que esto no conseguirá todos los problemas - no hay nada como la verdadera comprensión - pero si ayudara a organizar su ataque sobre un problema genético. Eso sí, a no ser que usted entienda los términos, como homocigoto, heterocigoto, dominante, recesivo, alelo, etcétera, usted no puede pensar en comenzar a trabajar problemas.

10. Finalmente, la información real genética usted tiene que solucionar estos problemas a menudo aparece oculta más bien que revelado por la expresión del problema. Aprenda a traducir tal sentencia, " María es normalmente pigmentada, pero tenía un padre albino ", en su consecuencia lógica: " María es heterocigoto para el albinismo " y luego, " María es Cc ". Note que, en esta clase de problemas usted puede tener que solucionar varios problemas subsidiarios antes de que usted pueda obtener la solución final.