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How to Pick a GIS. Getting Started With GIS Chapter 8. 8 How to Pick a GIS. 8.1 The Evolution of GIS Software 8.2 GIS and Operating Systems 8.3 GIS Software Capabilities 8.4 GIS Software and Data Structures 8.5 Choosing the Best GIS. Preconceptions again…. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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How to Pick a GIS
Getting Started With GISGetting Started With GIS
Chapter 8Chapter 8
8 How to Pick a GIS
8.1 The Evolution of GIS Software8.2 GIS and Operating Systems8.3 GIS Software Capabilities8.4 GIS Software and Data Structures8.5 Choosing the Best GIS
Preconceptions again….
How big a difference is there in How big a difference is there in functionality among the many various GIS functionality among the many various GIS software packages on the market?software packages on the market?
A=No difference at allA=No difference at all E=No commonality at allE=No commonality at all
In twenty years time (2028) a GIS will cost? A. $10,000A. $10,000 B. $1,000B. $1,000 C. $100C. $100 D. $10D. $10 E. NothingE. Nothing
If I get hired as GIS analyst:
A. I would be completely uninvolved in choosing A. I would be completely uninvolved in choosing software, they already use ArcGISsoftware, they already use ArcGIS
B. I could leave the ads on my boss’s deskB. I could leave the ads on my boss’s desk C. My advice may be sought on a choice of C. My advice may be sought on a choice of
softwaresoftware D. My advice would be sought and used in D. My advice would be sought and used in
choosing softwarechoosing software E. I would have to make a choice of what to E. I would have to make a choice of what to
purchase on my first day, with zero guidancepurchase on my first day, with zero guidance
Choosing the GIS
GIS users need to be aware of different GIS GIS users need to be aware of different GIS software products during system selection software products during system selection and beyondand beyond
OpenGIS (OGC) standards have led to a OpenGIS (OGC) standards have led to a new generation of choices for softwarenew generation of choices for software
Informed choice is the best way to select Informed choice is the best way to select the best GISthe best GIS
Functionality
What functions must GIS perform?What functions must GIS perform? What functions can it perform?What functions can it perform? What software has what functions?What software has what functions? First management step is often to make a First management step is often to make a
requirements matrix: needs vs. capabilitiesrequirements matrix: needs vs. capabilities
A functional definition of GIS
A GIS is often defined not for what it is but A GIS is often defined not for what it is but for what it can do.for what it can do.
If the GIS does not match the requirements If the GIS does not match the requirements for a problem, no GIS solution will be for a problem, no GIS solution will be forthcoming.forthcoming.
A GIS may have overcapacity.A GIS may have overcapacity.
GIS as a toolbox…
How did functions develop over time?How did functions develop over time? What are the differences among software What are the differences among software
packages?packages? What are any given packages strengths and What are any given packages strengths and
weaknesses?weaknesses? What other factors come into play, cost, What other factors come into play, cost,
training, maintenance, robustness, etc. training, maintenance, robustness, etc.
GIS software in 1979
A historical GIS “snapshot” was the IGC A historical GIS “snapshot” was the IGC survey conducted in 1979survey conducted in 1979
In the 1979 survey, most GISs were sets of In the 1979 survey, most GISs were sets of loosely linked FORTRAN programs loosely linked FORTRAN programs performing spatial operationsperforming spatial operations
Computer mapping programs had evolved Computer mapping programs had evolved GIS functionalityGIS functionality
GIS in the 1980s
spreadsheet was ported to the spreadsheet was ported to the microcomputer, allowing “active” datamicrocomputer, allowing “active” data
relational DBMS evolved as the leading relational DBMS evolved as the leading means for database managementmeans for database management
single integrated user interface single integrated user interface degree of device independence degree of device independence led to the first true GIS softwareled to the first true GIS software
GIS in the 90s
used graphical user interfaces and the used graphical user interfaces and the desktop/WIMP modeldesktop/WIMP model
Unix workstations integrated GIS with the Unix workstations integrated GIS with the X-windows GUIX-windows GUI
GISs began to use the OS GUI instead of GISs began to use the OS GUI instead of their owntheir own
PCs integrated GIS with the variants of PCs integrated GIS with the variants of Windows and other OSsWindows and other OSs
X windows and the GUI
GIS in the 2000s
Mobile systemsMobile systems Web-based extensionsWeb-based extensions Distributed systems and dataDistributed systems and data Most software now object-orientedMost software now object-oriented New competition: OpenSourceNew competition: OpenSource Web servicesWeb services Location-based servicesLocation-based services
Trends still under way
Open Source development tools now Open Source development tools now ubiquitous, e.g. geotools librariesubiquitous, e.g. geotools libraries
GoogleEarth, Virtual Earth, etc.GoogleEarth, Virtual Earth, etc. Mash-up solutionsMash-up solutions
The “critical six” functional capabilities data capturedata capture storagestorage managementmanagement retrievalretrieval analysisanalysis displaydisplay
Data capture functions
digitizingdigitizing scanningscanning mosaicingmosaicing editingediting generalizationgeneralization topological cleaningtopological cleaning
Steps in mosaicing
Rubber sheeting
Line generalization
Storage functions
compressioncompression metadata handlingmetadata handling control via macros or languagescontrol via macros or languages format supportformat support
Compression
By data structureBy data structure quad treesquad trees run length encodingrun length encoding
By data formatBy data format compressed TIFcompressed TIF jpegjpeg
By physical compressionBy physical compression digit handlingdigit handling
Data management functions
physical model supportphysical model support DBMSDBMS address matchingaddress matching maskingmasking cookie cuttingcookie cutting
Cookie cutting
Data retrieval functions
locatinglocating selecting by attributesselecting by attributes bufferingbuffering map overlaymap overlay map algebramap algebra
Map algebra
Data analysis functions
interpolationinterpolation optimal path selectionoptimal path selection geometric testsgeometric tests slope calculationslope calculation
Interpolation
?
Data display functions
desktop mappingdesktop mapping interactive modification of cartographic interactive modification of cartographic
elementselements graphic file exportgraphic file export
Functions and Operating Systems
What system(s) are supported?What system(s) are supported? How well does system engage OS?How well does system engage OS? How extensive is OS-based support? (e.g. How extensive is OS-based support? (e.g.
Wizards, forums)Wizards, forums) Where is the OS-framed help? Virtual Where is the OS-framed help? Virtual
organizationsorganizations How efficient is the combination?How efficient is the combination?
iClickers at the readyGoogle (“Geographic information system”)
A. 1,690,000A. 1,690,000 B. 1,231,198B. 1,231,198 C. 900,121C. 900,121 D. 512, 761D. 512, 761 E. 423,859E. 423,859
iClickers at the readyGoogle (Geographic information system)
A. 11,300,000 A. 11,300,000 B. 5,101,431B. 5,101,431 C. 1,876,521C. 1,876,521 D. 512, 761D. 512, 761 E. 423,859E. 423,859
Functional capabilities are by-products of data structure Raster systems work best in forestry, Raster systems work best in forestry,
photogrammetry, remote sensing, terrain photogrammetry, remote sensing, terrain analysis, and hydrology.analysis, and hydrology.
Vector systems work best for land parcels, Vector systems work best for land parcels, census data, precise positional data, and census data, precise positional data, and networks.networks.
Vector
Precision intactPrecision intact Used when individual coordinates are Used when individual coordinates are
importantimportant More concise spatial descriptionMore concise spatial description Assumes feature model of landscapeAssumes feature model of landscape Easy to transform data e.g. map projectionsEasy to transform data e.g. map projections
Raster Better for field dataBetter for field data Used by most imaging systemsUsed by most imaging systems Can be compressedCan be compressed Easy to display and analyzeEasy to display and analyze Many common formatsMany common formats However, most systems now use bothHowever, most systems now use both Raster layer often backdrop-onscreen editingRaster layer often backdrop-onscreen editing
System selection
Research available systemsResearch available systems Build functional capabilities matrixBuild functional capabilities matrix Plan needs and build needs/requirements Plan needs and build needs/requirements
matrixmatrix Match functions against needsMatch functions against needs Score and rankScore and rank Select, implementSelect, implement
The Big Eight
Form the bulk of operational GIS in Form the bulk of operational GIS in professional and educational environmentsprofessional and educational environments
There are some significant differences There are some significant differences among these “big eight” systemsamong these “big eight” systems
Major differences in the most commonly Major differences in the most commonly packages by nation: Asia, South America, packages by nation: Asia, South America, EuropeEurope
ArcGIS
ESRIRedlands, CAMarket leaderPC and workstationremarkable functionalitymany formats supported
Clients
ArcGIS SystemArcGIS System
FilesFiles(Personal (Personal GeodatabaseGeodatabase,,Shapefiles, Coverages,Shapefiles, Coverages,Grids, tins, etc)Grids, tins, etc)
ArcSDE Services
DatabasesDatabasesMultiMulti--user user GeodatabasesGeodatabases(in Oracle, SQL Server,(in Oracle, SQL Server,
IBM DBII, etc)IBM DBII, etc)
ArcInfo ArcEditor ArcView
ArcIMS Services
ArcExplorer Browser
InternetArcPad
ArcEngine/ArcObjectsApplicationDevelopment &Customization
c:\ ArcGIS WorkstationConsistent interfaceIncreasing capability
ArcMapArcCatalogArcToolbox
ArcMapArcCatalogArcToolbox
ArcMapArcCatalogArcToolbox
Source: ESRI with mods.Handheld/Wireless
$
ArcServer Services
and U. Texas
ArcPad
Mobile GISDesigned for GPS and PDADeveloper packageUses Windows CE
IkeGPS
AutoCAD MAP
Windows all versionsSQL DBF AccessExtension to AutoCADMenu-basedMassive installed baseAdded grid, projection & topology supportDB links good.3D links good
GRASS
First UNIX GISDeveloped by ArmyCorps of EngineersUNIX functionalityMany unique functionsFree until recentlyMany data setsBaylor University now supports
IDRISI
Developed at ClarkUniversity, Worcester MAOriginal in PASCAL, withopen codeDevelopment uses a specialtyWindows/DOSSpatial analysis/stats extensions
Maptitude
Caliper CorporationConsultancyTRANSCAD and GIS+Many network solutionsWindowsImport/ExportAddress matching
GeoMedia
CAD software with GISextensionsIntergraph Corp, Huntsville ALUses Windows NTMany parcel applicationsWeb extensions, server tools etc.
MapInfoBased in Troy, NYMapping functionsUses Visual BasicMany applicationsFavored for 911, field
2007 entry: Manifold
2008 Entry: uDig• Open source desktop GIS application framework, distributed under the LGPL license• Ability to view, edit and print files, database (Oracle, SDE, PostGIS) and Web Feature Servers (WFS) •An industry-standard extension framework (RCP) for adding new functionality to the application. •Java functionality•Native support for Windows, Mac OS/X and Linux. •Developed by a world-wide community of contributors, with an open process and transparent decision making
Open Source Coming Thick and Fast
Quantum GISQuantum GIS uDig uDig (uDig, JGrass, DivaGIS)(uDig, JGrass, DivaGIS)
gvSIGgvSIG SAGASAGA JUMP JUMP (OpenJUMP, SkyJUMP, PirolJUMP, DeeJUMP)(OpenJUMP, SkyJUMP, PirolJUMP, DeeJUMP)
ILWISILWIS KOSMOKOSMO MapWindowGISMapWindowGIS
Adding some GIS capabilities
GoogleEarthGoogleEarth Microsoft Virtual EarthMicrosoft Virtual Earth WorldWindWorldWind ArcExplorerArcExplorer
A variety of issues should be considered in system selection: costcost upgradesupgrades LAN configuration support, Internet servicesLAN configuration support, Internet services training needstraining needs ease of installationease of installation maintenancemaintenance documentation and manualsdocumentation and manuals help-line and vendor supporthelp-line and vendor support means of making patchesmeans of making patches
workforceworkforce
iClicker: CompatibilityHow easy was the ArcGIS student copy to install and run?
A. Happened when I put in the CDA. Happened when I put in the CD B. Minor problems, easily fixedB. Minor problems, easily fixed C. Some issues, fixed with helpC. Some issues, fixed with help D. Eventually fixed, but still crashes and D. Eventually fixed, but still crashes and
runs incorrectlyruns incorrectly E. Never got it installed, gave upE. Never got it installed, gave up
Selecting a GIS can be a complex and confusing process
The intelligent GIS consumer should The intelligent GIS consumer should research, select, test, and question systems research, select, test, and question systems before purchasebefore purchase
Match needs and functionality, score and Match needs and functionality, score and rankrank
Success means never having to start overSuccess means never having to start over Plan for change at the outsetPlan for change at the outset
Coming next…..
GIS in ActionGIS in Action