How to execute Program structure Variables name, keywords, binding, scope, lifetime Data types type system primitives, strings, arrays, hashes pointers/references type conversions and equality Expressions Operators, overloading, booleans, short-circuiting, conditional expression Referential transparency Statements vs Expressions Control flow conditionals loops Functions Classes Exception handling Other features Threads Reflection Libraries Functional Language other aspects, covered later QUICK EX: With a partner how do you learn a new programming language? What types of programs do you write? A binding is an association, such as: bind type of variable bind operation to symbol (e.g., meaning of *) bind function to its definition Binding time is the time at which a binding takes place. Type binding may be static or dynamic explicit or implicit Language design time -- bind operator symbols to operations : sum = sum + count Language implementation time-- bind type to a representation : int => number of bits, etc. Compile time -- bind a variable to a type: int count; Link time bind library subprogram to code: cout