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How to Build a Digital-Physical System
Assegid KidanéFall 2011
Today's Demo
Pressure and Light Sensor Arduino and Laptop data processing Video and Sound output
Demo
The Big Picture
Steps
Define problem and goals clearly Develop flowchart and algorithm Select main components Develop hardware and software Put it together and test Iterate until goals are met
Outline Electricity/Water analogy Electrical/Electronic circuit elements Basic formulae Reading and drawing schematics Using datasheets Microcontrollers, Sensors, Actuators, Media Software environments Experiential media integration
Goal
Basic electronics Use of microcontrollers Interactive environment design Design and build 3D objects Learn effective collaboration
Water Analogy
The following entities between a water circulation system and an electric circuit correspond fairly
wellPressure – VoltageWater flow – CurrentFaucet, Constriction – ResistanceValve – SwitchOne way valve – Diodeetc...
Comparisons
Circuit Elements
Power supply Resistors Capacitors Inductors Semiconductors
Circuit Elements
Power supply Energy source
Circuit Elements
Resistor, Capacitors and Inductors Passive components
Circuit Elements
Semiconductors Active devices Transistors, ICs, LEDs, gates, diodes
Circuit Elements
Subgroup of ICs Microcontrollers (pic, Atmega etc.)
Microcontroller development boards Arduino
Types of Circuits
Analog Continuous values of voltage between
Ground and Power
Digital Only On or Off, High or Low, or Ground or
Power Hybrid
Examples
Analog Most sensors, the physical world
Digital Your computer, most modern devices, your
iPod for the most part
Schematics
Symbolic representation of a circuit
Schematic
More complex circuit
Breadboarding
Provides connectivity Allows reconfiguration
Connectivity Under the Hood
Soldering
Make permanent connections on the PCB
Test Equipment
Multimeter Oscilloscope Signal Generator Power Supply Logic Analyzer Hand tools
Multimeter
Use to measure Voltage, Current and Resistance
Some measure frequency, capacitance, temperature and more
*** Caution*** Take extra care when measuring current Start with a selection higher than the highest
expected value
Oscilloscope
Provides detailed graphic representation of signals
Essential for signals with ac components Usefull for monitoring noise
Some Common Formulae
Ohm's law E = V = IR
Formula wheel E - (emf) same as Voltage R – resistance I – current P - power
Series and Parallel Circuits
RT=R1R 2... 1RT
= 1R1
1R2
....
Using Ohm's Law
Equivalent resistance = 1470ohms
RT=R1R2
RT=4701000=1470ohmsI=V /R=9 /1470=6.1mA
Voltage accross R1=I∗R=0.0061∗470=2.8VVoltage accross R2=0.0061∗1000=6.1V
Datasheets
Your crucial companion Consult the manufacturer's datasheet if unsure
of a device's specific behaviour Of special interest
Pinouts Absolute maximum ratings Typical application circuit
Important sections
Typical Circuit
Pinouts
Features
PCB Design
Eagle software
Eagle 5.11 Details
Easy to use Output files compatible with and accepted
by most PCB fabs IDE available for Windows, Mac and Linux Frequently updated library Freeware version available limited to 100 x
80 mm boards, 2 signal layers and 1 sheet
Eagle Features
Schematic capture
Eagle Light
Layout
Router
Interactive router and Autorouter
Introduction Tutorial
Manufacturer guided tour at
http://www.cadsoft.de/Tour/tour00.htm
Fabrication!
Capabilities
Multilayer PCB fabrication Through hole plating Intricate PCB shapes routing Automatic tool change and milling width
adjustment
Partial Specifications
CAM Software
CircuitPro 1.4.XXX Import Gerber files from Eagle, Altium etc Configure machine for stock material and PCB
process layers Generate milling, drilling and routing tool path Enjoy automated fabrication
Sample Interface
Support Material
Manufacturer manual and AME prepared quick start manual
Preparation and finishing tools PCB stock and backing material Additional and spare tool bits and process
accessories All nearby
General Architecture
Participatory Environment ( Installation, Performance)
Sensing Data Processing Actuation and Feedback
environment
sensing Computing
Feedback & Actuators
Sensors
Motion Position, Acceleration, Rotation
Pressure Light Sound Temperature Biometric sensors
Some Sensors
Data Processing
Desktop, Laptop Single Board Computer (SBC) Physical Computing Platform (Arduino,
Parallax) Develop using a microcontroller (Pic, Atmega,
8051)
Some Processors
Introduction to the Arduino Environment
Arduino Uno, Duemilanove Arduino mini (Stamp) Arduino mini pro (5V, 3.3V, 8Mhz, 16Mhz) Arduino Mega Arduino Nano Arduino Lilypad
Introduction to the Arduino Environment
Arduino Uno, Duemilanove Arduino mini (Stamp) Arduino mini pro (5V, 3.3V, 8Mhz, 16Mhz) Arduino Mega Arduino Nano Arduino Lilypad ATmega Micro controllers
Introduction to the Arduino Environment
Arduino Uno, Duemilanove Arduino mini (Stamp) Arduino mini pro (5V, 3.3V, 8Mhz, 16Mhz) Arduino Mega Arduino Nano Arduino Lilypad ATmega Micro controllers Bootloader Installed
Introduction to the Arduino Environment
Arduino Uno, Duemilanove Arduino mini (Stamp) Arduino mini pro (5V, 3.3V, 8Mhz, 16Mhz) Arduino Mega Arduino Nano Arduino Lilypad ATmega Micro controllers Bootloader Installed Open Source IDE for Windows, OSx and Linux
Arduino Uno/Duemilanove
14 Digital I/Os 6 Analog Inputs 6 PWM Outputs USB Connectivity and Programming USB bus or External Power 16MHz Clock and 32KB Flash Memory
Arduino Uno Cont’d
USB Port
Arduino Uno Cont’d
USB Port
External Power
Power Selection
Arduino Uno Cont’d
USB Port
External Power
Power Selection
Digital I/Os, PWM, Serial Port
Arduino Uno Cont’d
USB Port
External Power
Digital I/Os, PWM, Serial Port
Analog InputsPower and Reset
Arduino Mini Pro
Small footprint 16k Flash Program ROM 14 Digital and 6 Analog I/Os All UNO features except it needs external
hardware for programming
Programming Arduino Mini
Use the standard USB board with the micro controller removed
Or use the Arduino serial USB board, Item # DEV-08165 from Sparkfun Electronics
It is also possible to program it wireless using Blue SMiRF bluetooth modem
Arduino Mini Cont’d
Used in many AME devices including SOball1: Light ball with 5DOF IMU SOball2: Light ball with IMU and RFID RFID Mousepad
Arduino Nano
Most Versatile Arduino Arduino Mini(stamp) with built-in USB interface
and ICSP header All desirable features of Atmega 328 controller All analog inputs available in standard DIP
layout
Other Hardware
Include ArduinoBT ArduinoXBee Wee
Various Sheilds
Arduino Programming
Simple Fast No programming hardware needed*
Sample Code
Read a sensor Data = analogRead(pin)
Control analog devices(motor, light, etc) analogWrite(pin, strength)
Read a digital signal digitalRead(pin)
Output a digital signal digitalWrite(pin, HIGH)
Output & Actuation
Video displays, Projectors Speakers Lights Motors Haptic feedback devices
Actuators & Output Devices
Max/MSP
Allows sophisticated audio and video manipulation and feedback
Puredata for an OpenSource alternative with little graphics
Many objects exist to interface with almost anything. Either direct or from 3rd party developers.
Experiential Media System
Sensing
Light: Using a CDS sensor with a 10K resistor to generate a voltage proportional to brightness
Pressure: Using an FSR with 100k and 10k resistors to generate a voltage proportional to applied pressure
Data Processing
Arduino: Samples the light and pressure analog signals using ADC. Digitize it and sends digital values to laptop on USB bus.
Laptop(Max/msp): Process data, scales it as needed, and applies conditions and manipulate audio and video output.
Output or Feedback
Processed/Manipulated Video output Processed Audio output
AME Digital Culture Kit
In Conclusion
Sensing can include.... motion(location, acceleration, rotation),
pressure, temperature, humidity, lighting, sound, magnetic(hall), biometric(eeg, emg, pulse, GSR) and more
Processing can include probabilistic computational model in addition to linear mapping
Output control can include.... Lighting, sound, video projection,
temperature, humidity, mechanical(linear and rotational motion), fluid and gas flow and more
Collect Checkout Forms and Regulation Sheet
Tool checkout form Electronic Kit checkout form Lab and equipment maintenance regulations
Please complete the collaboration optimization questionaire.
Questions??
Thank you
