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How this guide works...

This guide is the Changing Urban Environments guide and should be used

alongside the exam question booklet you got last term. Together it gives you a full

and detailed guide of everything you’re expected to know – fun right?

Remember – everything in this booklet (along with the other five!) you need to

know about, and we’ve already done at least once in class. The activities I’ve

included in this book will help you, but are not exam questions, they are designed

to encourage you to get thinking about revision / do revision!

You should therefore attempt exam questions from your

exam book let as you go along to really help you. The

symbol to the right and the page numbers next to it tell

you where you can find exam questions linked to that

topic in the exam question book.

If you should lose this booklet (naughty you), then you can easily download and

print off a new copy from the homework section of the CTS website. They are also

available from the swish revision hub board outside of the geography room.

As always remember – you do them, I mark them, you respond / improve and then I

remark. Put simply… There is no excuse for not having your revision / exam

question books on you – or for not doing revision…ever.

The next six pages are the best places to start they talk about what the exam will

look like, what the exam board say you should know for this unit, a small guide to

the types of questions there are on GCSE geography exams and how to answer

them and finally a list of command words.

Any questions at all...

...please ask!

What will my exam look like? You will have two exams, both will last 1 and a half hours and will be made up of 2 sections – the helpful diagram below will

explain everything.

Physical Geography - 1 and 1/2 hours

long

Section A

Q1 - Restless Earth

Section B

Q5 - Water on the Land

Q6 - Ice on the Land

Human Geography - 1 and 1/2 hours

long

Section A

Q2 - Changing Urban

Environments

Section B

Q4 - Development

Gap Q6 - Tourism

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What does the exam board expect me to know for the Changing Urban Environments Section?

You should know and understand: ✓

What an urban area is

What urbanisation is and what causes it

What the different parts of urban areas are called and what their

functions (what they do) are

What the issues facing housing in urban areas in the developed

world are

What the issues facing the inner city in urban areas in the developed

world are

What the issues facing traffic in urban areas in the developed world

are

What the issues facing the CBD in urban areas in the developed

world are

What the issues facing the segregation of cultures in urban areas in

the developed world are

What the issues facing rapid urban growth in the developing world

are and how they can be improved

What the issues facing urban areas in the developing world because

of rapid urbanisation and industrialisation are

What the issues facing urban areas in the developing world because

of waste disposal and air and water pollution are

What makes a sustainable city

Ways of making the environment of a city more sustainable

Ways of making the social environment of a city more sustainable

A case study of sustainable urban living

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The really helpful bit

In GCSE geography there are two types of questions – short answer questions

(worth 1, 2 or 3 marks) and longer answer questions (worth 4, 6 or 8 marks). This

help guide should help you recognise the difference between the two and how to

answer each type of question.

Short Answer Questions (worth 1, 2, or 3 marks)

These questions are point marked. This means that the examiner will give you a

mark for each point that you make and explain (if the question asks for it).

Before answering the question you should read it carefully. It might be worth

highlighting or circling what the command words are and then underline what

topic the question actually is asking for.

A few quick points:

- Make sure you give / answer the correct number of points for the marks that

the question is worth.

- Make sure you introduce your answer – it only takes a few words and shows

the examiner you know what you’re talking about. Avoid starting any

sentence with words like it or they. A better example would be “An MDC is a

more developed country”

Long Answer Questions (worth 4, 6, or 8 marks)

These questions are level marked. This means that the examiner will read all of

your answer and then decide on a level to give you. In 4 or 6 mark questions the

maximum level you can get is level 2, in an 8 mark questions the maximum level is

level 3.

IMPORTANT - On your human geography paper for your 8 mark questions there is

3 extra marks awarded for your spelling punctuation and grammar. The table

below shows what you need to do to get these extra marks.

Threshold performance

(1 mark)

- You spell, use punctuation and use the rules of grammar with reasonable accuracy.

- Any mistakes do not stop the examiner understanding what you meant in your response.

- You use a limited range of key words appropriately.

Intermediate performance

(2 marks)

- You spell, use punctuation and use the rules of grammar with considerable accuracy

- The examiner has a good idea of what you mean in your answer. - You use a good range of key words appropriately.

High performance

(3 marks)

- You spell, use punctuation and use the rules of grammar with consistent accuracy.

- The examiner has no trouble understanding what you mean in your answer.

- You use a wide range of specialist terms adeptly and with precision.

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The examiner is looking for what are called ‘linked statements’ to give you the

higher levels, and therefore higher marks.

Linked statements are sentences with developed explanation, statistics or

examples in your answer that prove your point.

What the examiner is looking for at each level is shown in the table below along

with some example sentences to help.

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3

Basic knowledge with little or no detail showing very simple understanding. There is little organisation of the answer and few key words.

Clear knowledge with clear and developing understanding and explanation shown. Some examples are used along with key words.

Detailed knowledge with clear and detailed understanding and explanation. Examples are used to answer the question with explanation and a wide range of key words are also used.

Lots of people die in poorer countries die in earthquakes.

Lots of people die in earthquakes in LDCs because there is likely to be less emergency services.

Lots of people die in earthquakes in poorer countries because there is likely to be less effective emergency services. This is because there is less money to pay for training for them, or give them good equipment. This means that less people will be saved and therefore more people will die.

A good 4 step plan to remember when writing a longer answer essay question is:

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Exam Command Words

These are sometimes called trigger words – they should trigger you into knowing

what the question is asking of you. But sometimes people can get confused as to

what they need to do to answer the question effectively.

The table below shows you the most often used command words and what they

mean. They are in an order with most often used ones first.

Command Word

Definition

Describe Give a detailed version of what happens / has happened.

Give Use words like because in your answer as you will be explaining how or why something is that way.

Discuss Explore the subject by looking at its advantages and disadvantages (i.e. for and against). Attempt to come to some sort of judgement.

Explain Describe, giving reasons and causes.

Define Give the meaning. This should be short.

Outline Concentrate on the main bits of the topic or item. Ignore the minor detail.

Evaluate / Assess

Give an opinion by exploring the good and bad points. It’s a bit like asking you to assess something. Attempt to support your argument with expert opinion.

Factors Not strictly a command word – but it can come up – where a question asks about factors it means give the facts, reasons or circumstances that can make something happen.

Identify Recognise, prove something as being certain.

Compare / Contrast

Show the similarities / Show the differences (but you can also point out the other side of the argument).

Analyse Explore the main ideas of the subject, show they are important and how they are related.

Comment Discuss the subject, explain it and give an opinion on it.

Justify Give a good reason for offering an opinion.

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What is an Urban Area? First thing to know about is some of the key words that we’re going to use this topic; as

before key words will be in red, but one is pretty important – right from the start…

An urban area is a town or a city, a built up area where people live surrounded by a

number of services like schools, doctor’s surgeries, hospitals and shops. The bigger the

urban area (like a city) the more the services it will have. There are different parts of urban

areas and in a couple of sections time you’ll learn about them.

The opposite to an urban area is a rural area – this is the countryside, where some people

live (like in villages for example), but often these are not built up areas and have very few

services.

What is urbanisation and where is

it happening? Urbanisation is a process that happens around the world, and is the growth in the

proportion (NOT NUMBER OR SIZE!) of people living in urban areas, compared

with countryside. As shown by the graph below in 2007, the world’s population

lived more in urban areas than rural areas for the first time ever.

Urban growth is the name given to the increasing SIZE of the urban area, the amount of

land that it actually covers. When this becomes a problem and it spreads outwards too

much or too fast it is called, urban sprawl.

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Urbanisation has taken place in both developed / rich countries known as MDCs (More

Developed Countries) and less developed / poor countries known as LDCs (Less

Developed Countries). It has been fastest though in the world’s poorest countries – known

as least developed countries or

LLDCs for short – as the graph on

the right shows.

In rich countries, urbanisation

took place over a long period of

time and it was linked to the

development of industry. For

example in Britain with the

industrial revolution and growth

of factories in large towns from

1850s. In the UK industrial cities

like Sheffield grew rapidly (about

10% a year) as people flocked

from the countryside to work in

the factories – especially when

homes were provided. Today 90%

of the UK’s population is urban.

However, in the 1970s/80s

families started to ‘escape to the

country’ looking for a better quality of life – this is ‘counterurbanisation’ – Rockingham is a

good example of somewhere that offers a pleasant environment and easy commuting.

Recently ‘re-urbanisation has been taking place and young professional people are

moving into the CBD and inner cities.

In poor countries, urbanisation has been more recent, since 1960s and it has been linked

to rural-urban migration. Conditions in rural areas are poor and people think that there are

better opportunities in the cities. This has led to the unsustainable growth of megacities in

the developing world For example Mumbai has a population of 18m.

1. Using the first graph describe how the population in urban areas

has changed over time. Remember if this was an exam question you would

pick up extra marks for making specific reference to dates and / or figures

/ amounts.

2. Using the second graph describe how the percentage of people

living in urban areas has changed over time – make specific reference to

the areas where this growth has come from.

3. What is the difference between urbanisation and urban

growth?

p.34

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What causes urbanisation?

There are two causes of urbanisation; one is natural increase – where more people are

being born than dying. This is higher in urban than rural areas, as there is a younger

population here than in rural areas, so there is a greater chance of babies being born.

The second is rural – urban migration – the movement of people from the countryside to

the towns. The movement of people moving from rural areas to urban areas is down to

factors known as push and pull factors.

Push factors are reasons for people to leave a particular area, things like drought, a low

amount of food being grown and a struggle to feed you and your family, a lack of services

like schools or hospitals or a lack of jobs available. Physical factors like being at risk of

floods, drought or soil erosion are also reasons for people to move away from rural areas.

Pull factors are reasons for people to move to a particular area, things like the chance of a

better job, better access to more services like schools or hospitals, or entertainment and

leisure facilities. A major pull factor is also the chance to have a better house, and

ultimately a better life.

4. Using the letter from Roberto in Rio, Brazil (below) – highlight or

circle the pull factors (reasons to move to Rio) and highlight in a different

colour or draw a box around the push factors (reasons to move away

from the rural areas).

“Hello my name is Roberto and I’m 12 years old. I live with my parents and 4 sisters

on the outskirts of Rio. Our home is in a slum district known in Brazil as a favela.

Our house is very basic but it is much bigger than the one we used to have and we

are making improvements the longer we are here.

We moved here because the farm wasn’t making any money, and we weren’t

growing enough food to feed our family. My father now makes sandals from car

tyres. He sells them at a small market and on a good day he can make over one

cruzado (about 80p). Now that we live here I can go to school, although only in the

mornings because it’s too expensive to go all day. In the afternoons and at

weekends I go to the city centre to work as a shoe shiner. I will probably have to

give up school and work full time eventually. My family needs the money but living

in the city means I can do that.

The council is really trying to improve conditions here. They recently provided us

with piped water and electricity which is a great help, and the drains they are

digging mean that our home will no longer flood.”

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What are the different parts of an

urban area?

Urban areas are not all the same, for example if you walk to across from one side of the

urban area to the other the landscape around you, and the way in which the area is used

will change. This fits in with what geographers call an urban model, and can be pretty

useful at GCSE, although it’s not on your syllabus, it’s worth having at the back of your

mind – especially as it could help you remember the names of the different parts of urban

areas – WHICH YOU HAVE TO KNOW!

Burgess Model Hoyt Model

The Burgess model was drawn in the 1950s in Chicago, as a plan of what all cities looked

like, in the centre the CBD or Central Business District the most expensive area and the

focus for businesses, places of work and money. Outside of this is inner city, usually the

oldest part of the city with housing built before 1918 it is used for a number of different

things.

Beyond this are the suburbs, areas of mostly housing built after the WW2 when people

could afford more expensive houses, with bigger gardens and areas around them.

Beyond this is the rural – urban fringe – an area of the city where the town meets the city

and there is a number of different uses here too.

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The Hoyt sector model was developed in the 1970s partly because it was discovered that

not all cities follow the same, rather strict model. Sometimes cities will redevelop or

rebuild or a physical factor will affect how the city develops. In Hoyt’s model the inner city

is split into industry and manufacturing (making things) and low class residential

(housing), the suburbs are called medium class residential, and the rural urban fringe is is

called high class residential.

The main difference is that Hoyt suggested that the richest people lived furthest away

from the industry in a ‘spine’ coming out from the CBD itself, but because of this ‘spine’

they could easily and quickly access the CBD without having to travel through more run

down areas.

5. Challenge yourself – draw the Burgess and Sector model from

above, leave them alone for a while, close this revision book then come

back to it – can you successfully name all the different areas?

6. Come back to this activity after the next section of information,

can you add in any information about what each section is like / the

problems surrounding it?

What do the different parts of an

urban area normally do?

CBD: Central Business District: Town Centre

The CBD is where main shops and offices are, it is the commercial centre of town. It is the

most accessible location of the entire

urban area as it has bus and train

stations in the centre of town and main

roads leading to the centre. There is

normally parking provided, although

this is normally pay and display.

The rent values of buildings in this area

are high so it is expensive to run a shop

in the CBD. This means that the CBD

has Department stores like John Lewis

and Marks and Spencer, chain shops

like Next, coffee shops like Costa and

the main branches of banks as these

are the only business that can afford it.

Because there is a range of shops and services this is the main retailing area for the urban

area but it is facing increasing competition from the internet and from out of town (rural –

urban fringe) stores.

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Inner city: area around the CBD

This is an area that has undergone of big change. It was usually built before 1918 in UK

and is mostly Victorian terraced houses built during the industrial revolution for the

workers. There is lots of housing in a small area, known as high density housing.

There is mixed land use – in other

words there is older factories and

terraced housing together – this is

because during the industrial

revolution people didn’t own cars

and they had their work and housing

close together during the industrial.

The road pattern is grid like with

small narrow streets, a throwback

from the Victorian era when the

houses were built.

Inner city areas often have social problems linked with decline, deprivation (poverty) and a

concentration of poor people. This is made worse by a lack of basic amenities (like

schools and doctors’ surgeries) and overcrowding which leads to higher levels of

illness/disease and therefore people who live in these areas have lower life expectancy.

There are often higher crime rates in the inner city; this could be because due to the

deprivation (poverty) in this area. This means that some people call the inner city the

twilight zone as it has gone into decline, and people start to move out of these areas if they

can.

Recently some of these areas been

redeveloped, a process called gentrification

(where buildings are done up and richer

people move into the area) – these terraced

houses have become very popular with the

young professional people because they are

affordable first homes.

Some inner city areas were demolished in the

1960s and 1970s and replaced by high rise

blocks of flats – these have not been very

successful and have led to severe social

problems. A good example of this is Park Hill

in Sheffield which we learnt about in lessons

and there is some information about Park Hill later on.

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Suburbs

Found near the outskirts of the city the

suburbs are mostly housing (also called

residential). Suburbs were able to grow as

transport improved because people were

able to travel to work in the CBD or the

inner city using buses or cars. Today

people who live in suburban areas

commute as public transport or travelling

by car is available to most people.

Many of the suburbs were built after 1945,

as you get towards the edge of the city

the houses get newer and the housing

quality increases as you move out from

the city with middle (3 bed semi-detached

with garden) to high class housing (4 bed

detached, double garage; gardens).

There is generally no industry and the

people who live in this area have access

to out-of-town retail centres. These are areas of growth as people want to live on the edge

of the town as it is pleasant to live and they can commute into centre for work.

Rural-urban fringe: edge of city where town meets countryside.

These are found right on the edge of the city

and tend to be full of retail parks, industrial

estates with factories and warehouses and

recreational areas including golf courses and

football grounds Sixfields in Northampton is a

good example and Phoenix Parkway.

There is pressure for additional development

here but there are often strong planning

restrictions because of trying to prevent urban

sprawl.

7. Which of the areas do you / would you like to live in? Why?

8. What issues are there with each of the areas? What causes these?

Can you think of any solutions to each of these issues?

p.27, p.28,

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Other Strategies to Cope with

Urban Sprawl Urban sprawl is the uncontrolled growth of urban areas and this can cause a big problem

as a town or city spreads out. If it is poorly planned then it can cause traffic congestion or

poor quality housing with poor access to services.

Some ways to prevent urban sprawl are:

• Building ‘Green belts’: these are areas of mainly open countryside and small settlements

surrounding urban areas. They are protected from development and the number and type

of buildings that can be erected is restricted.

Planning permission is not normally given to developers. They stop the outward growth of

city and prevent towns and cities merging together to form a continuous urban area. They

protect the open nature of the countryside and preserve the land for farming and to

provide access for recreation like golf courses.

• Using brownfield sites: This is using areas that have been previously used for things like

industry for new redevelopment rather than developing out-of-town greenfield (new) sites.

There’s more information about brownfield sites later on.

• Inner-city redevelopment: This involves the modernising of old properties so that people

carry on living there and reducing the need for new estates around the city.

What issues are there facing

housing in MDCs? The need to try and meet the increased housing needs of the population in different parts

of the city. The Inner city problems are talked about later on in this guide – but below are

the increased need for houses, and the increased need for houses in the CBD.

Increased Need for Houses

The number of households is expected to increase by about 223,000 per year between

now and 2026 with a target for 60% of these new houses to be built on brownfield sites

(areas that have been built on before) and the rest having to go on Greenfield sites (areas

that have not been built on, usually on the edge of the city at the rural-urban fringe). The

advantages of using both brownfield and greenfield sites are shown in a table on the next

page.

There are a number of reasons for an increased demand for housing:

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• The population of the UK has increased by 7% since 1971, and this likely to lead to

population of 52.5 million in England alone by 2021.

• More people now live alone - about 7 million people. 70% of the increased demand is

from single households, due to people wanting to live away from parents and become

independent an increased number of people getting divorced and people living longer.

(1/3rd of single person households are over 65).

Advantages of using brownfield sites Advantages of using Greenfield sites

Easier to get planning permission Don’t need clearing, so can be cheaper

Uses up derelict land Cheaper land prices

Utilities eg water/electricity/roads already

in place

More space for gardens

Near to facilities in town centres Pleasant countryside

Cuts down on commuting Can plan from scratch; no restrictions on

layout

Providing housing in CBDs

Traditionally very few people have lived in the CBD because of the high land values there.

However recently there been a change in an effort to revitalise (improve) CBDs and turn

them into 24/7 city centres with housing and services rather than areas just used during

the day. Housing has been provided in the CBD though:

a) Clearing old buildings and using the site to

build new mixed use high rise blocks like St

Paul’s Place, Sheffield where the ground floor:

bars, cafes and restaurants, the next floor is

offices and the top floors are apartments

designed for young professionals who want to

be in the heart of the city. There are associated

facilities here too like gyms. The car park for

this building is known as the Cheese Grater

and has won awards for design. These tend to

be expensive and designed for affluent (richer) young professionals

The following schemes tend to be a cheaper option

b) Using the top floors of existing shops as flats like above some of the older shops in

Corby town centre.

c) Converting old traditional buildings into apartments, this has happened in and

around Kettering town centre.

d) New purpose built residential blocks built on brownfield sites you get lots of these

in and around Northampton.

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e) In university cities, student accommodation is provided in old converted buildings

and new blocks built on brownfield sites - Cambridge is a very good example.

p.22, p.29,

What issues are there

facing the Inner City in MDCs? Inner cities have suffered from many

problems, in the beginning they

suffered from problems with

pollution from nearby industries, and

terraced housing that was closely

packed in together. The quality of

these houses quickly deteriorated

and the area became known as a

slum area. This was made worse by

the closing down and movement of

industry out of the inner city to the

rural urban fringe, and then more

recently abroad.

Since then a number of government

schemes have tried (and sometimes failed) to improve the inner city often by improving

housing, employment, amenities and the environment.

In the 1960 and 1970s – the plan was to knock down terraced, slum housing and replace it

with high rise tower blocks. This was not a

success. In Manchester blocks like the Hyde

Park flats were built but the build quality was

poor and they suffered from damp and were

very noisy. In Park Hill in Sheffield they were

noisy, full of damp and over time the council

moved residents here, who were difficult to

place anywhere else and as a result more

crime and anti-social behaviour happened. In

both locations the tower blocks were

unsuitable for young families, there were

issues like gangs, intimidation and the

environment became damaged very quickly.

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Strategy 1: Urban Development Corporations (UDCs):

In the 1980s onwards the idea was to set up UDCs – using money from the government and

tax payer to attract private investment from business to help develop the area.

One famous project was to redevelop the old London Docklands area which had gone

into very severe decline

The London Docklands Development Corporation was born, but was very expensive:

£1.86 billion public money was spent along with £7.7 billion of private money.

The investment led to developments very large scale and expensive developments

such as Canary Wharf, the O2 arena, and improvements to the transport system like

the eastward extension of the Jubilee line with 144km of new and improved roads.

The land became available through the selling off of 431 hectares of land and

reclaiming derelict (unused) land - 762 hectares of derelict land was reclaimed so that

improvements through building could be made.

All in all 24,046 new homes built, an extra 2,700 businesses are now trading, 85,000

people are now working and services like education and health centres have all been

improved with funding for up to 11 new primary schools, 2 secondary and 9 vocational

centres, redevelopment of 6 health centres and contribution to 5 new ones.

Overall the area has completely changed from a deprived and run down area where

people were poor and unemployed to become a major commercial centre and a very

desirable place to live with the

conversion of warehouses into loft

apartments. There is a problem with

the original residents feeling side lined

and out priced by the newcomers.

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Strategy 2: City Challenge Partnership

The City Challenge Partnership was a big initiative in the 1990s designed to try and

improve the inner city. It takes a different approach to regeneration as local authorities

(councils), private companies (businesses) and the local community worked together from

the start.

Our example is Hulme, an inner city area in Manchester.

The focus was to improve the

housing that had been built in

1960s to replace the old slum

terraced housing, but had

actually just caused

segregation problems. The

high rise blocks were poorly

built, damp and people did

not feel safe. The large areas

between each of the curved

crescents, designed to be

like playing fields for people

to meet and use were instead

used for joyriders, abandoned cars and as a meeting place for gangs.

£37.5million was spent demolishing the curved crescents, although some older buildings

were kept to keep some of the heritage of the area. The replacement housing was varied

so it would suit families, young single people, couples and old people with a variety of

friendly, welcoming architecture and different building styles and materials to attract new

people to the area, while remaining sustainable by conserving water and being energy

efficient (and therefore keeping bills down too)

Locals were involved from the beginning and wanted an improvement in the environment,

community facilities and shopping provision. As a result – an old church hall was rebuilt to

provide facilities for dance and music lessons and shows, numbers of well equipped play

and sporting facilities were built along with a number of local primary schools. Finally the

high street was re-instated, providing a local shopping hub for the community.

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Strategy 3: Sustainable communities – New Islington Millennium Village

This strategy is a way of improving the inner city AND a way in which sustainable

settlements are being developed. SO you could use it in two sections…..worth

remembering that.

Construction of the New Islington Millennium Village

began in 2003 in an area previously called the Cardroom

estate, a run-down area with poor slum housing and high

crime, closed down industry and derelict empty buildings.

The aim of the scheme was to allow people to live in an

area where there is housing of an appropriate standard to

offer a reasonable quality of life, with access to a job, education and health care within a

sustainable community setting.

The locally community association worked closely with the architects, the housing

association (who would rent out the housing), the city council and the company in charge

of the regeneration; Urban Splash

(remember them?!),

As part of the regeneration more

than 1000 new houses or

apartments were built many

private secured gardens; while the

refurbishment of the derelict

Ancoats hospital and Stubbs Mill

into apartments providing nearly

1000 more apartments.

New office space, workshops and shops were built to

provide areas for employment alongside new parks and

gardens with 300 new trees and 2 garden islands with an

orchard and beach, and new play areas with climbing

rocks. Visitors to the area are encouraged to the area by

3000 metres of new canal side for walks, 50 moorings for

narrow boats and canal side facilities including 2 pubs, 2

restaurants; 200 on-street and 1200 underground car

parking spaces; and a metrolink stop in 5 minutes walking

distance

Community facilities were improved with the building of a health centre with 8 GPs, a new

primary school, a number of football pitches and crèche.

Underlying all of this is the idea of resources being used sustainably – the area is clearly a

brownfield site, so urban sprawl is being reduced, while the developments have all

improved the social sustainability side the environmental side of sustainability is looked

after by boreholes being drilled into the ground to provide 25 litres a second of naturally

filtered water; recycling collection points have been built around the area to encourage

increased recycling; and wind and solar panels have been used extensively throughout.

Page | 20

9) How does greenbelt work? Explain in no more than 50 words what

the greenbelt is, how it works and how it stops urban sprawl.

10) Do you think it’s a good idea or not? Why so? Do some research

about the greenbelt – it is increasingly under threat – but from what?

Why do you think there might be pressure to build on the green belt?

11) What is a greenfield site? What is a brownfield site? Write down the

definitions of both giving benefits and drawbacks to both types of

scheme.

12) Which type of site do you think is the best type of site to build on? Greenfield or

brownfield? Why? Explain your choice in a paragraph.

13) For one of the strategies to improve housing in the inner city (1 – the Urban

Development Corporation in London Docklands, 2 – The City Challenge Partnership in

Hulme, Manchester or 3 – Sustainable Communities in New Islington Millennium Village,

Manchester) produce a poster that advertises all the improvements and new

developments that have been built in the area and the problems they have tried to solve.

14) What problems have each of the strategies to improve housing in the inner city tried to

solve? How? What problems have they created? Draw your own version of the table below

and complete. I’ve done a problem that the Docklands development tried to address for

you – but there are more!

Scheme / Strategy Problem in the area How the Scheme

strategy has tried to solve the problem

Problems it has caused itself.

Urban Development Corporations

Lots of derelict buildings / lack of

housing

Turn the empty ship docks and

warehouses into apartments

Housing prices have gone up so much that locals to the

area have now been priced out of the

area.

City Challenge Partnership

Sustainable Communities

15) You might want to do activity 13 again for the other two case studies / strategies…..just

saying.

16) Take a non-geographer (non-believer) and tell them all about Sheffield. Tell them what

has happened in Park Hill and why, tell them how it has changed twice since the 1960s and

be passionate about the detail! Tell them about the CBD and St Stephen’s place – tell them

about the improvements there until they walk away from you – calling you a bizarre

geography person……or you could draw an A4 page spider diagram, divided into two. Up

to you.

p.17, p.22 (also good for CBD housing), p.45

Page | 21

What traffic issues are there facing

urban areas in MDCs? Traffic jams, or congestion as they are called

in geography, are a problem the world over –

and not just in MDCs.

In 2015 in the UK alone there is 36.5m

registered road vehicles, with 317.8 billion

miles a year travelled by vehicles, increasingly

roughly 3% a year and the majority of this

growth being from city to another (because of trade or employment) it is no surprise that

average speeds have reduced (gotten less) too. The average morning rush hour (8am –

10am) speed on A roads is 23.4mph, while in London the average is just 15mph.

Why should I care?

Shame on you for even asking such a question – but apart from the fact you need to, it

could be on your exam – congestion causes a problem for cities because:

• It causes increased journey times

• It leads to an increase in air pollution, which in turn may

impact on the number of breathing conditions like

asthma and…

• Because of the air pollution it can cause damage to

buildings, like historic limestone buildings for example.

• It can put people off visiting and companies investing

into the CBD which in turn may contribute to the decline

of the CBD (more on that in the next section).

So what can be done about it? There are a number of different solutions and AQA could

ask you about these – plus the benefits and drawbacks that these solutions bring.

17) Using the next few pages complete a large table (maybe A3 size) like the one below –

you could revise from this lots later on.

18) Choose the scheme that you think is the most effective – explain why

you think this is, and how it works. Describe the benefits it brings for the

environment, the CBD, for local residents and for drivers / motorists.

Scheme How it works Advantages Disadvantages Example

Page | 22

Park and Ride

Park and rides are schemes which

encourage people to park up on the

outside of the city, and then provide a

cheap bus fare into the city centre itself.

For example in Norwich you’ll pay £2 to

park, and then £1.50 for a return trip,

while in Cambridge you’ll pay nothing to

park and about £1.50 for a return trip.

They work by providing large car parks

on the rural urban fringe near to main

roads going into the city, and are able to catch people as they drive into the city. If they

are successful they can reduce the number of cars in the city, and speed up people’s

commute (drive) into the city, especially if there are bus lanes (see later on), and reduce

air pollution as there are less cars in the city.

However some people believe they contribute to urban sprawl, can encourage

development at the rural-urban fringe and could be not used if placed incorrectly.

Pedestrianisation

These schemes work by stopping all traffic in certain parts of the CBD only, and make it

much safer for pedestrians to walk, shop and work in the CBD. Because of this it often

encourages more people to visit and shop, for example Corby and Kettering experienced

an increased number of shoppers when they

pedestrianised part of their shopping areas but there

are some problems with this type of scheme.

For example local retailers may be unhappy as they

lost passing trade, and by taking drivable roads away

it reduces the amount of parking available close to

their shops so less people may visit here. Nearby

surrounding areas may also experience a higher

increase in traffic as vehicles are diverted around the

road now pedestrianised – and increase congestion

here instead.

Congestion Charging

This is a charge set out by the City of London for passing

through a central zone of London where traffic is a problem.

Motorists have to pay (currently) £11.50 a day, or face a

penalty notice (fine) if they do not, congestion charge

cameras are found at each road entrance into and out of the

congestion charge zone to catch people who have not paid

the charge. Local people are entitled to a discount, and

environmentally sustainable vehicles can go through the

congestion charge for free.

Page | 23

By increasing this charge it has successfully reduced the traffic within the congestion

charge zone, but there is an argument to say it prices poor motorists out of driving

through London, and that all it has done is pushed the problem somewhere else, namely

outside the congestion charge zone. There’s some evidence to this as the congestion

charge zone was increased between 2007 and 2011 as other areas of London suffered

from higher levels of traffic.

Rising Bollards

Are a scheme used lots of in the CBD of

Cambridge, where only certain traffic like

emergency vehicles, buses and taxis are let

through onto certain roads. The bollards drop

when these vehicles approach and a transmitter

in the car alerts the bollards to drop and let the

vehicles through – they then rise directly after.

They can be dropped for long periods of time,

like weekends and evenings when traffic is

traditionally less.

The amount of traffic is reduced on these roads, it is made safer for people, cyclists and

essential traffic is allowed through (and their journey times are made shorter – potentially

encouraging more people to cycle or use buses).

They are expensive to put in place though, and

do require the road to be closed during this

time and can be subject to technical problems

which can cause congestion when they fail.

Sometimes people try and drive behind a

vehicle to get through the bollards, and are

then caught when these rise up. I call these

people idiots.

Bus lanes and / or Cycle Lanes

Are regularly used in urban areas around the UK – they

work by dedicating space for certain road users only and

speeding up their journey time, therefore encouraging

people to take alternative routes of transport and get out of

their cars. In the case of cyclists it also makes their journey

much safer as it keeps them away other road users.

There are some problems however – it does need to be

managed and controlled normally with bus lane cameras –

otherwise anyone could drive in them, and the use of space

for buses and cyclists can make congestion worse for cars

as they have less lanes to use on their drive in. Some would

argue though that this is the point of them!

Page | 24

Other schemes

You could talk about are – one way streets; these keep the traffic moving and offer some

parking while reducing the slowing of traffic searching for parking spaces or trying to

pass each other in narrow streets; multi-storey car parks; which provide more parking

spaces in the CBD and reduce the amount of on road parking needed therefore offering

the room for more lanes and faster travel; higher car parking charges; which may put off

people parking and travelling into the CBD; and traffic calming measures; which slow

traffic down, make the area safer and encourage more people to use public transport than

sit in a slow moving car. Each of these have problems of course – you should by now be

able to think of some of these!

p.21, p.42, p.43, p.44

What issues are there facing CBDs

in MDCs? Town centres or CBDs are funny old

things. They are traditionally the oldest,

most used part of the city, but they are

also the richest and constantly changing

and being renewed. Since the late 1990s /

early 2000s the CBD have struggled with

high rent costs and because of out of

town shopping centres and from the

increased number of people buying goods

over the internet.

Out of town shopping centres like Merry Hill

in Dudley in the West Midlands, Meadowhall

on the outskirts of Sheffield, the Trafford

Centre on the outskirts of Manchester

(shown above) and the Metro Centre on the

outskirts of Newcastle have all stolen trade

away from the CBD. Out of town shopping

centres like these all offer bigger shops,

more choice of products, different types of

shops and services (like restaurants), with

free parking, closer to main roads (faster and

Page | 25

easier to get to) and open for longer hours (so are more accessible). Out of town retail

parks (think Phoenix Parkway, Asda, Corby!) offer similar competition while more and

more people buying products off of the internet all mean that 1 in 5 shops in CBDs now

stand empty and unused.

How can the CBD fight back?

There are a number of ways in which the CBD can try and recover – most of these are

shown below.

Encouraging Independent Businesses

Places like Bedford have tried to encourage local, independent businesses to open up in

closed down units with the view to getting unique shops that will attract more visitors into

the town centre from miles around. Independent businesses also tend to spend their

money with other local businesses and so this brings a positive multiplier effect – in other

words – it helps other local businesses in the area too.

Rebrand / Market the area

Places like Northampton

have started to rebrand

areas of their town to

encourage more people to

visit – the area

surrounding the two theatres has been rebranded into the Cultural Quarter – with an

increased number of art galleries, museums and posh restaurants opening up. All of which

have increased the number of visitors to a previously run down area of the town.

Develop Destination Shopping Centres

In Birmingham they have tried to encourage people

back into the CBD by creating a large, destination

shopping centre – in other words a shopping centre that

would attract a large number of people from a wide

area. In Birmingham they redeveloped the Bullring

shopping centre, originally built in the 1960s it was run

down, and an ugly concrete box like building

surrounded by fast, busy roads.

Following extensive redevelopment of the CBD in

Birmingham in 2003 the new Bullring shopping centre

opened – home to 140 stores, and attracting 276,000 in

the first week and over 36.5 million in the first year alone it is one of the three busiest

shopping centres in the UK.

Page | 26

Hold Regular / One off Events

Regular events like farmers markets, car shows, food

festivals and summer beaches and winter ice rinks can

all encourage more visitors to CBDs for a unique and

different experience. Other local businesses all benefit

from the increased number of visitors.

Encouraging Housing in the CBD

One final way to improve the CBD is to increase or encourage the number of houses or

apartments in the CBD like in St. Stephen’s place in Sheffield (talked about earlier!) The

idea behind this is by having more people in the CBD they use more services, shops and

restaurants and this keeps the area alive with money, investment and people.

19) In a paragraph explain what the challenges facing CBDs are – how

they are caused and the impacts that they will have.

20) Find out about the Cultural Quarter of Northampton and what has

been done there to encourage people to visit, the attractions that are

there and the improvements that the area has undergone.

21) Choose one of the strategies to improve the CBD on the page above

and explain what was done, how the area was improved and the

outcomes from it. You may need to do some extra research for this.

p.10, p.11, p.40, p.41

Page | 27

What issues are there facing the

segregation of cultures in MDCs?

One problem urban areas in MDCs face is

the segregation (separation) of different

cultures or ethnicities (a social group

that has common national or cultural

traditions). Since 2001 places like

Bradford, Oldham and Luton have

experienced conflict between youths of

different ethnic groupings, and between

them and the police and some people are

increasingly worried about it.

Some reasons why groups of people from

similar cultural backgrounds live

together is because of:

- Support from others – this is particularly important for new migrants to the area

who know nobody they can get support in terms of learning a new language,

friendship and help getting to know the local area.

- A familiar culture – this might make new migrants to the area feel more at home if

they are surrounded by people who speak the same language as them, and have

similar interests in film and music.

- Specialist facilities – People from similar cultures may live close to each other in

order to access similar, specialist facilities like religious temples or country based

food shops.

- Greater voice in numbers - This is more of a political reason but the idea is that by

living with people of a similar cultural background to you, your views are more likely

to be heard, as there is a greater number of people with similar views. This could be

important in local council decisions about the local areas.

- Economic / employment factors – New migrants may live in similar areas because

they could be more likely to get a job if they know someone, or they may know

someone who has a house where the rent is cheap. This is particularly important for

people who are brand new to a country.

There have been many schemes designed to bring the community together, regardless of

their ethnicity or culture. For example the Luton in Harmony project has tried to bring

together different ethnic groupings to celebrate the difference and diversity of the town

through music, art and drama. Other schemes that have helped to bring people together in

urban areas include:

Page | 28

1. Providing new facilities like community centres or schools that are not cultural

biased or based.

2. Producing information in a variety of languages

3. Involving all different cultures in community decisions

4. Provide interpreters in local services e.g. hospitals and schools

5. Provide suitable services for all cultures e.g. same sex doctors

6. Provide training to teach ethnic groups English and new skills

22) What is segregation? Why is it a problem?

23) Why do people of similar cultural or ethnic groupings tend to live

together? Can you explain why?

24) Choose two of the schemes above and explain how they would help

integrate different cultural groups in an area.

P.13, p.14, p.15, p.16, p.38, p.39,

What issues are there facing

countries in LDCs because of rapid

urban growth? The urban population in LDCs has grown rapidly within the last 30 – 50 years and shows no

sign of slowing down. This is for two main reasons – firstly natural population growth –

there are more babies being born in developed countries because of a lack of

contraception, and this is more in urban areas anyway where there are traditionally more

younger people and therefore more people of child producing age.

Secondly – there is a large amount of rural – urban migration – with lots of people moving

from the countryside to towns and cities in search of better jobs, more services and a

better quality of life. You should remember that these are all called pull factors and are

covered in depth earlier in this revision guide.

Page | 29

Because of this large rural – urban

migration and urban areas have

experienced massive, quick growth

and in LDCs this has meant the growth

of slum settlements (also known as

informal settlements, shanty towns,

squatter settlements and in Brazil as

favelas). These massive slums house

the poorest and newest people to the

city, and are often found on the

outskirts of the city, on marginal land.

This is land that is too polluted, too hilly

or too easily flooded for housing to be

built him under normal circumstances.

For us there are plenty of examples of slum settlements we have looked at – Rocina on the

outskirts of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, Dharavi on the outskirts of Mumbai in India – but the

one we looked at in most detail was Kibera, on the outskirts of Nairobi in Kenya shown in

red on the map to the right.

Kibera is the largest slum in Kenya and is home to

between 800,000 and 1 million people in an area the

size of around 255 football pitches meaning most

people get on average about 1 metre of floor space

per person.

90% of the people who live here have no right to the

land or their homes and could be evicted at any

moment.

Because there was no preparation for these houses

before they were built there is no sanitation, no piped

water, no road access and no legal electricity supply

and the houses are built from any available material

like cardboard and corrugated iron.

The paths between houses are irregular, narrow and

often have ditches running down the middle that have

sewage in, contributing to the large numbers of

disease that are common in Kibera. Diseases like

typhoid, malaria, tuberculosis, measles and HIV /

AIDS – along with diarrhoea from drinking dirty water, mean that 1 in 5 children die before

their fifth birthday and there are an estimated 100,000 orphans in Kibera, with an adult life

expectancy of around 42.

Clean water is difficult to access, one standing pipe may provide 40 houses, each with

between 8 – 12 people living in them, and although there are private companies that

provide hosepipes they then charge double than he standard rate for water meaning many

people get their water from local rivers which are polluted with human and industrial

waste.

Page | 30

Toilets are shared by anything up to 2000 people, and people work in poorly paid, informal

sector jobs, selling food on the street, stolen goods or in prostitution. Children do often not

go to school as they are contributing to the income of the household. There is little or no

public transport here and no street lighting meaning that at night in particular crime is a

significant problem especially as police are reluctant to enter the slums.

25) Why do LDCs have a greater problem with urban growth? What are

these problems? How are they caused?

26) Using the information above highlight all the problems that there

are/ with living in Kibera.

27) Using the highlighted problems – expand these further to talk about

the future problems that these will create – for example: children not

going to school because they are working to make money for the house

– lack of qualified people to be the next generation of teachers or

doctors.

28) Using the information above write a short diary extract about the life of someone living

in Kibera and the problems that they have to overcome.

p.23, p.31, p.32, p.46, p.47,

What can be done to improve these

problems? There are three types of schemes that you need to know about to improve shanty towns.

Assisted Self Help Schemes

This is where the council gives money and / or

materials and the local community does the

improvement work to the local area.

The scheme also works by giving people legal

ownership of the land they live on and

encouraging people to work together to

improve the area, for example to collect and

remove the rubbish from the area, to provide

Page | 31

standpipes for a clean water supply, and to provide the workforce for bigger schemes like

the provision of sanitation.

There are some problems with this scheme though as the improvements are only as fast

as local people can do it, and in some instances there has been money from the

government which has never been used on improving the local area.

Site and Service Schemes

This is where an area of land is identified for housing to be built. Infrastructure is laid

down in advance so water, sanitation and electricity are all supplied to marked plots. From

here the people who live there can build their homes using whatever materials they can

afford.

Some problems with this type of scheme is that progress can be painfully slow and relies

on people making improvements when they can afford them.

Local Authority Schemes

These are big, large scale improvements

when entire shanty towns are knocked

down and either massive improvements

are made or entire new towns are built

elsewhere.

There do cost a lot of money however, so

examples are few and far between –

Dharavi in India is a good example. But

what happens to the people living in the

area while the area is being improved?

28) Explain how each of the schemes to improve squatter settlements

works and the improvements that it brings.

29) Spend some time researching about the improvements in Dharavi

– what is being planned? What benefits will it bring?

p.18, p.32, p.33

Page | 32

What problems are there with

waste, air and water pollution? In LDCs pollution is a massive problem in part because there isn’t the infrastructure to

deal with waste, there isn’t strong environmental laws and some multi-national companies

move to poorer countries with the idea of being able to treat the environment less well

than they would in MDCs. Strange but true – because companies can make more profit by

not disposing of their waste sustainably.

For example in Indonesia the Citarum river, once

the world’s most polluted river, has been polluted

for many years by textile factories which have

released harmful chemicals like lead, arsenic and

mercury into the water. The effect has been

massive – fish float to the surface having been

poisoned by the water, and local fisherman have

been forced out of business and instead sift

through the rubbish on the river looking for plastic

and metal waste to sell.

Air pollution is a significant problem in parts of

China where the amount of pollution has reached hazardous levels and causes schools to

close, businesses to shut and cars to be stopped or to be arrested because of it. The

pollution in parts of Beijing has gotten so bad that the rate of lung disease and asthma

attacks has meant that the Beijing city government have declared recent pollution

incidents as states of emergency.

p.7, p.8, p.23, p.36

What can be done to improve this? The following page shows the problems and solutions that can be taken regarding waste

disposal, air pollution and water pollution and is taken from an old revision guide. You

should read this information carefully and complete the activities that follow.

Page | 33

Effects and management of air and water pollution.

Causes of pollution:

Increased car ownership

Industrialisation

Use of fossil fuels

Lack of pollution controls

LDCS, due to low level of development often do not have the steps in place to control pollution. They lack the infrastructure to deal with it (eg proper waste management), do not have laws and penalties in place to prevent pollution.

Strategies to reduce pollution and problems of waste:

Pollution controls eg. clear guidance on what level of emissions allowed. Fines if greater.

Congestion charging

Rotation of cars allowed: odd number/even number days

Encourage people to walk and cycle, so reduce the amount of cars going into town centres.

Taller chimneys so that industrial fumes go higher into atmosphere

Fitting filters into chimneys to trap some of pollution and reduce the amount of gases going into atmosphere.

Clean Air acts

Ensure can police the laws.

Carbon tax

Use of new technologies which reduce emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide.

Examples of reducing the problems

Sao Paulo Brazil – 2 large waste incinerators capable of burning 7,500 tonnes of waste a day. Waste used to go into landfill sites. The incinerators do not cope with the problem and there are concerns about air pollution from them.

Shanghai China – effective solid waste disposal unit has been installed in most households – waste is then used as a fertilizer.

Cairo – the Zabbeden are a group of people who are employed to collect and recycle waste.

Bangalore, India – e-waste form the hi tech industries is supposed to be covered by laws but they are not enforced.

p.9, p.20, p.21, p.24

Page | 34

30) Using the information above create a spider diagram using two

different colour pens. Use one to talk about the problems that LDCs

have with waste disposal, air pollution and water pollution. Use another

colour to talk about potential solutions.

31) Using the information below, and extra information that you

research yourself find out about the Bhopal industrial accident. What

happened? Who was at fault? How did it affect the people of Bhopal

immediately? What about long term?

What happens when

industrialisation goes wrong? One aspect that you need to know according to AQA is some of the problems that happen

with rapid industrialisation. We’ve already covered this a little when we talked about why

LDCs suffer from problems with pollution. Our example that we looked at was the Bhopal

chemical plant disaster in December 1984.

This happened when a chemical

factory, making an agricultural

pesticide (a chemical that kills pests on

farms, to help crops to grow more), was

operating below the safety standards of

the same factory but in the USA.

Upkeep and maintenance of the plant in

India didn’t happen and when the

chemical got too hot the gas was

released into the area killing 3,787

people immediately (including the

toddler to the left in a picture that

shocked the world), injuring over

550,000 people and killing over a

further 16,000 more over the years that

followed.

What is a sustainable city? Sustainability is all about development or improvement that meets the needs of the

present without compromising the needs of the future generation. It can be environmental

(looking after resources and landscapes), social (looking after people, their lives and their

history) or economic (looking after money and making sure you don’t spend all of it at once

and leave future generations with huge debt).

Page | 35

Sustainable cities focus on:

Environmental Sustainability

Looking after and preserving the natural and historic environment - protecting

areas of green space, historic buildings and natural waterways.

Using brownfield sites – to prevent urban sprawl and the loss of green spaces

Reducing the amount of waste and safely disposing of it (through ideally recycling

or reusing it)

Providing adequate open spaces for communities

Social Sustainability

Involve local people in the decision making processes - so that they feel part of it,

are more involved and are likely to take part, back it and therefore make it

successful.

Provide an efficient public transport system - which helps large numbers of people

get around quickly, easily, cheaply and with minimal impact on the environment

Provide enough opportunities and a design to stop groups of people from being

segregated away from others – thereby encouraging more people

32) Look at the ways urban areas can be sustainable above – choose

three of them and explain how these ideas are sustainable.

33) Using the same three ways as in activity 32 - give a brief

explanation how urban areas could do this. For example – involve local

people in the decision making process by having regular meetings with

community groups. This is sustainable because local people have more

say in any development projects and are therefore more likely to be

involved in any project.

How can an area be more

sustainable? For this section the easiest and best way to learn any of this is through an example or case

study. This is particularly useful as quite often AQA will ask a question with the phrase

“Using an example” meaning they wanted a named (and detailed) example, without it – you

can’t get anything more than a level 1 answer, and therefore a E/ D grade for that

particular question.

Our first example of a sustainable development is the New Islington Millennium Community

up in Manchester. You can read about it (in detail using the information earlier in this

revision booklet but you should pay particular attention to what makes it sustainable.

Simply (and quickly) New Islington is sustainable because it has involved the local

community at every available opportunity, and taken on board their feedback, making

Page | 36

improvements where necessary. It has also cared for, protected, improved and built new

open space for residents encouraging residents to be more active and look after their

surroundings. New local businesses have been encouraged and local services like

healthcare and education have been developed. Finally the new housing developed use

naturally filtered water, solar panels, wind turbines and encourage higher rates of

recycling.

Our best example of a sustainable development is

Curitiba in Brazil – a city of over 2 million people, and

the first in the world to put in place a sustainable

urban master plan from the late 1970s by the

architect (and then city mayor) Jamie Learner –

pictured.

His plan was for a traffic free city centre with

pedestrianised streets (built in 72 hours to stop

traders from complaining), open green spaces and

well-designed parks with walkways and over 1.5 million trees to stop the development of

slum settlements on open spaces and prevent regular river flooding. Businesses who

want bigger skyscrapers can build a few extra storeys but only if they either provide

money for housing for poorer people, or if they provide open space at the bottom of their

skyscraper for the use of all residents of the city.

The public housing provided for poorer people is cheap and the city government makes

sure that even the most basic of homes has access to basic sanitation and clean water.

Sustainability is at the heart of everything the Curitiba city government do – from their

strict enforcing of environmental laws to prevent pollution from industry, to making sure

that environmental education is part of the school curriculum.

The main areas were Curitiba is sustainable is

through its integrated transport system known

as the BRT (Bus Rapid Transport) system. It is

cheap and reliable, with a single far covering the

entire city meaning lots more people take the

bus.

There are different types of buses - direct line buses which are speedy bi articulated

(bendy) buses which operate on 5 main routes into and out of the city centre; these are

particularly fast because they travel in bus lanes on these main routes. There are also

inter-district buses which take people from outskirts of the city into the city; feeder mini-

buses which pick people up from residential areas and drop

them off at a bus stop where people can change onto a fast

bus, and a radial bus (that travel between the residential

areas).

The system is clean and efficient so well off people use the

buses as well as the poor. Tickets are paid for before getting

on the bus as covered bus stops (pictured), which provide

jobs for people with little or no education, and wide doors

with ramps which allow lots of people to get on very quickly.

Page | 37

By far and away though the most sustainable aspect of Curitiba is its waste management

systems. Around 70% of the Curitiba’s waste is recycled, and it was the first city in the

world to introduce a doorstep recycling scheme in 1989.

Residents put organic (recyclable) waste out for collection and a rubbish truck collects

this up taking it to a central depot. From here it is sorted by hand (again providing a job for

those with little or no qualifications, learning difficulties or even new migrants to the city),

and then either sold on, reused, recycled, or incinerated.

In the poorer areas and slum settlement of Curitiba

where it is impossible for rubbish trucks to get to, there

has been a green exchange system implemented. Here

people exchange rubbish and recyclables for food

(grown on the outskirts of the city, and destined for the

bin or to rot and be ploughed back into the ground) or

bus tickets, and children can even exchange waste for

toys or schools supplies.

34) Produce two A4 case study sheets – one for New Islington

Millennium Community AND one for Curitiba about what has

happened there and what makes it sustainable. These will be useful

for revision. Trust me.

35) What sustainable elements are there in Corby? How could the

sustainability of Corby be improved?

36) On the next page is an example of a sustainable city in London –

called BedZed – it has won awards, but is much smaller compared to

Curitiba. Read the information about it, and compare its similarities and differences to

Curitiba and Corby. Which do you think is more effective at being sustainable? Why?

p.12, p.19, p.25, p.26, p.30, p.48

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