HOW DOES THIS ENERGY MOVE? Vertical and Horizontal Movements Within the Troposphere and Global Pressure Belts. This is when we start putting the pieces together! North Pole South Pole Tropopause P = R. . T North Pole South Pole Tropopause P = R. . T Initially both at sea-level So, P 1 = P 2 and 1. T 1 = 2. T 2 North Pole South Pole Tropopause P = R. . T 1 is warmer than 2 (insolation sensible) So, P 1 = P 2 but 1. T 1 = 2. T 2 North Pole South Pole Tropopause P = R. . T For P 1 = P 2 remain true 1 . T 1 = 2 . T 2 Density of 1 less than 2 North Pole South Pole Tropopause P = R. . T What happens to warm less dense air? North Pole South Pole Tropopause 2 2 P = R. . T What is happening to the temperature of the air around 1 as it ascends? 1 North Pole South Pole Tropopause 2 2 P = R. . T 1 Now comparison at elevation So, P 1 = P ? and 1. T 1 = ?. T ? How does 1 compare to ? ? What happens to 1? ? ? North Pole South Pole Tropopause 2 2 P = R. . T 1 Why will 1 stop rising as it reaches the tropopause? North Pole South Pole Tropopause 2 Sir Edmund Halley (of comet fame) COOLING Transfer towards poles WARMING Transfer cold to equator North Pole South Pole Tropopause Sir Edmund forgot The rotation of the Earth North South Even if hurricane force N-S 100 km p h (75 mph) North Pole South Pole Tropopause Sir Edmund forgot The rotation of the Earth North South Even if hurricane force N-S 100 km p h (75 mph) Earths Rotation km.p.h. ( mph) In tropics How do we know that atmosphere spins at roughly same W-E linear velocity as Earth? To scale Total Distances North: 500 miles East: 5000 miles In troposphere 5025 miles North Pole South Pole Tropopause 0 30S 30N Hadley Cell Hadley Cell North Pole South Pole Tropopause 0 30S 30N Hadley Cell Hadley Cell North Pole South Pole Tropopause 0 30S 30N Hadley Cell Hadley Cell Frigid Polar Air Frigid Polar Air Tropopause 0 30S 30N Hadley Cell Hadley Cell Frigid Polar Air Frigid Polar Air For P subtropical = P polar to remain true: 1 . T 1 = 2 . T 2 Density of subtropical less than polar N 45-60S Tropopause 0 30S 30N Hadley Cell Hadley Cell Frigid Polar Air Frigid Polar Air Warmer sub-tropical air rises above colder Polar air. Mechanical lifting along Planetary Front 45-60 45-60N 45-60S Planetary Front Tropopause 0 30S 30N Hadley Cell Hadley Cell Frigid Polar Air Frigid Polar Air 45-60N 45-60S Planetary Front Tropopause 0 30S 30N Hadley Cell Hadley Cell Frigid Polar Air Frigid Polar Air 45-60N 45-60S Planetary Front Ferrel Cell Ferrel Cell Polar Cell Polar Cell Tropopause 0 30S 30N Frigid Polar Air Frigid Polar Air 45-60N 45-60S Turbulent mixing and incorporation of Polar Air INDIRECT CELL INDIRECT CELL Tropopause 0 30S 30N 45-60N 45-60S What is Atmospheric Pressure at the Equator? Tropopause 0 30S 30N 45-60N 45-60S What is Atmospheric Pressure at 30? LOW Tropopause 0 30S 30N 45-60N 45-60S What is Atmospheric Pressure at ? LOW HIGH Tropopause 0 30S 30N 45-60N 45-60S What is Atmospheric Pressure at the Poles? LOW HIGH LOW Tropopause 0 30S 30N 45-60N 45-60S GLOBAL SURFACE PRESSURE BELTS LOW HIGH LOW HIGH Tropopause 0 30S 30N 45-60N 45-60S GLOBAL SURFACE PRESSURE GRADIENTS. HIGHLOW LOW HIGH LOW HIGH