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How do you read a nutrition label?
Four Organic Compounds
There are four main groups of organic compounds in living things…
1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids
What does “organic” mean?
• Organic refers to compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.
What does “organic” mean?
• Organic refers to compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. – Examples: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats)
• Examples of Inorganic Molecules:– Water, salt, hydrogen peroxide
Why carbon?
• Carbon is a VERY versatile element – it has four electrons on it’s outer shell, which means that it can make bonds with up to four other atoms.
What’s a “macromolecule”?
• Macromolecules are very large molecules made from many smaller molecules– Monomers are the small building blocks of these
molecules– Monomers join together to form polymers– Polymers are formed by polymerization
bioweb.wku.edu
Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, & Nucleic Acids
CARBOHYDRATES…
• Carbohydrates are used by organisms as a main source of energy, and the breakdown of glucose supplies quick energy for our body.• Glucose is C6H12O6
CARBOHYDRATES…
• Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Ex: C1H2O1 OR 1 : 2 : 1Glucose is C6H12O6
CARBOHYDRATES…
• Small carbohydrate monomers are called monosaccharides. – These simple sugar molecules usually end in the
letters O - S - E:• Example: glucose, fructose, lactose
CARBOHYDRATES…
• Many monosaccharides combine to form polysaccharides. – Extra sugars are stored as starch. – In plants, large carbohydrates form cellulose (used
for structure in plant cell walls) – In animals, large carbohydrates are stored as
glycogen.
Testing for Sugars and Starches
• Starches: Lugol’s Reagant (Iodine Solution)• Sugars: Benedict’s Solution – Both turn blue/black
bbc.co.uk
Potato contains starch so it has a positive Lugols test.
webexhibits.org
positive test
negative test
Color change (cloudy, yellowish) indicates that sugars are present
No color change (clear, light blue) is a negative test (no sugars present)
Benedict’s solution – Test for Sugars
Why are carbs important?
• Carbohydrates are our main source of energy.• Glucose supplies quick energy for our body.
Where do we get carbs in our diet?
Potatoes, bread, pasta, rice, fruit, some vegetables, honey, milk
LIPIDS…
• Lipids re used for storing energy and they make up biological membranes (like cell membranes). Lipids are composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen.
LIPIDS…
• Lipids are made up of monomers called fatty acids which are then joined to a glycerol molecule.
faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu
TriglycerideFormed from a glycerol and three fatty acids.
When fats join, water is kicked out. This is why the process is called condensation (polymerization)
faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/
faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu
Triglyceride
Where do we find lipids?
• Lipids are always found in the form of fats, oils, and waxes.
Testing for Lipids
BrownPaper
BagTest
Where do we find lipids?• Where do we get lipids from in our diet?
Cooking oils, butter, animal fat, lard
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats --- What’s the Difference?
• A saturated fatty acid chain has only single bonds between carbons while an unsaturated fatty acid chain has at least one double bond.
The more hydrogens there are, the more saturated a fat becomes.
www.realfitnessblog.com
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats --- What’s the Difference?
• Unsaturated fats take more work to digest (it takes more energy to break the double bonds, which means unsaturated fats are better for your body than saturated fats.
PROTEINS…
• Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
• They are used for everything!
Proteins are used for everything!
• For example:– Control rate of cell processes (enzymes)– Help form bone and muscles– Transport substances within cells– Help fight disease– Aid in regulation (hormones)
• Examples: hemoglobin, insulin
PROTEINS…
• Proteins are made up of many monomers called amino acids that link together in chains.
• There are 20 amino acids that the human body needs to make proteins.
2OAMINO ACIDS
www.teachersparadise.com
Amino acids are cool! Any amino acid can be joined to any other amino acid and they can form any combination.
Side Note: Amino Acids
• There are so many combinations of amino acids, and each combination folds up in a different way – this is why we have so many different proteins.
Protein Shape and Function
• The shape of the protein affects its job inside the body, thus
***STRUCTURE*** DICTATES ***FUNCTION.***
As the protein chain is made, it begins to fold into a
three dimensional
structure.www.yellowtang.org
cnx.org
What happens when a protein doesn’t fold correctly?
• When protein isn’t folded correctly, it is said to denatured. That means it won’t work or function properly because it is deformed.
Ex: sickle cell disease
What happens when a protein doesn’t fold correctly?
• When proteins don’t fold up in the right way, bad things can happen to our cells and bodies – things don’t work the way that they should.
Ex: sickle cell disease
Biuret solution is a blue liquid that changes to purple when proteins are present
Positive result
glossary-chemistry.blogspot.com
Testing for Proteins
Where do proteins come from?
• Meat, eggs, cheese, nuts, soy
NUCLEIC ACIDS…
• Nucleic acids are used for storing and transmitting hereditary and genetic information.
• They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous.
NUCLEIC ACIDS…
• Examples:– DNA– RNA
NUCLEIC ACIDS…
• NUCLEIC ACIDS are made of monomers called nucleotides.– There are five different nucleotides: cytosine,
guanine, adenine, thymine, and uracil.
What does a nucleotide look like?
• A nucleotide is made up of a five carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
What does a nucleotide look like?
• A nucleotide is made up of a five carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
What does a nucleotide look like?
• A nucleotide is made up of a five carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
Indicator Testing
How do we test food to figure out which types of organic molecules they contain?
• Starches – Lugol’s solution (Iodine)• Sugars – Benedicts solution• Proteins – Biuret solution• Lipids – Brown Paper Bag Test
bbc.co.uk
Potato contains starch so it has a positive Lugols test.
webexhibits.org
positive test
negative test
Lugol’s (Iodine) solution – Test for Starches
Lipids cause the brown
paper to look shiny
and translucent
Testing for Lipids – Brown Paper Bag Test
Biuret solution is a blue liquid that changes to purple when proteins are present
Positive result
glossary-chemistry.blogspot.com
Testing for Proteins