How do we get energy by eating sugar?

By Gabby Lloyd & Laura Azzarello

Definition: The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid. Glucose (from the food you eat) travels in the blood through your arteries, enters a cell along the way, and then glycolysis occurs turning glucose into pyruvic acid + energy for your cell.

What is Glycolysis?

= glucose + 2ATP + 4ADP + 2Pi +2NAD+

Products of GlycolysisFormula Full Name NomenclatureC6H12O6 Glucose CovalentATP Adenosine

TriphosphateCovalent

ADP Adenosine Diphosphate

Covalent

Pi Inorganic Phosphates

High Energy Phosphate Bond

NAD+ Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Compound

What is glucose?

Glucose :Equation: C6H12O6 It is a simple form of sugar from plants, it is absorbed directly into thebloodstream along with fructose and galactose.Our cells use it as an important from of energyIt is a main product in photosynthesis and cellular respiration

= 2pyruvic acid + 2ADP + 4ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ +2H2O

Reactants of GlycolysisFormula Full Name NomenclatureCH3COCOOH Pyruvic Acid Covalent

ADP Adenosine Diphosphate

Covalent

ATP Adenosine Triphosphate

Covalent

NADH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Compound

H Hydrogen AtomicH20 Water Covalent

What is pyruvic acid?

Pyruvic AcidEquation: CH3COCOOH What is created from glucose after the process of glycolysisIt is an organic acid formedIt supplies energy to cells through the kerbs cycle

Glycolysis :C6H12O6 + 2ATP + 4ADP + 2Pi +2NAD+ CH3COCOOH + 2ADP + 4ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ +2H2O

Skeleton Equation:

Glucose + Adenosine Triphosphate + Adenosine Diphosphate+ inorganic phosphates + Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Glucose + Adenosine Diphosphate + Adenosine Triphosphate + Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + Hydrogen + Water

Chemical Equation

For each step there is a different type of reaction

Some examples of chemical reactions we see are:

Phosphate Ester Synthesis Isomerization Oxidation Hydrolysis of Phosphate;Synthesis of ATP Alcohol Dehydration Phosphate Ester Hydrolysis;Synthesis of ATP

10 steps of Glycolysis

Step 1:

Phosphate Ester Synthesis

Glycolysis starts when a glucose molecule Attaches itself to an ATP molecule,forming Glucose-6phosphate. This destabilizes the glucose so it can not resist from future changes.

Step 2:

Isomerization

Glucose 6-phosphate is reorganized to form Fructose 6-phosphate.

Phosphate Ester Synthesis

Step 3:

Then another phosphate group attaches itself as well, to form Fructose 1,6-diphosphate. This occurs also to destabilize the glucose molecule.

Split Molecule in half

Step 4:

Fructose 1,6-diphosphate is split into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate

IsomerizationStep 5:

Glyceraldehydes phosphate will be consumed in the following steps there for step 5 is a continuous reaction where dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted to glyceraldehyde phosphate as needed by the cell.

Oxidation/Phosphate Ester Synthesis

Step 6:

Hydrogen atoms accompanied by their electrons are removed from the glyceraldehyde phosphate molecules - a process known as oxidation. The two hydrogen atoms and electrons reduce NAD+ to NADH which then carries the electrons in an electron transport chain. In addition, a phosphate group is attached to the 1 position of the molecule forming two molecules of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate

Hydrolysis of Phosphate;Synthesis of ATP

Step 7:

The phosphate added to the first molecule is removed and added to the ADP molecule in order to form the ATP molecule. There are now 2 molecules that are involved. The remaining molecules at the end of this step are 3-phosphoglyceric acid molecules.

IsomerizationStep 8:

The phosphate group that was previously in the third position is placed in the second position with the aid of an enzyme

Alcohol DehydrationStep 9:

A water molecule is removed from the structure leaving phosphoenolpyruvic acid.As can be seen in the picture, the removal of the water causes the energy of themolecule to now be situated in the center instead of the outside.

Phosphate Ester Hydrolysis;Synthesis of ATP

Step 10:

The remaining phosphate group is attached to an ADP forming a ATP molecule similar to step 7.Therefore, the net gain of glycolysis is two ATP molecules per molecule of glucose.Two molecules of pyruvic acid are the remaining products of the complex process of glycolysis.

Gustav Embden Otto Meyerhof Jakub Parnas

Scientific Community

These 3 scientist each played a role in the formation and understanding of glycolysis.

Questions?

Thank you!