How can BRAIN DRAIN be stopped in India?Question:why India is not doing anything to stop talent from going outside india.

Answers:India needs to improve its own Universities. Attract the top foreign lecturers as well as keeping the best local ones, raise it's standards for admission.

India also needs to keep property prices under control. Professionals need to be able to afford their own homes.

And India should have more free trade, allowing foreign products to be bought more cheaply within India.

A big problem however is safety. India needs to get tougher on terrorism, corruption, extremism, etc. and go easier on those who peacefully disagree with mainstream opinion.

Most of all, India needs to learn to market itself better. Again, foreign experts can help here (not foreign capital, but foreign experts).

India is making every step to stop the brain drain and IT industry is being encourage only for that reason. It is only the guys or girls in need of foreign culture, enjoy life in foreign coutnry and earn more money for material way of living, going abroad and are draining their drain for self appeasement only . Who is thinking of the country in which they are born? You people like feel and post a question and really do not make war through Youth Power for stopping this Brain Drain. Do something and others support you.

Provide more opportunities in India. Actually now there is a reverse brain drain taking place with Indians coming back home after completing their studies.

Make it compulsary that the people graduating from IIT,IIM ,IISC etc to compulsarily work in India for atleast 5 years, give them good opportunity and treat them well.

This writer had answered a similar question in these columns, a few days back. The answer to this question will also follow on the same lines:

On the face of it, we must note that our EDUCATION SYSTEM HAS ABSOLUTELY NO RELEVANCE TOWARDS PROFESSIONALLY AND SOCIALLY ORIENTING OUR YOUNGER GENERATIONS TO SOLVE INDIA'S OWN PROBLEMS. Instead, today all the Institutions are vying with each other to "push away" our brightest youngsters to be subservient to the Western world.

Let us ask: WHY IS IT THAT IN SPITE OF HAVING BEEN RULED BY OUR OWN

PEOPLE AFTER INDEPENDENCE IN 1947 (SIXTY YEARS NOW), COMMON PROBLEMS SUCH AS WATER, ELECTRICITY, HEALTH, HOUSING, ROADS, SANITATION, AGRICULTURE .... (IN FACT EVERYTHING NEEDED FOR THE PROGRESS OF A NATION) remain unsolved and uncared for?

The answer is that NOT ONE INSTITUTION OR UNIVERSITY TRAINS OUR YOUNGER GENERATION TO SYNTHESIZE, DEFINE, ANALYZE, AND OPTIMIZE THE PROBLEM SITUATIONS that confront our nation. Additionally, there is NO RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WHAT IS LEARNT IN THE COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES AND WHAT IS DONE IN THE PROFESSIONAL FIELDS - resulting in absolute WASTE OF NEARLY TWENTY YEARS OF ROTE REPETITIVE LEARNING PERIOD of our youth.

Let us consider one example; AGRICULTURE

It is strange that although we have huge funds allocations for Agriculture Research, Bio-Technology, Fertilizers, Agro-Machinery systems, Satellite Oriented Predictions ... (and what not!), we are pained and aghast that more number of Farmers commit suicides than becoming as Rich as is otherwise the case with Politicians, Mafias, other such "elements" and Cut-Throat manipulators.

The solution to this unfortunate plight lies in the following:

1. Education should be directly related and connected to the social and economic needs of the nation2. The Teachers should be THE HIGHEST PAID individuals, by virtue of their brilliance and qualifications. 3. Every School/ College MUST BE MANNED AND MANAGED BY THE MOST ADVANCED AND LEARNED PERSONNEL, without any political agenda.4. Industry and Government should work HAND-IN-HAND, towards orienting the education system and also to make sure that the BEST are involved.5. Teaching youngsters should be not on the basis of unscientific selection of curricula, and children should have THEIR OWN CHOICES FOR learning the CHOSEN SUBJECTS.6. Every youngster SHOULD BE GUARANTEED AN EQUITABLE AND MEANINGFUL PROFESSIONAL WORK.

Even if all these are not FULLY adhered to, by orienting ourselves toward such SCIENTIFIC education system, India can begin now and become the NATION WITH THE GREATEST AND BEST TRAINED YOUNGSTERS, at least within the next TWENTY FIVE years. And instead, merely talking about India becoming a Super Power in 2020 is all "mumbo-jumbo"

LET US BEGIN IN RIGHT EARNEST AT LEAST NOW.

In the meanwhile, let us also look at certain historical facts and understand why we are

not able to progress and How we should change;

In 1955, when China was still groping to come out of the "bloody" communist take over by Mao Tse Tung, Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru understood that India's future is dependent on a vibrant Democracy in which Heavy Industry and Heavy Infrastructure were created to support Intensive and Scientific Farming. These initiatives created the Great Bhakra-Nangal, Hirakud, Damodar Valley, Nagarjun sagar, Thungabhadra (all heavy dam construction and Irrigation/ Water Power projects). Also were developed three major Steel Plants (Bhilai, Rourkela and Durgapur), apart from such other Engineering and Technology projects such as BHEL, Heavy Engineering Corporation, HMT, ITI ... and many such superb "Temples of Growth & Progress". Side by side Nehru had initiated the programs for Science and Technology R & D through the CSIR with about tens of other affiliated and subsidiary research Institutions auch as NPL, NCL, CFTRI, TIFR (which was originally initiated by the great son of India, Tata) ...and many more. More over, Nehru also knew that if the future of these Institutions were to be manged properly, so that India too were in the forefront through Technology and Economic Development, our younger generation of that time (including this questioner and this writer!) should have the best educations and training facilities. IIT's Regional Engineering Colleges, Medical Colleges and IIM's were thus christened all over the nation.

But what happened after wards? Nehru died on may 27, 1964, dejected that he could neither do anything to tame the corrupt bureaucracy nor the fight between Hinds and Muslims (In fact Nehru had a heart attack on witnessing the bloody fight between Hindus and Muslims in the Eastern parts of India in may 1964 - this writer was witness to that in Rourkela, at that time). Between then and now, corruption and nepotism increased many folds; sycophancy and political dynasty system of party "ownership" has cropped up; and the democratic system has been hijacked by the mafias, goons, murderers and many other social out-castes. Every institution has become a den of corruption.

Be that as it may, our Institutions of learning, in spite of being bitten by the corruption phenomena, could bring out extremely well trained Graduates, Research Scholars, and other highly talented youth. As they could not find any meaningful employment in this country opted to go and try their luck in advanced countries. The advanced nations such as the US and UK were only too happy to offer them professional opportunities, which resulted in the so-called "brain-drain" of the seventies. The westerners understood that the average Indian is well educated, good in English (not many countries have such English Knowing Pool of talent outside the US and UK, as in India) and very hard working. And although the Chinese are better in concentration and hard work, their English speaking ability is no where near that of the average Indian. This prompted many of the Multi-national Companies to recruit Indian youngsters for various professional works. And, when the Computer revolution caught the world in the 90's, especially that of Software Development, it is this GREAT POOL OF ENGLISH SPEAKING TALENT that has actually "SAVED" THE US INDUSTRY!. Thanks to the GREAT VISION OF PUNDIT JAWAHARLAL NEHRU (WHO IS BEING PORTRAYED AS IRRELEVANT AND OBSOLETE BY THE VERY CONGRESS PARTY WHICH HE BUILT UP TO WORLD STANDARD LEVELS), today the US and UK/ European Software and other

related Industries have enough skilled manpower! Nehru NEVER WOULD HAVE DREAMT EVEN IN HIS WILDEST OF DREAMS THAT ONE DAY THE INSTITUTIONS THAT HE HAD INITIATED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS GREAT COUNTRY WOULD ACTUALLY SERVE THE WESTERNERS, FROM WHOM HE UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF GANDHI HAD FOUGHT AND WON INDEPENDENCE!

This then is the fact. The so-called IT companies and other BPO or companies who represent so-called Multinationals in India are simply "BACK OFFICE" set up to cater to the specific needs of these Western Companies. Obviously, the pay packet of the employees would definitely be VERY HIGH COMPARED TO THAT OF OTHER INDIAN COMPANY EMPLOYEES - including the questioner. But, mind you! The PAY-PACKETS OFFERED TO INDIAN EMPLOYEES OF THESE COMPANIES, THOUGH VERY HIGH WITH RESPECT TO THAT NORMALLY EARNED BY OTHER LOCAL COMPANY EMPLOYEES, ARE PITTANCE WHEN COMPARED TO WHAT THE ORIGINAL COMPANY WOULD OTHERWISE PAY TO THOSE IN US OR UK ETC.

Thus, what is it that our government is now doing? Apart from having "leased out" our "brain power" for a pittance to the so-called multi-nationals, they have allowed the "frittering away" of this "brain power" that should otherwise have been utilized for own National Development. Nothing of this has happened and may NOT happen in the near future, UNLESS OUR SOCIETY AS A WHOLE COMES TO RECOGNIZE THIS SLAVE MENTALITY AND ETHOS OF OUR ELITE POPULATION WHO ALWAYS WISH TO NOT ONLY MIMIC THE WESTERNERS BUT ALSO CONTINUE TO BE SUBSERVIENT TO THEM, INDIA CANNOT PROGRESS AS ENVISAGED. Simply talking of 9% growth, and shouting about India becoming a super power in 2020 are all balderdash.

This writer wishes to present the view that UNLESS INDIA DEVELOPS LOCAL TECHNOLOGY AND LOCAL ENGINEERING USING LOCAL PEOPLE, TO SOLVE OUR LOCAL PROBLEMS, ANY AMOUNT OF INFLOW THROUGH ALIEN TECHNOLOGIES AND OTHER INPUTS WOULD ONLY MAKE US MORE AND MORE DEPENDENT ON SUCH ALIEN DICTATES, RESULTING IN THE MAJORITY POPULATION BECOMING CYNICAL AND DEJECTED. These are now seen in the large scale FARMER SUICIDES, NAXALITE ATTACKS, INTER STATE/ ETHNIC STRIFES...etc.

LET US HOPE AND WISH THAT BETTER SENSE AND IMAGINATION WOULD SOON PREVAIL AND OUR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THRUST WOULD BE MODIFIED AS PER OUR OWN SPECIFIC NEEDS THROUGH OUR OWN DEFINITIONS AND THEMES, DIFFERENT FROM THE DICTATES OF WESTERN INFLUENCES

I don't know how much it costs to go to school in India, but I would say make it comparable to western rates.

Canada has a big brain drain for doctors educated & trained in Canada and leaving to work in the US. The average tuition cost for medical school is $2K/year, while in the US, it is around $40K/year. This is also a big problem for Eastern Europe and other countries. I heard two Brits say that it is a problem for the UK as well.I heard that in the US, without considering scholarships and economic aid, the tuition is still half the cost of the education, where the other half is still subsidized through grants to the university. Thus, if a student is educated in India, make him sign a contract paying back full the full market price of the education. If he stays and works in India, then offer to pay off some of this debt. The downside to this is that lots of Indians that come to work in the US don't stay for good. When they return as mid career professionals, they probably bring a lot of business back with them. Yes, the question is, is this better for India or better for the West? I'd like to see an economic analysis, but unfortunately most MBA's are too good at shoveling bull, so it is hard to evaluate it. Fundamentally, I think that the West benefits far more from this than India does, otherwise, they would not favor it.

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How The Brain Works?Of all the mysteries in human life, the brain may be one of the most difficult to

figure out. Human beings have discovered the heights of the planet and the depth of the seas, learned how to make an airplane fly and how to create amazing electronic devices to do much of the work that comes with living. But the brain remains one of the mysteries of life centuries after the first scientists began to take a close look at this wonderful organ.

The brain is made up of a number of different parts that work together and separately in a very complex way. While an adult brain weights about three pounds and is relatively small compared to other organs, it has billions of living cells that control everything we do, whether we are sleeping or going about our day. Some people have compared the brain and the body’s nervous system to a communications network that sends and receives information constantly, 24 hours a day.

This is an accurate comparison, as far as it goes. But there is so much more to the brain’s tasks that even the most complex phone network using satellites, radio signals, wires and receivers is simple in comparison. The difference between the brain and a man-made electronic network lies in the chemicals and the living cells that make up the brain. After all, this organ is made up of many of the same chemical substances as the rest of the body.

The neurons of the brain are similar to switches that turn network signals of and on, or direct them to other parts of the body. In the brain, these switches send out signals along a tiny “wire” known as the axon, then the signal crosses a space called the synapse to make contact with another nerve ending that is connected to yet another neuron. This occurs almost instantaneously and happens hundreds, even thousands of times on a continuous basis.

This sounds simple, but there is much more to what the brain does than simply sending out an electrical signal. The brain is never really at rest, even when we are in a deep sleep. It is the “operations center” for the body that keeps us breathing and keeps us alive even when we aren’t aware of it. In addition to several larger parts, the brain works like thousands of tiny individual computers to control each detail of the body.

The brain has two major parts, a left and right section called “hemispheres.” Each side of the brain has particular duties. A simple explanation of these tasks would include the right brain’s job of controlling what we see and how we do things in a practical way. The left side of the brain does something different. This section helps us analyze and figure out what we are seeing, adding detail about what we see and how we “feel” about it.

The brain is the control center for keeping our blood pressure and breathing rate at a safe level. It regulates the temperature of the body, tells us when we touch something and lets us know if the object is hard, soft, hot, cold etc. The brain also works with information during our thinking time and dreaming time, controlling the colors and motion we “see” in our minds.

All of this is the result of the electrical signals that move into and out of the brain along the axons (wires), into and out of the neurons. This is a rather simple explanation of an amazing organ, and hardly scratches the surface of a very complex and mysterious process.

How Does Alcohol Affect The Brain?Scientists spend a lot of time studying the brain, trying to learn more about how it

works and why it works. One of the fascinating and challenging areas of study involving the brain looks at how alcohol affects this complex and amazing organ.

Human beings have been drinking alcohol in various forms for centuries. In that time, the everyday citizen and the scientist have learned a lot about how alcohol affects our

thinking and our actions. General knowledge about alcohol and the brain is available from thousands of sources, written in terms that almost anyone can understand.

In addition, medical research has produced thousands of pages of information about alcohol and the brain. This knowledge shows that, in very general terms, alcohol can have effects that are hardly noticeable in everyday living. But alcohol can also have noticeable, long-lasting effects on brain function.

The most obvious effects of alcohol on the brain show up with violent behavior, impaired driving and walking, and in slurred speech or passing out. All of these situations can occur with excessive intake of alcohol.

Less obvious are the depressant effects of alcohol. The nervous system reacts more slowly and less naturally than when there is no alcohol present. The fact that people seem to talk faster and monopolize a conversation after a few drinks is misleading. People do “loosen up” after a few drinks. Research has shown that these smaller amounts of alcohol affect parts of the nervous system which normally keep our talking under control, for example.

However, with additional alcohol added to the system over time, the opposite begins to occur. In the brain, alcohol may alter the part of the brain that keeps us coordinated and balanced when walking and standing. Another part of the brain, the cortex at the front, can be affected by alcohol. When it is, we don’t reason well or understand things as well.

Early theories about how alcohol affects the brain pointed to chemicals in alcohol blocking the synapses (tiny gaps that nerve signals must cross). The electrical signals that pass to and from the brain are interrupted or delayed. Normal thinking and activity are affected.

Intense, detailed study shows that there are specific chemicals known as neurotransmitters are directly affected by alcohol. These neurotransmitters include dopamine, serotonin, glutamate and an acid known as GABA. Sometimes alcohol acts on these to make us feel as if there are rewards for alcohol consumption (dopamine). Serotonin may be involved in this process to some extent. But alcohol also acts on the brain with negative effects, inhibiting some of the normal actions of the body. In more general terms, alcohol slows or stops the normal activity of the brain and “depresses” the normal activity of the nervous system (throughout the body). The latest research on alcohol’s effects indicates that introducing alcohol to the brain might trigger “memory” of other drinking activity. Somescientists believe this is part of the reason for drinkers seeking familiar and comfortable places.

How Does Stress Affect The Brain?Some doctors and medical researchers have approached this question by asking it

in a slightly different way. They have started by asking if stress actually does affect or change the brain. The answer is “Yes.”

Studies have shown that stress does indeed cause changes in this amazing structure because chemical changes that take place in the body in stressful situations have an effect on the chemical state of the brain. In fact, continuous studies that start from the chemical viewpoint and go on to look at mental illness, depression and anxiety show a definite connection.

Apart from the complex field of study that shows connections between stress and long-term changes such as mental problems, anxiety and sleep disorders, there is a very natural process taking place. Only when this stress continues for extended periods does it become amedical issue.

Human beings, like many other animals, have systems that can sense danger naturally and almost immediately. Signals from the brain trigger the release of adrenaline, the sugar content of the blood increases, the heart rate goes up, along with blood pressure. This all happens in a matter of seconds and then the body begins to produce cortisol. This hormone has the responsibility of keeping the sugar levels and pressure levels up so that the animal can escape from the danger.

This process is not only interesting in animals, it is also absolutely necessary in many situations. However, as mentioned earlier, should a stressful or dangerous situation continue for long periods, changes in the human body can lead to illness and other troubling medical conditions. Some researchers have tried to determine if this process not only causes temporary changes in the brain that are necessary for survival, but also causes permanent changes in the brain.

Some research shows that significant stress might actually destroy some of our brain cells. Larger amounts of cortisol administered over a period of weeks actually destroyed brain cells in laboratory studies. The very chemical that helps animals survive danger and stress can destroy important cells over a longer period of time. One study showed that higher cortisol levels killed the verybrain cells that help us remember episodes from our past.

Another study indicated that the prolonged presence of high levels of cortisone caused the brain cells to attempt to send signals continuously. This extreme level of activity over a long period literally worked some brain cells to death.

Many scientists now believe that it is not possible to completely and accurately measure how stress affects an individual. Response to stressful situations varies with how a person interprets the threat. Each person also has a unique chemical makeup in the brain that adds to the difficulty of diagnosis. Some research shows that people can actually change the chemistry slightly by understanding what a stressful situation is and then being prepared for it. While this doesn’t change the affects of stress on the brain completely, it does make a difference.

Simply put, the science of the brain and the effects of stress on the brain will continue to be studied with great interest.

What Is Time Zone Fallout?Time Zone Fallout is a social phenomenon which is likely to occur in countries

with multiple time zones, if there are no laws to contain it. It can be understood this way: Imagine a country, Grekland (a fictional nation), which is divided into five time zones which result in a difference of 10 hours (say) between the cities located in the east and in the west. The nation embraces democracy and there are elections going on. The people who live in the cities in the Eastern part of the nation will vote 10 hours earlier. The country is technologically advanced and within a couple of hours the results are aired out acrossthe nation. The results are bound to affect the voting in the western cities. This phenomenon is called Time Zone Fallout.

And it has happened on the Earth too! The most famous example comes from the United States. The year was 1980 and the presidential elections were going on. The eastern part of the country had already voted but the people in the west were yet to vote. Suddenly, the media declared a landslide victory for Ronald Reagan in the Eastern parts. A lot of people who were standing in the queues to vote for their president changed their mind and went back to their homes. The media reported people asking “Why bother to vote?”

Where Is Korea?

The modern term refers to two nations – North Korea and South Korea. The region is collectively known as the ‘Korean Peninsula’ and it borders China to the west and Russia to the north.

The Korean peninsula was a united nation before 1948. During the Second World War, the Soviet Union and the United States helped the Koreans gain their freedom from Japan but the two superpowers couldn’t agree on the conditions of Korean independence and both established their puppet governments – the Soviet Union-sponsored North Korea and the US-backed South Korea. What followed next is known as the Korean War. Although the United Nations helped bring about a ceasefire in 1953, three years after the outbreak of the war; thetwo nations haven’t signed any truce; they are still officially at war with each other.

North Korea calls itself a socialist state which is led by the workers. ‘Self reliance’ and ‘Korean Reunification’ is the central plank of the government policy. The official name of the country is Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. The area of North Korea is 120,540 square kilometers and the capital is Pyongyang. The state is in charge of the economy and the country ranks 75th on ‘human development’ scale in a report published by the United Nations. Housing, health care and education are free and the economy is largely industrialized.

South Korea or the Republic of Korea is a multi-party democracy and an elected president leads the nation. The area is 100,032 square kilometers and Seoul is the capital. The state plays minimal role in the economy and the rich people usually send their

children to expensive private schools. Despite its small geographical size the country is the fourth largest economy in Asia and the standards of living are high.

How Emotiv EPOC Works?In the never-ending quest to make video games realistic, developers have focused

on feel, screen appearance and sound. The technology that brings games to life has advanced so much over the last decade or so that some feel today’s games are as realistic as they are going to get. But there is much more to the process of producing game reality than what has been accomplished so far.

One of the frontiers for game development is player interaction. Getting the player into the virtual world has grown by leaps and bounds. Graphics are so real that you may actually feel you are falling or moving fast, at least for a second. Joysticks and radio-signal technology have advanced to the point that these units interpret our movement. Now Emotiv EPOC seems to be taking game reality to another level.

Game developers have improved joystick technology and given them a fluid feel that seems to make the controller disappear when the player is focused on the game. The controllers used in Wii and copycat systems take another step toward freeing the game player from the solid objects that make up the system. Now, Emotiv EPOC uses the human brain as a source for creating movement in a game. That’s right, this system uses a headset that receives brain waves. This technology can tell the game system what you want to do within your virtual world.

Because the brain sends out a level of electrical energy the correct technology certainly could use this energy to power action games. The knowledge of brain waves and of energy that sends signals from one neuron to another is not new. Scientists and doctors have used equipment to measure brain waves for well over a century. It’s the basis of the electroencephalogram (EEG).

This technology is now being adapted and applied to interactive gaming. The Emotiv EPOC headset mimics in a way the EEG that has electrodes/disks that pick up the brain activity. The signals are sent through wires for amplification. The foundation for using EEG technology in gaming lies with trying to interpret a person’s thoughts based on the

brain wave signals being captured.Scientists have found that brain activity corresponds to a patient’s apparent state of mind and thought processes. When measured, a person’sbrain waves have patterns that appear only with specific emotions or thoughts.

With Emotiv EPOC seven pairs of electrodes are used to capture the brain-wave signals. When perfected, this technology takes its cues from a person’s thoughts, converting these signals into digital information that a computer-game system can use to play the game. The company behind this method, Emotiv Systems, users what it calls the brain/computer interface (BCI). Company information states that the technology can recognize and use up to 30 different emotions, actions and expressions. These are transferred to the character or object on the screen.

Why does alcohol effect your driving?Alcohol has been consumed the world over since time immemorial by people of all

ages, ranging from teenagers to the old. Putting aside the temporary sense of wellness it provides to the drinkers, it is also one of the major factors behind road accidents nowadays. Alcohol acts as a depressant for our nervous system which severely impairs our driving skills. It reduces concentration, coordination, balance and ability to multi task things. The higher the concentration of alcohol in our blood, the more it hampers the proper working of the brain.

The brain, with the help of its various parts, controls crucial functions like reasoning, vision, movement, reflexes, heart beat and the respiratory system. On the other side too much concentration of blood alcohol content (BAC) severely obstructs these functions leading to loss of judgment while driving. The person under the influence of alcohol cannot easily judge the distance between two vehicles, cannot apply brakes when instantly needed, ignores the road signs, traffic instructions and pedestrians etc.

To define it more clearly, we have to understand the physiological changes which alcohol induces in our body. Our body parts

receive messages from the brain to do different things with the help of the nerves. Both the brain and the nerves consist of neurons that are the real carriers of the instructions back and forth between the brain and body parts. Neurons are placed with a gap between them called synapses and the neurotransmitters move with the message across this gap to the next neuron. Alcohol specifically affects the synapses part of the system and reduces the efficiency and speed of the neurotransmitters to deliver the message back and forth. Consequently, the overly drunk person is unable to drive in a straight line, speaks with a slur and is slow to react in an emergency situation on the road.

It is rightly said that drinking and driving is a fatal combination and to substantiate this claim the facts speak for themselves.

What Causes Brain Cancers?Brain tumor can simply be defined as a specific area in the brain, where cells grow

abnormally. Brain tumors can also be named as neoplasms. Brain tumors can be classified into various types according to their sizes and special region of occurrence. Most of the brain tumors are malignant in nature and they need strong medical supervision. Brain tumors should never be ignored because they cause severe neurological abnormalities and most of them are lethal in nature. A malignant brain tumor develops into brain cancer, which is much more harmful then a benign tumor. Some important medical imaging techniques like MRI, are helpful in the diagnosis of brain tumors.

Causes of brain cancer Tumors can have various reasons- genetic disorders, random mutations in the brain cells or some sort of radiation exposures. Defect in a single cell can cause huge problems, because tumor cells replicate rapidly, so it will produce many defected cells. In closed space of the human skull, this uncontrolled division can become a very serious problem.

No exact causes of brain cancer are known till now. Even after extensive research on the topic of brain cancer no conclusions are available about the reasons of brain cancer. One thing which is sure about

brain cancer is that it is not contagious in nature and some head injury can never be a reason of brain cancer. Brain cancer can also spread to various parts of body like Breast, Lungs, liver etc.Brain cancer can strike a person at any age. But most of the cases can be observed in these two major age groups- 3-12 and 40-70. Some risk factors can be associated to the occurrence ofthe brain cancer. It has been observed that the workers of some special industries are much more susceptible to brain cancer. These industries include- drug manufacturing, oil refining and rubber manufacturing. Brain cancer is also observed in members of a particular family, so it can also be concluded that brain cancer have some relation with heredity.

Symptoms of brain cancer Human brain contains many different types of cells, and each type of cell is specialized to perform a special function. Tumor of brain cells can be benign or malignant. If it is benign in nature, then it will stay at the point of its origination, but benign tumor can also grow rapidly as a result it puts pressure on the surrounding soft tissues of the brain which causes many brain abnormalities. On the other hand, malignant brain tumor is able to spread and it leads to the development of brain cancer. Brain cancer is lethal by nature. Some symptoms of the brain cancer are- severe headaches, dual personality syndrome, weakness in the legs and arms, abnormal movements of eye, nausea, drowsiness and Seizures. Radiation therapy, Surgery and chemotherapy are some treatments which can be used to deal withbrain cancer. Chemicals like vinyl chloride are strong inducers of brain cancer. Vinyl chloride is a major component of tobacco smoke. A mutation in the tumor suppressor genes is another common reason of brain cancer.

Why Smoking Causes Lung Cancer?Relation between the lung cancer and smoking

Almost everyone is known with the fact that lung cancer is caused by smoking. But by going through this article you will come to know that “why a smoker is much more susceptible to lung cancer” and “what is their in tobacco that causes the lung cancer”.

According to recent studies it has been clear that smokers are 100 % more susceptible to some diseases as compared to non-smokers. List of these diseases also include the names of pneumonia and stomach cancer. 100 % susceptibility doesn’t means 100 % chances of getting the diseases. It actually means that a 100 %susceptible person will have double chances of getting affected by the disease as compared to the non-smokers.

Risk assessment But for lung cancer the risk factor is extremely thrilling. A man who is smoking from more then 40 years is 2300 % more susceptible to the risks of dieing with lung cancer. (I.e. that person is 23 times more susceptible to risk of dieing with the lung cancer), as compared to some other person who is a non-smoker. According to recent studies it has been concluded that a non smoker has less then 1 % chances of dieing with thelung cancer by the age of 75. On the other hand, a person who quits smoking at the age of 40

has 6 % chances of dieing with the lung cancer by the age of 75. Moreover the person, who keeps smoking until he reaches the age of 75, will have 16 % chances of dieing with the lung cancer. These facts well explains the risks of smoking. And if a smoker fortunately escapes from the strike of lung cancer then other smoking problems like heart-attack, COPD etc are still in waiting list.

Why smoking causes lung cancer?

Smoking is the major reason of lung cancer because the smoke of the cigarette contains various carcinogenic chemicals like NNK and benzo(a)pyrene. Deposition of these carcinogens in the lungs causes severe DNA damage, inflammation and oxidative stress. These disorders promote the induction of the tumors in the lungs. Carcinogens of smoke causes severe DNA damage and human body is unable to repair these genetic damages, as a result cells (genetically ruptured) losses their growth regulation abilities and they finally develop into a malignant tumor.

Lungs are one of the most important organs of human body. Healthy lungs are basic requirements for proper respiration. But any disorder (lung cancer) in the lungs can not be detected in early stages. So, lung cancer is extremely lethal. In some cases lung cancer also metastasizes and its spreading takes place to other organs of the body also.

Conclusion Medical field is concentrating on developing new methods for the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. But at present time, best cure of lung cancer is its prevention. If you are not a smoker then never go for smoking, and if you are a smoker then quit smoking immediately. “Say no to smoking and say yes to life”.

Why do People Smoke?“Smoking is injurious to health”. This is a well known statement to every

smoker. Everybody knows that cigarette smoking is not good for health but still many of them go for smoking simply because they are addictive to it. Even if they want to quit it, they can’t. Even those ones who are trying to give up smoking need a lot of support and encouragement from their family members and friends.

Nicotine

According to scientists smoking is even more addictive than heroin, cocaine or alcohol. There are millions of smokers in the world. Addiction of smoking is very difficult to break because it contains nicotine, which is highly addictive substance. Nicotine provides a false feeling of energy and alertness to the smoker. So, one who started smoking, it becomes very difficult for him to quit. Today smoking is so much penetrated in daily day life of humans. Most of the people start smoking as they got influenced by advertisements. Industries have made smoking a glamorous thing through advertising it in movies and television. So, people feel that smoking is a symbol for social status.

Why to smoke?People smoke because of their psychological weaknesses. They develop a false feeling that smoking provides them a feeling of satisfaction, confidence and relaxation. They think smoking helps them to cope-up with difficult situations. In fact many people are so much dependent on cigarette that they need to smoke to deal with their normal mental stresses. Smokers think that nicotine helps them to relax. But this is untrue; in fact nicotine makes amplification in heart beats and raises blood pressure of the body.

Some of them also go for smoking because they treat it as their reward. For example; a speaker successfully finished with first session of his lecture. In a 10 minute break before next session, he prefers to smoke a cigarette instead of preparing for next session, because of a myth of relaxation. Almost all smokers know that smoking is bad, but even then they refuse to accept it and they protect themselves by various alibis. They try to convince themselves that smoking is not as bad as it is publicized.

Majority of smokers develop the habit of smoking in teen ages. Many teenagers start smoking simply because their friends have tried it and they think that if they smoke then only they can enjoy company of their friends. It has been observed that some children start smoking because they want to look grown up in between their friends. At such a young age, children really don’t bother about the health risks involved in smoking.

Research shows that those children also have a strong tendency to smoke who born and brought up in an environment where their parents, relatives or other siblings smoke.

How To Get Rid Of Nicotine Addiction?For most people, getting rid of nicotine addiction means no cigarettes. Of course,

there are other ways we get nicotine into our systems – cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco and snuff. Unfortunately, it is much easier to start smoking or chewing tobacco than it is to stop. Nicotine is a substance common to tobacco products. It is addictive in that once your body gets used to having nicotine on a regular basis, your brain will “ask” for more.

While getting “off” nicotine is difficult, it is certainly not impossible. But making the change means breaking a habit that might have been a big part of your life for many years. The first thing you will have to do is commit to quitting. This means telling yourself that you will not smoke or chew anymore – and believe it. But don’t stop with a commitment to yourself. Tell friends and family that you are going to break thenicotine habit. This is not something that you should try to do by yourself. In fact, it will work better with the knowledge and encouragement of others.

Start Like This

In addition to telling others about your decision to get rid of nicotine addiction, you should establish a realistic goal. When you are starting a major task, like breaking a lifelong habit, you need to have an objective. Pick a date when you will have the last cigarette, cigar orchew . If you think you can quit “cold turkey” you can set tomorrow as the day when you quit. However, a change as big as this doesn’t have to happen immediately. Choose a date sometime in the near future, even if it’s a couple of weeks away. Reduce your smoking as you approach the date. Then stick to your goal!!

If you have already told others about your decision and have set a date you are well on the way to kicking the nicotine addiction. But you should take the next step and write down your reasons for quitting. Most people don’t write things down often enough. They should make to do lists to stay focused on daily, weekly and monthly tasks, especially if they have difficulty starting and completing projects. This also applies to breaking the smoking habit. Write down your reasons. Be honest and list the important things – your health, family members, saving money etc. Check that list every day to remind yourself why you want to quit.

It’s a HabitRemember that you are trying to stop doing something that has become second-nature to you. Breaking a long-time habit isn’t easy, as we mentioned earlier. So you will need to stay away from settings and locations that contributed to your nicotine habit. This might mean not going to the local club or bar where it’s OK to smoke. If you naturally reach for a cigarette when you pour your morning cup of coffee, change that habit slightly. Get rid of cigarettes, lighters, matches, ash trays etc. Don’t give yourself the opportunity to smoke while drinking coffee. Once you have made it to this point, talk to your doctor or pharmacist about nicotine patches, prescription medicines, gum and so on. Combine all of these steps and get rid of that nicotine addiction once and for all!

Why Is Smoking Bad?Smoking is commonly believed to be “bad” for health. It’s rare for a person to

argue with that in the 21st century.

But what does smoking actually do to the human body to make it such a health issue?

An immediate connection is made between cigarette smoking and lung cancer, since the idea behind smoking cigarettes is to inhale the smoke into the lungs. The contents of the tobacco, when heated and inhale, make their way into the lungs and the bloodstream to have their effect on the smoker. But lung cancer is just one result of smoking for some people.

Cigarette tobacco contains dozens of different chemicals and additives that can have a negative effect on the human body. The chemicals that are in cigarette tobacco (or have been at one time) include: nicotine, ammonia, carbon monoxide and formaldehyde. All of these are either true poisons or strong chemicals better used in other places.

Without considering that extensive smoking may cause cancer, let’s look at some earlier effects on the lungs. When a person inhalescigarette smoke, the small parts of the lungs called alveoli are damaged or destroyed. Alveoli are small air sacks that help the lungs take in oxygen for use throughout the body. A smoker is “short of breath’ primarily because his or her lungs cannot process the oxygen properly.

Smokers are also more likely to have problems breathing because of dust and natural pollens because the small cilia in the lungs are destroyed and can’t help keep the lungs clean. Medical studies have also found that the nicotine put into the body by smoking may make us feel good for a short time. However, this powerful chemical is a poison that can damage mouth, throat and lung tissue.

Smoking also has these negative effects on the body:

• Smoke irritates the eyes because of its content and its temperature• Blood pressure increases because blood vessels are constricted by nicotine. The heart works harder to move blood through the vessels.• Added carbon monoxide from smoking reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood, which can lead to numerous health issues.• Tar that enters the body in cigarette smoke becomes more solid again in the body and damages sensitive tissue of the mouth, throat, esophagus and lungs.

Extensive medical research shows that cigarette smoking causes negative changes in the body beyond the lungs. Bones and muscles have been shown to deteriorate in smokers for various reasons, including depriving healthy tissue of needed oxygen. A vicious circle is created when general weakness in many parts of the body cause the heart to work harder, wearing it out much more quickly than would happen otherwise.

Cigarette smoking may even have some serious effects in the human brain. Poor circulation reduces blood flow to the brain, inhibiting brain function and mental clarity. This may lead to strokes and other brain problems because the blood vessels in the brain are so small and delicate.

In short, cigarette smoking is generally considered bad for human health.

How Does The Heart Work?The heart is a muscle that has a very specific task in the body. To understand this

task, it may be good to start with how a muscle works then proceed to the crucial job the heart does hundreds of times each day.

Muscles receive a signal from the brain, an electrical signal through the nervous system. This message essentially “orders” the muscle to contract. In the involuntary muscles such as the heart, the signal is sent automatically (we don’t have to think about it first). With a voluntary muscle, such as those used to lift, we consciously “tell” the muscle to do its work.

Now that we have established that the heart is one of the “involuntary” muscles we can understand that this muscle keeps us alive by contracting based on a signal sent by our brain. The muscle tissue of the heart acts like a pump to send blood through the blood vessels of the body. While this may seem like a simple process, there is much more to the heart and its work.

The human heart has four chambers or spaces within the overall structure. At the top or two atria, left and right. The bottom two chambers are called ventricles. Large blood vessels go into and out of each of these chambers.

When we breath oxygen comes into the lungs and the small blood vessels of the lungs. This “oxygenated” blood eventually is drawn into the heart by the expanding and contracting that takes place automatically. The oxygen is carried through the blood to all parts of the body. The blood is returned to the lungs by the pumping action of the heart and receives fresh oxygen during the breathing process.

At this point, it might be good to stop for a moment and visualize that the heart is a complex pump that sends blood out to the extremities of the body and brings it back to be refreshed in the lungs.But how does the blood actually move through the heart? The blood that has left its oxygen in the other parts of the body comes back into the right side of the heart, into the right atrium. The blood goes through a valve into the right ventricle then out to the lungs.

The blood picks up oxygen in the lungs, which also expel the carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Blood that is rich with oxygen comes into the left atrium, goes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle and then travels out into the body to deliver the new supply of oxygen. Within the heart, the valves between the atria and ventricles keep blood from flowing in reverse. The process continues many, many times each day throughout our lives. What we think of as our heartbeat is the pumping action of this very strong and important muscle.

The heartbeat is triggered by the involuntary electrical signals sent from the brain, as explained earlier. Think of the heart as the source of power for your life and you will begin to understand how the heart works.

How To Get Rid Of Low Lung Capacity?Everyone needs sufficient lung capacity to be active and efficient during their day.

This is one of the basic functions of the human body that many people ignore or pay little attention too. Yet getting enough oxygen into our blood stream may be the most important factor in leading a long and healthy life.

If you find yourself short of breath you should immediately begin looking for the root cause. One of the obvious causes of reduced lung capacity is inhaling smoke from cigarettes. Our lungs take in the oxygen from the air we breathe, taking this essential gas in through tiny air sacs and blood vessels in the lungs. Cigarette smoke and air pollutions damage these sensitive areas and cut down on the amount of air we can take in.

Some people find themselves short of breath because of illness. In these situations, the best thing to do is focus on the cause of the illness then combine that treatment with a recommended program for increasing lung capacity. People may also lose lung capacity because of age or lack of physical activity during their lives. In many cases, these individuals can increase lung capacity by taking some of the correct steps.

Do This!

If you find yourself short of breath, you have reduced your lung capacity beyond what your body can stand. If you smoke, stop! This will take you a long way toward increasing your lungs’ ability to process oxygen. Of course, it is tough to do this, but there is little to be done to increase lung capacity if you continue to be a regular smoker. You’ll need to clean up those lungs as much as possible before you can help them work at a great capacity.

If smoking is not the problem, you might be able to start some basic breathing exercise that will help expand lung capacity. In fact, there are a few deep-breathing techniques and exercise programs designed specifically for improving lung capacity. These include aerobic exercise as well as deep breathing while sitting or standing comfortably.

You will have to be patient. Focus on your breathing plan or exercise program on a daily basis and allow yourself several weeks for significant improvement. If your shortness of breath is the result of allergy, asthma or some other disease you should consult with your doctor before beginning any exercise program. The doctor can tailor your plan to fit what is healthy for you.

If you are healthy enough to engage in recreational swimming, basketball, tennis or running, you can improve your lung capacity. There are some in-home exerciseprograms for improving lung capacity as well. Talk with your doctor about these DVD programs or books that are meant to help those with shortness of breath.

In addition to these activities you should start changing any habits that might contribute negatively to your overall health. You will find that a few changes in diet and daily schedule will also give you more energy. This is often the result of increased lung capacity and more efficient heart beat.