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How am I Doing? School Librarian Self-Efficacy and Gauging Relationships
with Other School Stakeholders
Anthony Chow, Ph.D.Assistant Professor
Dept. of Library and Information StudiesThe University of North Carolina at Greensboro
Introduction Literature Method Results Discussion and Conclusions
Overview
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A case study of four school libraries introduced strategic planning as a way to build consensus and increase communication among school stakeholders.
How do we measure the impact on the school librarian?
I created the School Librarian Self-Efficacy and Social Information Processing Scale
Introduction
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Self-efficacy is defined as, “beliefs in one’s capabilities to mobilize the motivation, cognitive resources, and courses of action needed to meet given situational demands” (Wood & Bandura, 1989, p. 408)
GSE or General Self-Efficacy is defined as “one’s belief in one’s overall competence to effect requisite performances across a wide variety of achievement situations” (Eden, in press) or as “individuals’ perception of their ability to perform across a variety of different situations” (Judge, Erez, et al., 1998, p. 170)
New Generation Self-Efficacy Scale (Chen, Gully, & Eden, 2001) 8-item scale that measures self-efficacy
Literature
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Social Information Processing Theory (Colucci & Rice, 2009) Social Information Processing Theory (SIP) (Rice,
1993; Salancik & Pfeffer, 1978) holds that Individual evaluations of Job Characteristics and Job
Satisfaction are a reflection of social influence factors, such as information, modeling, and cues regarding social consensus from three factors:
1. Communication behavior with others2. Social cues regarding job satisfaction attitudes3. Social cues regarding job characteristics attitudes
Literature (2)
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How am I Doing?
School Librarian Self-Efficacy and Social Information Processing Scale
Communication
with Others
Social Cues
Regarding Job
Satisfaction
Attitudes
Social Cues
Regarding Job
Characteristics Attitude
s
Self-Efficacy
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RQ1: What is the current self-efficacy and “social reality” of school librarians?
RQ2: Would introducing strategic planning positively impact school librarian self-efficacy and the three factors comprising one’s “social reality”?
RQ3: What is the impact of one’s social relationships with general self-efficacy?
Research Questions
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Case studies of four school librarians Two elementary, one middle, and one high
school Pretest of all four using SESIPS Teacher survey (n=58) Parent survey (n=6)
Method
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Results – Pretest of all four
In general
With peers
With subordinates
With school leaders
With teachers
With students
With parents
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00
Please rate your overall quality of communication with others:
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In general
With peers
With subordinates
With school leaders
With teachers
With students
With parents
4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00
Please rate overall how satisfied you think people are with the job you are doing (take your best guess):
Results (2) – Pretest of all four
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In g
ener
al
With
pee
rs
With
sub
ordi
nate
s
With
sch
ool l
eade
rs
With
teac
hers
With
stu
dent
s
With
par
ents
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
Please rate your overall quality of communication with others:Please rate overall how satisfied you think people are with the job you are do-ingPlease rate overall how well people understand what you do in your job:
Results (3) – Pretest summary of all four
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The Tale of Two School Librarians
Your
co-
worke
rs
Your
sub
ordi
nate
s
Your
sch
ool l
eade
rs
Your
sch
ool's
teac
hers
Your
stu
dent
s
Your
stu
dent
s' pa
rent
s0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
Please rate your overall relationships with:
Please rate your overall rela-tionships with:
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Librarian 1 – Pretty Confident!
SE Factor Average Rating
1. I will be able to achieve most of the goals that I have set for myself.
6.50
2. When facing difficult tasks, I am certain that I will accomplish them.
5.75
3. In general, I think that I can obtain outcomes that are important to me.
6.25
4. I believe I can succeed at most any endeavor to which I set my mind.
6.25
5. I will be able to successfully overcome many challenges.
6.25
6. I am confident that I can perform effectively on many different tasks.
6.00
7. Compared to other people, I can do most tasks very well.
6.25
8. Even when things are tough, I can perform quite well.6.25
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14
Social cues suggest stakeholders are more satisfied….
In g
en
era
l
Wit
h p
ee
rs
Wit
h s
ub
ord
ina
tes
Wit
h s
cho
ol le
ad
ers
Wit
h t
ea
che
rs
Wit
h s
tud
en
ts
Wit
h p
are
nts
Please rate overall how satisfied you think people are with the job you are doing (take your best guess):
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
PrePost
15
Pre-teacher ratings (5.3 average; n=8)
I understand how best to use the school library.
The school library supports my teaching and instruction.
The school library supports my students’ coursework and assignments.
The school Library supplements my students’ overall learning.
My school library has an adequate supply of technology resources.
The available book collection of my library is adequate.
My overall satisfaction level with the school library is...
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
Rate your overall satisfaction level with your school library on the following items on a scale of 1-7. (1=lowest satisfaction level, 10=highest satisfaction level)
I have begun to make a very positive impact on the staff, in general, as they have come to understand my role as a provider for quality, instructional technology resources. It has only been in the last month that I have been able to lead a professional development workshop. Two of my administrators were present for it and both expressed that they thought the session was well done. I believe it was the first time they really recognized my potential as an untapped resource. A few of the teachers were surprised that I invited the entire faculty to collaborate on lessons. They did not know that I would be willing to "teach".
Seeing an improvement with two groups, not so much for a third…
In g
en
era
l
Wit
h p
ee
rs
Wit
h s
ub
ord
ina
tes
Wit
h s
cho
ol le
ad
ers
Wit
h t
ea
che
rs
Wit
h s
tud
en
ts
Wit
h p
are
nts
Please rate overall how well people understand what you do in your job:
0
2
4
6
PrePost
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A second librarian – great things are happening
In g
en
era
l
Wit
h p
ee
rs
Wit
h s
ub
ord
ina
tes
Wit
h s
cho
ol le
ad
ers
Wit
h t
ea
che
rs
Wit
h s
tud
en
ts
Wit
h p
are
nts
Please rate your overall quality of communication with others:
012345678
PrePost
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In g
en
era
l
Wit
h p
ee
rs
Wit
h s
ub
ord
ina
tes
Wit
h s
cho
ol le
ad
ers
Wit
h t
ea
che
rs
Wit
h s
tud
en
ts
Wit
h p
are
nts
Please rate overall how satisfied you think people are with the job you are doing (take your best guess):
0
2
4
6
PrePost
Satisfaction is improving… ah that’s what she does!
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Yo
ur
co-w
ork
ers
Yo
ur
sub
ord
ina
tes
Yo
ur
sch
oo
l le
ad
ers
Yo
ur
sch
oo
l's t
ea
che
rs
Yo
ur
stu
de
nts
Yo
ur
stu
de
nts
' p
are
nts
Please rate your overall relationships with:
0
2
4
6
8
PrePost
Relationships are also improving….
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Pre-teacher Ratings (5.2 average; n=11)
I understand how best to use the school library.
The school library supports my teaching and instruction.
The school library supports my students’ coursework and assignments.
The school Library supplements my students’ overall learning.
My school library has an adequate supply of technology resources.
The available book collection of my library is adequate.
My overall satisfaction level with the school library is...
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00
Rate your overall satisfaction level with your school library on the following items on a scale of 1-7. (1=lowest satisfaction level, 10=highest satisfaction level)
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1. I w
ill b
e a
ble
to a
chie
ve m
ost
of
the g
oals
that
I have s
et
for
myse
lf.
2. W
hen f
acin
g d
ifficult t
ask
s, I a
m
cert
ain
that
I w
ill a
ccom
plis
h t
hem
.
3. In
genera
l, I t
hin
k t
hat
I can o
bta
in
outc
om
es
that
are
im
port
ant
to m
e.
4. I belie
ve I c
an s
ucceed a
t m
ost
any e
ndeavor
to w
hic
h I s
et
my
min
d.
5. I w
ill b
e a
ble
to s
uccess
fully
overc
om
e m
any c
halle
nges.
6. I am
confident
that
I can p
erf
orm
eff
ectively
on m
any d
iffere
nt
task
s.
7. C
om
pare
d t
o o
ther
people
, I can
do m
ost
task
s very
well.
8. Even w
hen t
hin
gs
are
tough, I can
perf
orm
quite w
ell.
Please rate your overall confidence in the following:
01234567
PrePost
Self-efficacy and confidence is flowering!
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Scale Composite Scores
SL1 SL1
Pre Post Pre Post
SESIS 5.2 5.4 4.0 5.4
Teacher Satisfaction 5.33 5.19
12 Questions22 of 28
Building a school library strategic plan Empowers librarians to establish an ideal
vision Encourages collaboration Active, assertive steps towards building a
collective vision for the future School Librarian Self-Efficacy and Social
Information Processing Scale provides a way of measuring impact and current social “reality”
Discussion and Conclusions
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RQ1: What is the current self-efficacy and “social reality” of school librarians? Too early to tell – One continues to do well, the
other is doing really well Relationships with parents, leaders, and teachers
continue to lowest rated Need to increase sample size
Research Questions
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RQ2: Would introducing strategic planning positively impact school librarian self-efficacy and “social reality”? Preliminary data suggests “yes” Both responding librarians have experienced
growth and improvement in the areas of communication and attitudes towards job satisfaction and job characteristics.
Again need to increase sample size
Research Questions
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Just getting started My new book, Library Technology and User Services,
details the strategic planning process explicitly within the context of technology and user services.
I’m a systems designer and live by the motto, “Make your own luck” Create an ideal vision of what you want to become Work backwards securing the resources and means
necessary to accomplish your goals Work hard and you will be a lot closer to achieving that
vision then you are today !
Final Thoughts
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I would be happy to: Provide you with our online strategic planning instrument
Email support if needed Provide you access to the self-efficacy and social
information diagnostic scale Just leave me your name and email address and we
will be in touch with you I just want your data (completely anonymous and
confidential) to help refine and validate the instruments so they are truly effective and worthwhile….
The slides will be available at anthonyschow.wordpress.com
Are you interested?
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Colucci & Rice, 2009Chen, G., Gully, S., & Eden, D. (2001). Validation of a New General
Self-Efficacy Scale. Organizational Research Methods 2001; 4; 62
Eden, D. (in press). Means efficacy: External sources of general and specific subjective efficacy. In M. Erez, U. Kleinbeck,&H. Thierry (Eds.),Work motivation in the context of a globalizing economy. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Judge, T. A., Erez, A.,&Bono, J. A. (1998). The power of being positive: The relation between positive self-concept and job performance. Human Performance, 11, 167-187.
Rice, 1993Salancik & Pfeffer, 1978Wood, R. & Bandura, A. (1989). Social Theory of Organizational
Management. Academy of Management Review, 1989, Vol. 14, No. 3, 361-384.
References
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