Housing Segregation Housing Segregation and Spatial Mismatchand Spatial Mismatch

Race and EthnicityRace and Ethnicity

Population Trends and Policies

Types of DiscriminationTypes of Discrimination• Individual discriminationIndividual discrimination

• Institutional discriminationInstitutional discrimination

• Structural discriminationStructural discrimination

Source: Pincus, F. L. (1994). "From Individual to Structural Discrimination." In F. L. Pincus and H. J. Ehrlich, Race and Ethnic Conflict: Contending Views on Prejudice, Discrimination and Ethnoviolence. Boulder, Colo.: Westviewc

Population Trends and Policies

Individual discriminationIndividual discrimination• The behavior of individual The behavior of individual

members of one members of one race/ethnic/gender group that is race/ethnic/gender group that is intended to have a differential intended to have a differential and/or harmful effect on the and/or harmful effect on the members of another members of another race/ethnic/gender group.race/ethnic/gender group.

Source: Pincus, F. L. (1994). "From Individual to Structural Discrimination." In F. L. Pincus and H. J. Ehrlich, Race and Ethnic Conflict: Contending Views on Prejudice, Discrimination and Ethnoviolence. Boulder, Colo.: Westview

Population Trends and Policies

Institutional discriminationInstitutional discrimination• The policies of the dominant The policies of the dominant

race/ethnic/gender institutions and race/ethnic/gender institutions and the behavior of individuals who the behavior of individuals who control these institutions and control these institutions and implement policies that are implement policies that are intended to have a differential intended to have a differential and/or harmful effect on minority and/or harmful effect on minority race/ethnic/gender groups. race/ethnic/gender groups.

Source: Pincus, F. L. (1994). "From Individual to Structural Discrimination." In F. L. Pincus and H. J. Ehrlich, Race and Ethnic Conflict: Contending Views on Prejudice, Discrimination and Ethnoviolence. Boulder, Colo.: Westview

Population Trends and Policies

Structural discriminationStructural discrimination• The policies of dominant race/ethnic/ The policies of dominant race/ethnic/

gender institutions and the behavior of gender institutions and the behavior of the individuals who implement these the individuals who implement these policies and control these institutions, policies and control these institutions, which are race/ethnic/gender neutral in which are race/ethnic/gender neutral in intent but which have a differential intent but which have a differential and/or harmful effect on minority and/or harmful effect on minority race/ethnic/gender groups.race/ethnic/gender groups.

Source: Pincus, F. L. (1994). "From Individual to Structural Discrimination." In F. L. Pincus and H. J. Ehrlich, Race and Ethnic Conflict: Contending Views on Prejudice, Discrimination and Ethnoviolence. Boulder, Colo.: Westview

Population Trends and Policies

748077 77 79

68 7066 66

85

68

87 8987 88

70

0

20

40

60

80

100

Atlanta Boston Detroit Los Angeles

1970 1980 1990 2000

Residential SegregationResidential SegregationIndex of DissimilarityIndex of Dissimilarity

The percentage of blacks that would need to move to a different The percentage of blacks that would need to move to a different (whiter) neighborhood in order to achieve integration with whites.(whiter) neighborhood in order to achieve integration with whites.

Population Trends and Policies

Applied Demography

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1992c

Detroit and NeighboringCommuntiesDetroit

MetropolitanArea

N

0 20 40 60 Miles

0 6 12 18 24 Miles

FIGURE 5.17: Detroit Residents Percent Black

Percent Black0 - 1010.1 - 5050.1 - 7070.1 - 9090.1 - 100

Enlarged Area

FIGURE 5.18: Atlanta Residents Percent Black

0 3 6 9 12 Miles

0 10 20 30 Miles

N

AtlantaMetropolitan

Area

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1992c

By Census Tract

FIGURE 5.5: Atlanta Employment Density

Percent Black0 - 1010.1 - 5050.1 - 7070.1 - 9090.1 - 100

Enlarged Area

Central Atlanta andNeighboring Communties

Population Trends and Policies

Percent Black0 - 1010.1 - 5050.1 - 7070.1 - 9090.1 - 100

Enlarged Area

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1992c

Boston and NeighboringCommunties

BostonMetropolitan

Area

N

0 10 20 30 Miles

0 3 6 9 12 Miles

FIGURE 5.19: Boston Residents Percent Black

Population Trends and Policies

FIGURE 5.20: Boston Residents Percent Hispanic

0 3 6 9 12 Miles

0 10 20 30 Miles

N

BostonMetropolitan

Area

Boston and NeighboringCommunties

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1992c

Percent Hispanic0 - 1010.1 - 5050.1 - 7070.1 - 9090.1 - 100

Enlarged Area

Population Trends and Policies

Los Angeles County

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1992c

N0 7 14 21 Miles 0 3 6 9 12 Miles

FIGURE 5.21: Los Angeles Residents Percent Black

Percent Black0 - 1010.1 - 5050.1 - 7070.1 - 9090.1 - 100

Enlarged Area

City of Los Angeles and Neighboring Communities

Population Trends and Policies

FIGURE 5.22: Los Angeles Residents Percent Hispanic

0 3 6 9 12 Miles0 7 14 21 MilesN

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1992c

Los Angeles County

Percent Hispanic0 - 1010.1 - 5050.1 - 7070.1 - 9090.1 - 100

Enlarged Area

City of Los Angeles and Neighboring Communities

Population Trends and Policies

• Discrimination in housing in metropolitan areas has Discrimination in housing in metropolitan areas has resulted in the concentration of blacks in central city resulted in the concentration of blacks in central city neighborhoods.neighborhoods.

• The constrained location of blacks reduces the job The constrained location of blacks reduces the job opportunities available to blacks.opportunities available to blacks.

• The suburbanization of employment exacerbates the The suburbanization of employment exacerbates the reduced job opportunities for blacks in central city reduced job opportunities for blacks in central city neighborhoods.neighborhoods.

Spatial MismatchSpatial Mismatch A Consequence of Segregation?A Consequence of Segregation?

Population Trends and Policies

• Residential and employment spatial patterns Residential and employment spatial patterns contribute to the employment disadvantage contribute to the employment disadvantage experienced by blacks in metropolitan areas.experienced by blacks in metropolitan areas.

• Discrimination in the residential real estate market Discrimination in the residential real estate market and other factors resulting in segregation are and other factors resulting in segregation are precursors to spatial mismatch.precursors to spatial mismatch.

• Discrimination may be a motivating factor in firm Discrimination may be a motivating factor in firm location decisions (i.e. access to a predominantly location decisions (i.e. access to a predominantly white work force) resulting in spatial mismatch.white work force) resulting in spatial mismatch.

SPATIAL MISMATCH & SPATIAL MISMATCH & RACIAL DISCRIMINATIONRACIAL DISCRIMINATION

Population Trends and Policies

SPATIAL MISMATCHSPATIAL MISMATCHThe Index of DissimilarityThe Index of Dissimilarity

Population Trends and Policies

Source: Stephen Raphael and Michael Stoll. 2002. Modest Progress: The Narrowing Spatial Mismatch Between Blacks and Jobs in the 1990s. The Brookings Institution: Washington, DC.

SPATIAL MISMATCHSPATIAL MISMATCHThe Index of DissimilarityThe Index of Dissimilarity

Population Trends and Policies

Source: Stephen Raphael and Michael Stoll. 2002. Modest Progress: The Narrowing Spatial Mismatch Between Blacks and Jobs in the 1990s. The Brookings Institution: Washington, DC.

SPATIAL MISMATCHSPATIAL MISMATCHThe Index of DissimilarityThe Index of Dissimilarity

Population Trends and Policies

Source: Stephen Raphael and Michael Stoll. 2002. Modest Progress: The Narrowing Spatial Mismatch Between Blacks and Jobs in the 1990s. The Brookings Institution: Washington, DC.

• In 2000, no group was more physically isolated In 2000, no group was more physically isolated from jobs than blacks.from jobs than blacks.

• During the 1990s, blacks’ overall proximity to jobs During the 1990s, blacks’ overall proximity to jobs improved slightly, narrowing the gap in “spatial improved slightly, narrowing the gap in “spatial mismatch” between blacks and whites by 13 mismatch” between blacks and whites by 13 percent.percent.

• Metro areas with higher levels of black-white Metro areas with higher levels of black-white residential segregation exhibit a higher degree of residential segregation exhibit a higher degree of spatial mismatch between blacks and jobs.spatial mismatch between blacks and jobs.

• The residential movement of black households The residential movement of black households within metropolitan areas drove most of the overall within metropolitan areas drove most of the overall decline in spatial mismatch for blacks in the 1990s.decline in spatial mismatch for blacks in the 1990s.

Population Trends and Policies

Source: Stephen Raphael and Michael Stoll. 2002. Modest Progress: The Narrowing Spatial Mismatch Between Blacks and Jobs in the 1990s. The Brookings Institution: Washington, DC.

SPATIAL MISMATCHSPATIAL MISMATCH

• Blacks residing in metropolitan areas in the Blacks residing in metropolitan areas in the Northeast and Midwest were the most physically Northeast and Midwest were the most physically isolated from employment opportunities. isolated from employment opportunities.

• Blacks residing in the South were the least isolated.Blacks residing in the South were the least isolated.• While average mismatch indices declined in all While average mismatch indices declined in all

areas, the declines were smallest in the Northeast.areas, the declines were smallest in the Northeast.• Midwestern metro areas, which had exhibited the Midwestern metro areas, which had exhibited the

highest average degree of mismatch between blacks highest average degree of mismatch between blacks and jobs in 1990, experienced a comparatively large and jobs in 1990, experienced a comparatively large decline in overall mismatch during the decade.decline in overall mismatch during the decade.

• The level of mismatch between blacks and jobs The level of mismatch between blacks and jobs proved most severe in metros where a relatively proved most severe in metros where a relatively large percentage of the population is black.large percentage of the population is black.

Population Trends and Policies

Source: Stephen Raphael and Michael Stoll. 2002. Modest Progress: The Narrowing Spatial Mismatch Between Blacks and Jobs in the 1990s. The Brookings Institution: Washington, DC.

SPATIAL MISMATCHSPATIAL MISMATCH

1.1. Flip a coin two times and count the number of heads. If both Flip a coin two times and count the number of heads. If both your flips were heads then you are in the minority and you your flips were heads then you are in the minority and you have no preference for neighborhood composition. have no preference for neighborhood composition.

2.2. If you are in the majority, flip a coin five times and count If you are in the majority, flip a coin five times and count the number of heads. This is the number of persons from the number of heads. This is the number of persons from another group that you are willing to live near.another group that you are willing to live near.

3.3. Everyone flip a coin two times and count the number of Everyone flip a coin two times and count the number of heads. If both your flips were heads then you need to move heads. If both your flips were heads then you need to move to another neighborhood based on your preferences if you to another neighborhood based on your preferences if you are majority.are majority.

4.4. Find a house (desk) in a neighborhood where you would like Find a house (desk) in a neighborhood where you would like to live. If someone else would also like to live in that house, to live. If someone else would also like to live in that house, flip for it with heads winning and the loser moving on.flip for it with heads winning and the loser moving on.

5.5. When everyone has settled in a new neighborhood, repeat When everyone has settled in a new neighborhood, repeat steps 3 and 4.steps 3 and 4.

Population Trends and Policies

INTEGRATION EXERCISEINTEGRATION EXERCISE