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The extreme climatic conditions of the North introduce a design paradox for architects. The fragile environmental conditions require incisive designs that respond to irregular loading from strong winds, heavy snowfalls, avalanche risk zones, and extreme cold. These phenomena are often instantaneous, sudden, and unpredictable. Risk of severe weather increases the vulnerability of human habitation to natural surroundings. Housing, in particular, must achieve levels of self-sufficiency in such environments in order to decrease dependency upon external infrastructure networks that can be severed during periods of harsh weather. At the same time, complications in material provision and inaccessible, remote terrain introduce ideas of prefabrication and economy of construction within these very particular contexts. Designing living environments must therefore consolidate solutions to scarcity, inaccessibility, and self-sufficiency with innovation particular to extreme climates. The existing dichotomy between vernacular housing traditions and the latest innovation in building technology establishes an interesting terrain for the design of comfortable living environments in the most harsh weather conditions.
The first part of the studio will investigate architectural solutions and responses within extreme climatic conditions. Students will research traditional building designs that respond to risks associated with avalanches, heavy snowfalls, strong winds, and low temperatures. As an introduction to building in these conditions, the studio will construct several prototypical designs of a smallest-possible habitable unit that will be a temporary living space for mountaineers and hikers. The process will involve structural engineers (for the design of minimal foundations, lightweight structure for simple transportation, wind and avalanche resistance, etc.) and elements of sustainable architecture (intelligent building skins, vernacular building traditions, etc.) to produce a shelter with strict design constraints, minimum energy consumption, minimum envelope exposure, lightweight structure, and adherence to limits of remote transportation (helicopter, etc.). The prototype will be given a real site on the peak of a mountain exposed to the most severe weather conditions.
The studio will transition to larger scale housing designs in a similar harsh climate. Sites will be provided in Juneau, Alaska, where the outward expansion of the small city has caused peripheral development to encroach on the steep slopes of the surrounding mountains. The area faces many challenges in relation to avalanche zones; it is the city with the highest risk of avalanche disaster in the USA. Modes of self-sufficient and structurally integral design will be explored that can adapt to this risk and respond to disasters such as the recent 2008 avalanche in Juneau that destroyed the power supply of the entire municipality. Studio groups will focus on four design topics: a mountaineer village at the peak of Juneau Mountain, visitor housing at the edge of Juneau in close proximity to the cruise ship docks, seasonal housing for workers to the north of the city, and social housing for permanent residents at the foot of Juneau Mountain.
Studio Brief
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The extreme climatic conditions of the North introduce a design paradox for architects. The fragile environmental conditions require incisive designs that respond to irregular loading from strong winds, heavy snowfalls, avalanche risk zones, and extreme cold. These phenomena are often instantaneous, sudden, and unpredictable. Risk of severe weather increases the vulnerability of human habitation to the natural surroundings. Housing, in particular, must achieve levels of self-sufficiency in such environments in order to decrease dependency upon external infrastructure networks that can be severed during periods of harsh weather. At the same time, complications in material provision and inaccessible, remote terrain introduce ideas of prefabrication and economy of construction within these very particular contexts. Designing living environments must therefore consolidate solutions to scarcity, inaccessibility, and self-sufficiency with innovation particular to extreme climates. The existing dichotomy between vernacular housing traditions and the latest innovation in building technology establishes an interesting terrain for the design of comfortable living environments in the most harsh weather conditions.
Housing
and
climate
66
Within a context of extreme risk to environmental forces, it is important to design buildings within the system that the surrounding natural environment has mandated. Responding to environmental flows is not only a protective measure benefitting future generations in the midst of dramatic climate shifts- it also translates into a matter of immediate life safety for housing existing populations.
In such an extreme environment, the design of living environments must integrate structural, environmental, and planning considerations to consolidate environmental conditions within the chosen architectural language. New cross-disciplinary tools can help to inform comprehensive solutions to a complex design challenge.
Confrontations between manmade systems and environmental systems often result in temporary shortages of essential services for dwellings in the North, for example in the case of power blackouts and severed transportation of necessary material goods. In response to these deficiencies, the design of remote settlements in the North must be constructed in accordance with ideas of self-sufficiency and supplementary, back-up energy systems. Many vernacular building traditions can serve as a reference for designing environments that are self-sufficient and sustainable within the extreme climatic conditions challenging human habitation in the North.
LIVING IN EXTREME
Environments
77
Northern settlements have suffered a history of material destruction as well as death and injury on account of avalanche catastrophes. High-speed cur-rents of snow have blocked access to these settlements, annihilated build-ings, and buried entire communities in their paths. It is important to avoid designing in avalanche high risk zones, but in some areas of development positioned at important trading points or economic centers, it may be difficult to completely avoid building in areas susceptible to some avalanche risk.
In the event of an avalanche, building design must be capable of withstand-ing extreme and concentrated lateral forces. Streamlined designs parallel to these forces as well as reinforced foundation design can reduce a buildings vulnerability to small-scale avalanches. Vernacular building traditions in the North provide references for designing in a similar environmental context today. Traditional building forms, as well as structural design, for example, both address important considerations for construction within avalanche risk zones.
The design of the surrounding site must also consider access to the building in the case of heavy snow and avalanches. Accessibility for buildings can be completely blocked if site planning has not been carefully considered in response to climatic conditions and avalanche risk. Challenges facing both site planning and architectural design must be met with innovative solutions that can protect against often unexpected climatic disasters.
BUILDING IN AVALANCHE
RISK ZONES
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99
Avalanches pose a variety of threats to human habitation. Different types of avalanches occur in different terrains and contexts and can be understood as unique reactions to unique environments.
This section will analyze traditional building designs in their response to risks associated with avalanches, heavy snowfalls, strong winds, and extreme cold. Various formal solutions have been developed to respond to avalanche risk- solutions both integrated with building design and solutions that act as separate, isolated structures.
EXTREME
WEATHER
PROTECTION
1010snow protection:
traditional methods
SNOW DRIFTING
Snow is deposited on the lee (downwind) side of hills or in downwind depressions. Snow drifts form when the flow of wind is interrupted by obsta-cles or barriers. The snow is swept away in areas of high wind speeds and deposited when wind speeds drop, often some distance behind the object. Obstacles and barriers can be in the form of hedges, trees, fences, buildings, and even snow deposited from snow removal processes.19 After time, snow drifting will form a streamlined enclosure and will not build up further so long as the wind direction and flow remains the same and the surface of the snow is lower than surrounding obstacles.
SNOW FENCES
Collector FencesFences must be arranged perpendicular to the direction of the prevailing winds. Winds will slow after passing the fence, causing wind-blown snow to settle before reaching the site. Most of the snow will be deposited behind the fence, so the fence should be positioned a great enough distance to avoid snow accumulation in the area surrounding the building. Fences should be positioned approximately 15 times the fence height from the building volume. A decrease in solid fence area will produce a longer and shallower the drift. Open fences with a density ratio between 40 and 60 percent have maximum collecting capacity. Two rows of fences between 4-6 feet are usually more cost-effective than a higher fence. If space is limited, a more solid collector fence can be placed before the building to cause greater accumulation in front of the fence as opposed to behind. Solid fences require stronger and more expensive foundations and can result in strong winds keeping the area behind the fence clear of snow.
Blower FencesThe wind passing below the fence is accelerated and the snow behind the fence is cleared up to an approximate distance of 20 feet. Blower fences are most often used in preventing snow accumulation behind ridges and depressions. The incline of the fence should be similar to the lee side of the depression, but not less than 30 degrees.
Deflector Fences8-10 feet high fences can deflect the wind to cause accelerated winds behind the fence and the erosion of snow. In the case of changing winds, the po-sitioning of deflector fences should be such that they do not act as collector
fences and deposit snow close to the building.
11
POSITIONING THE BUILDING
The walls facing a descending avalanche must be constructed in the correct form and with adequate strength to resist the applied force of an avalanche. The larger the surface of the resisting wall, the larger the pressure this wall will be exposed to in the event of an avalanche. Therefore, it is ideal to position the building in a way so as to minimize the length of the impact surface. For example, when a wall is perpendicular to the avalanche direction, it must bear the entire kinetic force of this avalanche, while orientating the walls differently lessens the required strength of resistance. Acute angles or curved forms are also capable of splitting the course of a descending avalanche and reducing the applied force.
WEDGE FORMS
Structures with strength equal to the kinetic force of avalanches in the form of dams, walls, galleries, and deflecting walls can deviate, divide, or channel an avalanche. These protective structures can be built against isolated buildings or constructed in their immediate vicinity in order to divide an avalanche and alter its track to avoid the building. A stone wedge positioned on the hill-ward side of a building is a traditional avalanche proofing method with a long history. The interior angle of the wedge should not exceed 60 degrees in order to effectively split the avalanche. The sides of the wedge must be long enough to prevent snow from eddying and engulfing the protected building.
DEVIATING WALLS
Deviating walls are intended to alter the path of an avalanche. Their deviating capacity is relative to their height as well as the gradient of the slope and the angle of deviation. Deviating walls can be most effective when they raise the edges of a natural depression or gully and preventing the avalanche from leaving the already-existing channel. Similar to wedge forms, the angle of deviation should not be greater than 30 degrees. A smaller angle of deviation will reduce the applied force of the avalanche that the deviating structure must resist.
PARTIALLY BELOW-GRADE CONSTRUCTION
Another long-established method for protecting living spaces from avalanches is to build houses that are embedded into the hillside. In semi-subterranean construction, roofs are traditionally flat or follow the sloping angle of the terrain, allowing the avalanche to flow over the building without causing great damage to the building. In this case, the roof and the wall structure must be reinforced in order to bear the weight of the snow. Vernacular traditions of partially below-grade construction can be reinterpreted in various ways in contemporary design.
fORMAL
sOLUTIONS11
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Explorations of prototypical designs of a smallest-possible habitable unit explore modern translations of traditional construction strategies in the extreme North. The shelter will be programmed for mountaineers and hikers seeking shelter in remote locations and at high altitudes and it is designed to withstand harsh winter conditions.
The prototype will be given a real site in the Kamnik-Savinja Alps, Slovenia, a location that faces severe winter weather. The alpine shelter will be accessed primarily in the summer months. However, the design must be also be accessible during the winter months. The building must be self-sufficient, independent from external energy sources, for example, which may fail in harsh winter weather.
site
information
1414project
introduction
PURPOSE
The prototypical design will investigate architectural solutions in extreme climatic conditions as well as traditional building designs that respond to risks associated with avalanches, heavy snowfalls, strong winds, and extreme cold. The shelter will be given a real site on the peak of a mountain exposed to the harshest climatic conditions.
FUNCTIONALITY
The prototype unit will accommodate up to 8 people, offering space for sleeping and cooking, and designed as a smallest-possible-habitable unit. Even in extreme weather conditions, it will provide a safe shelter for mountaineers and hikers for durations of one to three days. The unit should be self-sufficient without the need for external electrical and heating supply networks and it must minimize future maintenance costs. It can make use of both primitive or vernacular building practices as well as advanced technology to achieve designs with full self-sufficiency and zero site impact.
DESIGN CONSTRAINTS
The process will involve structural engineers and elements of sustainable architecture (intelligent building skins, etc) to produce a shelter with strict design constraints.
The shelter must be designed for easy transportation, low maintenance, and harsh weather conditions. The volume must weigh less than 1800 kg to be transported via helicopter to the destination site. If it is heavier, it can be transported as a series of smaller parts that can be easily assembled on site. Designs must enable low maintenance throughout the shelters lifespan since the unit will be isolated from any other man-made construction and will not have access to electricity or heating. The shelter will also be built in an area susceptible to harsh weather conditions. It must be resilient in the case of avalanches, heavy snowfalls, rainfalls, and ice storms and have the capacity to carry heavy snow loads.
15site
CONDITIONS
LOCATION
The site is a destination center for hikers and climbers in all seasons. The present site with the existing shelter is located under the Skuta Mountain in Kamnike Alpe, Slovenia at an elevation of 2070 meters. It sits on the karst plateau of Mali Podi along an unmarked trail leading to the summit of Skuta with an altitude of 2532 meters.31 Each year a few hundred mountaineers and hikers stop at the existing shelter, some for the night, some only for a brief break. This particular site is valued for its spectacular views of the surrounding mountains and the valley of Kamnika Bistrica.
EXISTING ALPINE SHELTER
The existing shelter provides 12 sleeping places (6 bunk beds) with blankets, a table, and a bench. The shelter is open all year round, though it is very rarely used between December and May. The most crowded months are July, August and September. The first shelter in this location was built in 1946. In 1981, The Mountaineering and climbing club Ljubljana-Matica built the present shelter that was larger and better protected from the weather than the previous one.
CLIMATE
Winter climatic conditions are very harsh at the altitude of the site location. Snow cover exists for more than half of the year. In winter, the depth of snow cover in the area may reach several meters. The average temperature of the year is close to 0 C. In summer, the average temperature rises close to 8-10 C and in winter drops to -6 C, but colder days may reach temperatures less than -20 C.
15
1616minimum living
space design
Minimum space design is characteristic of a variety of living spaces - for boats, motor caravans, trains, etc., where available space is limited. This design approach can also be advantageous for economic or functional reasons. Minimum space design has also developed a kind of minimalist design aesthetic that both reinforces and is derived from economic and functional efficiency.
At the beginning of the 20th century, spatial efficiency became an increasingly important topic of discussion in relation to the housing question. Immediate demand for housing in the post-war period led to economy of design and a scientific approach to architecture as a means to determine the minimum requirements of life. Particularly at the end of the 1920s, the social and economic situation led many architects to think about the question of Existenzminimum; while designing minimal and standardized apartments for the working class. Existenzminimum was defined in terms of the minimal acceptable floor space, density, fresh air, access to green space, access to transit, etc. required to support life and create a habitable dwelling. During the same period, the aspiration for a more simple, rational, and efficient living model was expressed in Le Corbusiers house as a machine for living.
Continued reflection on minimum living spaces has been developed by various architects throughout the past half century. Efforts in making living environments more functional, for example, have led to the evolution of ergonomics as a new scientific field in order to maximize spatial efficiency and well-being. With continued densification of contemporary cities, multi-functional designs have also led to a reduction in necessary allocation of
space.
train cabin
petit cabanon
capsule tower, kikusha kurokawa
boat house
17SHELTER
STRUCTURE
TRANSPORTATION
Structural design must be lightweight in order to facilitate easy transportation to remote locations that may not have automobile access. Transport by helicopter is common practice where other vehicular modes of transportation are not possible or hazardous. In these cases, transportation and construction must occur outside of winter months, when weather conditions are more favorable for flying.
Structural systems must also be consolidated within the buildings volume where possible to allow compact movement and transportation. A higher degree of prefabrication and reduced on-site assembly will also reduce the complications associated with building on steep and uneven terrain. This also reduces the necessary transportation of construction workers, materials, and tools for assembly.
Shelters can be transported as a whole or in numerous parts. However, increasing the number of parts will also increase the on-site construction and expense of the building. Prefabrication allows greater quality control outside of a hazardous and an uneven construction site.
AFFIXMENT
Small buildings can be raised off of a steep slope or embedded within it. When a foundation wall is embedded within a hillside, it is important to provide sufficient anchorage, reinforcement, backfill, and drainage to prevent the wall from collapsing or toppling over.
The most secure foundations will fix the building to bedrock whether at the ground surface or below loose rock or soil. If grade conditions are susceptible to freeze-thaw action, it is important to fix the building to a more secure and stable ground layer.
If footings and foundations are designed with enough strength and security, large cantilevers are possible. However, designs must determine and consider extreme and maximum wind and/or snow loads. In the case of strong winds and lateral forces, buildings can also be tied down with cables or structural steel to provide additional lateral stability.
Traditional construction is sometimes built above grade using a stone foundation. However, if the foundation is not tied to bedrock below, the form of the building and site positioning must be carefully considered so as not to expose the building to extreme lateral forces applied by strong winds or avalanches.
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STEP CASEFred Kim, Katie MacDonald, & Erin Pellegrino
TWIN HOUSEZheng Cui
Extreme AdaptabilityOliver Bucklin
Harmonika RewindTianghang Ren
InterlockElizabeth Wu
CUBEXin Su
The WindLauren McClellan
POP HOUSEFred Kim, Katie MacDonald, & Erin Pellegrino
ROTATEMyrna Ayoub
ARK I REVISITEDNadia Perlepe
LEDGE HOUSEElizabeth Pipal
TREE/HOUSEMike Meo
20
21STEP CASE
Fred Kim, Katie MacDonald, & Erin Pellegrino
Step Case is an economical, single-unit shelter that can exist both as a solitary unit and as an assembly, conglomerating in a variety of configurations to adapt to various alpine slopes. Shaped by the human form, the shelter accommodates sleeping, sitting, and standing. A slide-out table and fold-out chair double as additional seating and shelving devices, providing a combination of pragmatism and flexible social space. With its stepped form, the roof becomes an extension of the mountain topography, allowing mountaineers to scale the building as well as gather and socialize in the warmer months.
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23STEP CASE
WEIGHT................................................2000 KGDIMENSIONS..........2.5m x 2.5m x .8m/moduleMATERIALS.........................alucobond & woodOCCUPANCY...........................1 person/module
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2000 KG - 2.5m x 2.5m - 4 TRIPS TO SITE
2000 KG - 2.5m x 2.5m - 1 TRIP TO SITE
Fig. 1. Deployment Strategies
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Fig. 2. Slope Types & Hazards
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50 Slope - Snow Pile & Avalanche Hazards
35 Slope - Snow Pile Hazards
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Fig. 3. Modular Assemblies
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Fig. 4. Modular Assemblies
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Fig. 3. Modular Assemblies
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Fig. 4. Modular Assemblies
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Fig. 3. Modular Assemblies
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Fig. 4. Modular Assemblies
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Fig. 5. Stepping Module1m1:40
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Fig. 6. Podium Module1m
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Extruded metal panels, as used in airplanes, serve as a lightweight structural system for the stepped module. The generic geometries of hexagon, circle, or triangle extrusions can be densified to protect
against lateral wind loads and vertical loads on the feet.
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Fig. 8. Material Detail
Hexcel Fiberlam Panel
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Fig. 9. Animated Sections of Stepping Module1m1:40
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39Harmonika Rewind
Tianghang Ren
The shelter design is essentially an organic combination of rotation and folding structure. Instead of being static, the shelter derives from the perspectives of industrial design. By rotating two walls around the axis with beds attached to them, the shelter pushes the limits of materality and space. It, as well, maximizes its versatility by changing the volume of interior space and multiple combinations with several units. The envelope of the shelter is inspired by the concertina, which surprisingly resonates with the slovenian traditional instrument Harmonika. The concept of the envelope is functionally and culturally in the sync with Slovenian context.
40
41Harmonika Rewind
Specifications
DIMENSIONS......................4.8m x 3.0m x 1.4mMATERIALS............................Gore-tex & woodOCCUPANCY....................4 persons per module
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Fig. 1 Module Assembly
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Fig. 2 Module Assembly
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Fig. 3 Section1m1:40
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51cube
Xin Su
The CUBE is a compact shelter including two levels, each of which contains four beds, arranged according to the Pinwheel pattern. It not only maximize the efficiency of space, but also make space transferable between private and social. The structure is consistent with the logic of spatial elements. The detail, which is designed to adapt to the installation procedure, is carefully treated, so that all the components could be prefabricated in the factory, transported to the site and easily assembled there.
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53cube
WEIGHT................................................3500 KGDIMENSIONS.................................3.2m x 3.3mMATERIALS..................cross laminated timberOCCUPANCY.........................8 people per cube
Specifications
54
Fig. 1. Deployment Strategies
3500 Kg - 3.2M X 3.3M - 2 Trips To Site
3500 Kg - 3.2M X 3.3M - 6~8 Trips To Site
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1 BED x 8 = 4 BEDS x 2 PINWHEEL
SLEEPING - PRIVATE
LYING
PARTITION
CHATTING - SOCIAL
SITTING & STANDING
1m1:30Fig. 2. Arrangement and Scale
With the Pinwheel pattern, two goals are achieved:1. To make the 8-beds-shelter as compact as possible.
2. To create private and social space and make it transferable by the ways people use it. The central square is used as common area for climbing up and down.
Considering the heavy snow in the winter, except for the door, there is another entrance on the top of the shelter.
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Fig. 2. Floor Plan1m
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Fig. 3. Section 11m1:30
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Fig. 4. Section 21m
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Fig. 5. Installation Steps
Stand bar - fixed to level adjustable foundation (pre-installed and attached to the ground)
Step 1 Main Structure
Step 0 Foundation
Step 2 Lower Window & Enclosure Panel
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Fig. 6. Installation Steps
To better perform the shelter and further simplified the installation, wooden joints are considered preferentially, for they could be assembled without complicated tools. Especially when in the extreme cold weather, operation of some device can be very difficult.
Step 4 Partition Panel
Step 5 Roof
Step 3 Upper Window & Enclosure Panel
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1m1:40 Fig. 7. Axonometric
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Furthermore, the possibility to adapt to variant terrains is also considered. Based on types of structure. This cubic shelter could be located in different places of the mountain.
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65LEDGE HOUSE
Elizabeth Pipal
Ledge House is an eight person shelter that seeks to distill the joy of the climbing experience while providing a brief respite from its sometimes too harsh reality. It hangs from a cliff, minimizing its impact on the natural landscape while simultaneously allowing spectacular views from within. Its seeming precariousness alludes to the adrenaline of mountaineering. It is a warm home for a moment of contemplation, before the climber forges on.
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67ledge house
WEIGHT.................................................2500 kgDIMENSIONS.................................5.5m x 5.5mMATERIALS....wood, structural aerogel panels OCCUPANCY........................................8 people
Specifications
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2500 KG - 5.5m x 5.5m - 2 TRIPS TO SITE
2500 KG - 5.5m x 5.5m - 2 TRIPS TO SITE
2500 KG - 5.5m x 5.5m - 1 TRIP TO SITE
Fig. 3. Deployment Strategies
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Fig. 4. Portaledge
Fig. 5. Formal Derivation
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top view1:40
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Fig. 6-8. Top View and Plans2.5, 1.5m
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Fig. 9. Long Section
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102
345
545
53
section AA1:40
73
Fig. 10. Cross Section
570
207
229
149
105
345
section BB1:40
74
Fig. 11. View of Approach Under Snowy Conditions
75
Fig. 13. Detail of Floor and Cable Connections
structural panel
structural panel
aerogel insulation
aerogel insulation
interior finishes
spacer
waterproof insulation
steel platesteel support
steel bearing plate
moisture barrier
moisture barrier
high strength grout
thermal break (wood poss.)
cables
Fig. 12. Detail of Hanging Connection Between Cliff and Bivak
76
77
78
79pop house
Pop Haus is a climbable, modular shelter that adapts to various alpine sites. Deployed by helicopter as a planar assembly, the shelter folds open on site to become a three dimensional space. The structures modular system allows for units to be placed along slopes of varying heights. Wooden joints are moved into place and secured with dowels. Inside, beds fold out to accommodate both sleeping and socializing.
Fred Kim, Katie MacDonald, & Erin Pellegrino
80
81POP HOUSE
Specifications
WEIGHT..................................1000 KG/moduleDIMENSIONS.................................2.5m x 2.5mMATERIALS............................................LVL OCCUPANCY.......................1-4 people/module
82
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Fig. 1. Deployment Strategies
1000 KG - 2.5m x 2.5m - 2 TRIPS TO SITE
1000 KG - 2.5m x 2.5m - 2 TRIPS TO SITE
4000 KG - 5m x 2.5m - 1 TRIPS TO SITE
83
Fig. 3. Panel pops openFig. 2. Flat panel arrives on site Fig. 4. Assembly is secured
Fig. 6. Sloped site module assemblyFig. 5. Flat site module assembly Fig. 7. Steep site module assembly
84
Fig. 8. Elevation & Section1m1:40
85
Fig. 9. Connection details
Level adjustable foundation
1m1:40
86
Fig. 10. Planometric views1m1:40
87
1m1:40Fig. 11. Sectional views1m
1:40
88
Fig. 12. Occupancy diagrams1m1:80
89
Fig. 13. Cladding assemblies Fig. 14. Switchback roof profiles1m
1:80
90
91
92
93TREE/HOUSE
Mike Meo
The Tree/House is an ultralight, vertical safe haven for the hiker that loves to climb. The scheme organizes sleeping and storage spaces around a central circulation atrium. The pinwheel allows for the minimization of the interior volume while simul-taneously maximizing the hikers personal space. The hiker can experience both connectivity with the other hikers occupying the Tree/House while still being able to retreat to their own unique level and viewport within the tower. Each L bed unit has one leg for sleeping and another for storage of the hikers personal gear. The outer form reflects the inner tectonic. A simple triangulated arm rotates in tandem with the beds.
The Tree/House is light in its material composition. A tight weather-proof fabric stretches between the aluminum structural elements. The textile membrane decreases the shelters thermal mass and exterior surface area. With the lowered thermal mass, heat generated by bodies can quickly warm the vertical volume.
A welcomed surprise, the Tree/House provides the hiker with a sheltering tree well above the treeline.
94
95TREE/HOUSE
WEIGHT.......................................................2000 KGDIMENSIONS.....................................3mx3mx5mMATERIALS...........................aluminum or wooden structure, wood platform, tent membraneOCCUPANCY......................................8-10 people
Specifications
96
Transportation to site1m1:40
1000 KG - 2.5m x 2.5m - 2 TRIPS TO SITE
1000 KG - 2.5m x 2.5m - 2 TRIPS TO SITE
4000 KG - 5m x 2.5m - 1 TRIPS TO SITE
97
Construction sequence
The Tree/House is composed of two interwoven structural elements: four main posts, and one repeated triangulated space frame module. These provide for an open central area and a rigid, cross-braced periphery. Unlike a tree, the Tree/Houses structural integrity is more dependent on its periphery than its core.
98
1m1:40
99
Cross bracing between the four vertical members occurs at the periphery of the shell, allowing the central circulation atrium to be free of diagonal members. The hiker can freely pass the central core to their bed surface.
The pinwheel plans allows for a compressed vertical space above the feet and generous open space from the knees to the head. The hiker can layout, sit up, and stretch without feeling the crowding typical in bunk beds.
1m1:40
100
Early iteration compose of wood module and steel structural module, rotated about a central atrium.
101
102
103
104
Fig. 1. Rendering
105THE WIND
Lauren McClellan
wind \wind\ 1a: to weave; 1c: to introduce sinuously or stealthily; 2a: to encircle or cover with something pliable; 2b: to turn completely or repeatedly about an object- coil, twine; 2e: to raise to a high level (as of excitement or tension)- usually used with up; 3a: to cause to move in a curving line or path.
The Wind is a shelter composed of modules - or the smallest possible inhabitable unit -that stack and turn about a central social space. Each module is a planar ring that thickens on one side to accomodate sleeping, sitting, standing, eating and circulating. The stacking aggregation both defines the spiraling circulation and gives the surfaces their dynamic character through their relationship to one another.
The following pages illustrate different site and material tectonic realizations of the shelter. One programmatic appointment of The Wind is inspired by Slovenian bivaks and engenders a hiking shelter. The round form and diagrid structure bear extreme climatic loading (snow and wind).
106
107
WEIGHT................................................2000 KGDIMENSIONS.................................3.6m x 3.6mMATERIALS.................................................TBDOCCUPANCY......................1 person per module
Specifications
THE WIND
108
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2000 KG - 3.6m diameter - 1 TRIP TO SITE
500 KG - 3.6m diameter - 4 TRIPS TO SITE
2000 KG - 3.6m diameter - 1 TRIP TO SITE
Fig. 7. Deployment Strategies
109
Fig. 8. Construction Detail
110
605 cm
360 cm
1m1:40 Fig. 1. Side Elevation
111
1m1:40Fig. 2. Front Elevation
605 cm
360 cm
112
605
cm
50 c
m
1m1:40 Fig. 5. Unrolled Structural Skin
113
605
cm
50 c
m
1m1:40Fig. 6. Section
114
Fig. 3. Plan1m1:40
605 cm
360 cm
115
Fig. 4. Module Stack Exploded1m
1:40
116
117
1m1:40
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125interlock
Elizabeth Wu
Interlock is a modular unit that takes the traditional box-cut joint for wood-house construction to an extreme. The construction explores how cross-laminated timber can be both a structural and thermal regulator while expressing the funtionality through the facade. The units are compact in floor area and are flexible enough to adapt to various inclines and topographies.
126
127interlock
WEIGHT................................................3500 KGDIMENSIONS.................................3.0m x 3.0mMATERIALS..................cross-laminated timber
& polycarbonateOCCUPANCY......................8 people per module
Specifications
128
Fig. 4. Concept Diagrams
alternate stacking of beds to provide personal space
shared space at ends of beds for storage and food prep
EXISTING BIVAK PROPOSED BIVAK
SURFACE AREAEnvelope: 48 m2
Floor: 16 m2 + 14.4 m2
Roof: 16 m2
TOTAL: 94.4 m2
FLOOR WEIGHT~2000kgSTRUCTURE HEIGHT3.0m
SURFACE AREAEnvelope: 40.8 m2
Floor: 7.5 m2 + 14.4 m2
Roof: 7.5 m2
TOTAL: 70.2m2
FLOOR WEIGHT1500kg
STRUCTURE HEIGHT4.4m
TIMBER JOINT CONNECTIONS
minimize footprint of sleeping area
increase height of sleeping area
129
max panel width 295.0 cm
max
pan
el h
eigh
t16
50.0
cm
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
R1
R2
A
B
C
DE
FG
R1R2
+ oor plate
Fig. 5. Deployment Strategies
Pre-assembly: minimize material storage space
Assembly: construct module in [2] parts off-site
Production: minimize material usage (16.5 m x 2.4 m panels)
Assembly: 3000kg 3.0m x 3.0 m 2 TRIPS TO INSTALL
130
206.0 cm
12 c
m42
0.0
cm10
cm
285.0 cm
206.0 cm 79.0 cm
116.2 m
100.
0 cm
102.
0 cm
52.0
cm
285.
0 cm
Fig. 3. Plan_Attachment Option 011m1:40
Section X-X
5-layer cross laminated timber
3-layer cross laminated timber
3-layer polycarbonate glazing
lateral struts anchored to rock-face
Plan at +170cm
Detail Sequence 01
131
425.0 cm
444.
0 cm
285.0
cm
285.0 cm
Fig. 4. Plan_Attachment Option 021m
1:40
Detail Sequence 02
Section Y-Y
5-layer cross laminated timber
3-layer polycarbonate glazing
Plan at +170cm Plan at +350cm
132
Fig. 5 Suggested Manudfacturer Details1m1:10
KLH Cross Laminated Timber Panels
Roof to Wallangle clips+ screws
Polycarbonate Panels
PaneliteClearlite
double layer
PaneliteClearlite
triple layer
Polygaleextruded triple-cell
+aluminum
top and rail
Interior Wallgrooves and cut-outs for electrical + plumbing
Wall-Floorangle clips + screws
133
Fig. 6. Customized Connections1m
1:10
DETAIL SEQUENCE 01Outside Corner
DETAIL SEQUENCE 02Interior Corner
1. Foundation
2. Set Panel A
3. Slide andlock Panel B, provide sealing tape
4. Panel A
5. Slide polycarbonate panes
6. Adjust and seal polycar-bonate frame in place
7. Align and lock roof panels to wall notches, additional fasteners as required
1. Slide and align Panels D & E
2. Snap-fit and lock in place
3. Bed platforms slide from above
Panel D
Panel E
134
Fig. 7. Section X-X
206.0 cm
12 c
m42
0.0
cm10
cm
285.0 cm
206.0 cm 79.0 cm
116.2 m
100.
0 cm
102.
0 cm
52.0
cm
285.
0 cm
1m1:40
135
Fig. 8. Section Y-Y
425.0 cm
444.
0 cm
285.0
cm
285.0 cm
1m1:40
136
Fig. 1. Rendering
8% SLOPE 120% SLOPE2% SLOPE
SOLAR (23O)
WIND
SNOW
CLUSTER
LINEAR MIRROR
LINEAR
SPIRAL
137
138
139rOtate
Myrna Ayoub
The main goal of this project was to create a multi-functional and easily changeable space for all mountaineers seeking shelter. The concept of the prototype is inspired by the farmers plow and its rotational mechanism. The interior space is organized through a module that rotates to become a seat, bed, storage and counter space. The skin is fabricated from a series of ribs that mold to the rotation modules in cross section and is covered in transluscent fiberglass textile coated in teflon. The facade and modules are held by the vierendeeel truss structure which allows the prototype to cantaliever from the mountain.
Fig. #1. Day Perspective
140
141rotate
WEIGHT................................................2000 KGDIMENSIONS......................5.5m x 3.2m x 3.5mMATERIALS..............aluminum, textile & woodOCCUPANCY........................................8 people
Specifications
142
2000 KG - 5.5m x 3.2m - 1 TRIP TO SITE
2000 KG - 5.5m x 3.2m - 1TRIP TO SITE
2000 KG - 5.5m x 3.2m - 1 TRIP TO SITE
Fig. #1. Deployment Strategies
2000 KG - 5.5m x 3.2m - 1 TRIP TO SITE
2000 KG - 5.5m x 3.2m - 1TRIP TO SITE
2000 KG - 5.5m x 3.2m - 1 TRIP TO SITE
Fig. #3. Deployment Strategies
143
Wooden filler ribs protect against lateral wind loads and vertical loads on the feet. While giving the interior space a warmer feeling.
Aluminum ribbed facade shapes around the rotating furniture modules in cross section creating porousness throughout the shelter. The soft curves of the form adapt to the mountain topography.
A vierendeel cantaliever structure carries the ribbed facade and furniture elements of the shelter. These pipes are piled into the mountain. The cantaliever allows for snow build up in extreme weather conditions while keeping the entrance and view open for the mountaineers.
Transclucent fiberglass textile coated in teflon covers the ribbed facade, shielding the shelter from rain and snow while allowing sunlight to enter the shelter.
Fig. #4. Exploded Axonometric
144
Fig. #5. Module Diagrams
100
50
100
58
100
50
100
50
SIT
SLEEP
STORE USE
145
Fig. #6. Module Diagrams
146
Fig. #7. Interior Perspectives
147
Fig. #8. Interior Perspectives
148
Fig. #9. Planometric views1m1:40
555
325
325
100
100
100
204 64 204 9 6410
149
Fig. #10. Sectional views1m
1:40
100
280
80
300
360
555
267
150
Fig. #11. Facade Ribs Diagram
71
1
2 3
4
5
11 12
7
8 9
10
13
14
16
17 18
19
20 21
22
23 24
25
26 27
28
29 30
31
32
33
34
35 36
37
38 39
40
41 42
43
44 45
46
47 48
49
5051
52
53 54
55
56 57
58
59 60
61
62 63
64
65
66
67
68 69
70
72
7374 75
76
77 78
79
80 81
8283
84
0
57
89
11 1214
15
15 17 18 20 21
23 24 26 27 29 30 32
33 35 36 38 39 41 42
44 45 47 48 50 51 53 54
56 5960 62 63 65
66 68 69 71 72 74 75
77 78 80 81 83 84
5
6
62 3
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -4 -3 -2 -1-5
85
9192
93
94 9596
97
8687
8889 90
0
-1-6 -4-9-10 -7 -3
89 90 96959392
86 87
151
Fig. #12. Ribs Construction Diagram
152
153
154
Fig. 1. Rendering
155ark | revisited
Nadia Perlepe
ALPINE SHELTER or NOAHS ARK This shelter is a solid, compact structure with the ability to sustain life in the most extreme of environments, not unlike an ark. This ark provides a safe haven during night or extreme environmental conditions. INTERIORThis shelter is conceived as a lifeboat, anchored on a mountain. Its amphitheatric interior has a dual function. First, it is a social space, where hikers sleep, store their belongings, eat and socialise. Second, it is a window- a viewing point, and observation deck, that opens up to nature and offers views both towards the mountain and towards the sky.
156
THE ARK
ARK ANCHORED ARK | REVISITED
ALPINE SHELTER ARK | revisited
+
CONCEPT TO ARCHITECTURE
AMPHITHEATER AS VARIATIONS ON A PLAN
AMPHITHEATER
OBSERVATION DECK SOCIAL SPACE
CONCEPT
concept diagrams
157ark | revisited
Specifications
WEIGHT........................................................>3000 KGDIMENSIONS...............................................6m x 2.5mMATERIALS........steel frame, charred wood, plywoodOCCUPANCY....................................................8 adults
158
1m1:40 Transportation Diagram
159
1m1:40
VARIATIONS on a PLANaxonometric
Plan Variations
160
Material Variations
charred wood
plywood panels
grey cement wood boards
black stained timber finish
CHARRED WOOD
CHARRED WOOD CHARRED WOOD
BLACK STAINED TIMBER FINISH
GREY CEMENTWOOD BOARD
GREY CEMENTWOOD BOARD
FRIBRE C
FIBRE C PLYWOOD
MATERIALS | EXTERIOR
MATERIALS | AXONOMETRICS
MATERIALS | FACADE VARIATIONS
MATERIALS | INTERIOR
CHARRED WOOD
CHARRED WOOD CHARRED WOOD
BLACK STAINED TIMBER FINISH
GREY CEMENTWOOD BOARD
GREY CEMENTWOOD BOARD
FRIBRE C
FIBRE C PLYWOOD
MATERIALS | EXTERIOR
MATERIALS | AXONOMETRICS
MATERIALS | FACADE VARIATIONS
MATERIALS | INTERIOR
CHARRED WOOD
CHARRED WOOD CHARRED WOOD
BLACK STAINED TIMBER FINISH
GREY CEMENTWOOD BOARD
GREY CEMENTWOOD BOARD
FRIBRE C
FIBRE C PLYWOOD
MATERIALS | EXTERIOR
MATERIALS | AXONOMETRICS
MATERIALS | FACADE VARIATIONS
MATERIALS | INTERIOR
CHARRED WOOD
CHARRED WOOD CHARRED WOOD
BLACK STAINED TIMBER FINISH
GREY CEMENTWOOD BOARD
GREY CEMENTWOOD BOARD
FRIBRE C
FIBRE C PLYWOOD
MATERIALS | EXTERIOR
MATERIALS | AXONOMETRICS
MATERIALS | FACADE VARIATIONS
MATERIALS | INTERIOR
161
Exterior Cladding Variations2m
1:40
CHARRED WOOD
CHARRED WOOD CHARRED WOOD
BLACK STAINED TIMBER FINISH
GREY CEMENTWOOD BOARD
GREY CEMENTWOOD BOARD
FRIBRE C
FIBRE C PLYWOOD
MATERIALS | EXTERIOR
MATERIALS | AXONOMETRICS
MATERIALS | FACADE VARIATIONS
MATERIALS | INTERIOR
CHARRED WOOD
CHARRED WOOD CHARRED WOOD
BLACK STAINED TIMBER FINISH
GREY CEMENTWOOD BOARD
GREY CEMENTWOOD BOARD
FRIBRE C
FIBRE C PLYWOOD
MATERIALS | EXTERIOR
MATERIALS | AXONOMETRICS
MATERIALS | FACADE VARIATIONS
MATERIALS | INTERIOR
162
Plans & Sections
1.9
2.8
1.9
6.6
2.4
0.5
0.24
0 1 2
1m1:40
163
Elevations & Sections
1.9
2.4
0 1 2
1m1:40
164
EXPLODED PERSPECTIVEstructure
Exploded Perspective | Structure
165
Interior Views
166
167Extreme AdaptabilityOliver Bucklin
Through folding, this shelter transforms from a compact, stackable, easy to ship package to a fully inhabitable shelter in miinutes. The built in legs adapt to almost any slope, and the volume of the shleter almost triples in deplyment.
168
169
Specifications
Extreme Adaptability
WEIGHT..................................................................................2000 KGDIMENSIONS(folded)...............................4m(l) x 2.4m(w) x 1.25m(h)DIMENSIONS(deployed).........................5.8m(l) x 2.4m(w) x 2.5m(h)MATERIALS.............................................plastic, foam, aluminumOCCUPANCY.........................................................................8 people
170
2000 KG - 2.5m x 1.5m x 2.4m
2000 KG - 2.5m x 1.5m x 2.4m
4 units /standard shipping container
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Deployment of Legs Deployment of Shelter
172
Transverse Section of Folded Module
Transverse Section of Deployed Module
Scale 1:40
173
Longitudinal Section of Folded Module
Longitudinal Section of Deployed Module
Plan of Deployed Module
174
Main frame that holds leg mechanism Primary rack slides to adjust longitudinal elevation change
175
Secondary rack slides to adjust to transverse eleva-tion change
Primary and secondary racks slide in conjunction to adjust to diagonal elevation change
176
177
Zheng Cui
TWIN HOUSE
TWIN HOUSE is a shelter comprised by two module units. Each module works by itself with the minimum space and fold-able furniture for a group of 4 people standing, sitting, eating, socializing and sleeping. Each module unit can be placed as 3 different positions, creating 9 configurations in total for the module assembly which allows the shelter to adapt to various alpine locations. In the booklet, 5 configurations have been tested. Each configuration has a unique indoor and outdoor space character, different mountaineer groups could choose different configurations for their use. Two-module system also makes a single module easier for vehicle and helicopter to carry to the designated location.
178
179TWIN HOUSE
Zheng Cui
WEIGHT......................................... 1000 KG per moduleDIMENSIONS.........L2.0m x W2.0mx H3.0m per moduleMATERIALS......................................alucobond & woodOCCUPANCY.................................. 4 person per module
180
Fig. 32.Transportation
181
a 1mX1m wood/alucobond panel will be cut into 2 or 4 triangle pieces, these pieces can be either facade material attached to the triangle structure elements and being assembled in the factory or the facade material is infilled into the triangle structure element as one piece, and these pieces can be carried by the helicopter/truck to the site and being assembled on site
imber Structrure System-Cage
Fig. 31.Structure System and Facade
structure with attached facade panels
Module A Elevation Module B Elevation
1 2
3 4
5 6 7
98
15
1617 18
19
20 21 22 23
24 25
1011 12
13 14
1 2
3 4
6 7
9
8
18 19 20
21 22 2423
25
11 12 13 14
5
10
15 16
17
each traigle panel contains sturcture and fa-cade elements,no extra structure and facade materials are needed after the assembly
182
A0
TWIN HOUSE A0B0
A0 A0
A0
A0
B0
B90B90
B180B180
MODULE ASSEMBLY OPTION 1
TWIN HOUSE A0B0
A0
B0
MODULE ASSEMBLY OPTION 1
Fig. 5. Module Assembly Options
MODULE ASSEMBLY OPTION 2
TWIN HOUSE A90B0
183
MODULE ASSEMBLY OPTION 3
TWIN HOUSE A90B90
B0B0
B90B90
B180B180
A90A90
A90A90
A90
A90
TWIN HOUSE A90B0
TWIN HOUSE A90B90
MODULE ASSEMBLY OPTION 2
MODULE ASSEMBLY OPTION 3
MODULE ASSEMBLY OPTION 4 MODULE ASSEMBLY OPTION 5
TWIN HOUSE A180B0 TWIN HOUSE A180B90
B0B0
B90B90
B180B180
A180
A180
A180
A180
A180A180
MODULE ASSEMBLY OPTION 4
MODULE ASSEMBLY OPTION 5
TWIN HOUSE A180B0
TWIN HOUSE A180B90
184
Fig. 1. Module and Module Assembly Concept
MODULE CONCEPT 2 Dimension : L2m,W2m,H3m
Minimum Space of 4 people standing,sitting and sleeping, with storage space
1000
1000
500
3000
2000
5005002000
1000 500
1000
2000
1000
Ladder
1000
1000
500
3000
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5005002000
1000 500
1000
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1000
Ladder
2.0m
3.0m
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0 0.50.5
2.0m
1.0 0.50.5
2.0m
185
1m1:60
B0 B90 B180
Vertical 0o Horizontal 90o Vertical 180o
A90 A180
Horizontal 90o Vertical 180o
A0o A90o A180o
STORAGE
STORAGE
STORAGE
STORAGE
STORAGE
STORAGE
3000
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500 5001000
2000
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B0o B90o B180o
STORAGE STORAGE
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Section 1-1 Section 2-2
STORAGE
STORAGE
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1400 1800
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STORAGE
STORAGE
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STORAGE
STORAGE
STORAGE
2000
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1000 500 1000 500
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5001000500
3000
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STORAGE
STORAGE
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STORAGE
2000
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5001000500
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STORAGE STORAGE
STORAGE
Section 1-1 Section 2-2
STORAGE
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1400 1800
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STORAGE
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Position 10o
Position 10o
Position 2Rotating 90o
Position 2Rotating 90o
Position 3Rotating 180o
Position 3Rotating 180o
Module A Rotation Possibilities
Module B Rotation Possibilities
Fig. 2. Module A&B Rotation Possibilities
A0
Vertical 0o
186
Daytime Relaxing Eating/Meeting
Going up through ladder Sleeping
Fig. 3. Module A Interior Activity Scenarios
187
Daytime Relaxing Group Meeting
Eating Sleeping
Fig. 4. Module B Interior Activity Scenarios
188
Daytime Relaxing
Dining
Meeitng/Entertaining
Sleeping
Fig. 9. Interior Activity Scenarios of Option 1
189
Section 3-3
Floor Plan
1m1:40Fig. 8. Assembly Option 1 Floor Plan & Section
2
1
2
Plan
3 3
1
Ladder
+2,00 +0.500.00
+1.70 +1.20 +1.70
1.0
2.0
1.00.5 0.5
1.52.0
1.00.5
3.0
STORAGE
STORAGE
Section 3-3
LADDER
STORAGE
STORAGESTORAGE
+0.50
+2,00
+1.70
+1.20
+4.20
1800
0.00
1.2
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3.0
0.5
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1.0
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1.0
1.5
4.2
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
190
Daytime Relaxing
Dining
Meeitng/Entertaining
Fig. 14. Interior Activity Scenarios of Option 2
191
Section 2-2
STORAGE
STORAGE
STORAGE
Section 1-1
STORAGE
STORAGE
0.5
2.0
1.0
3.0
0.5
2.0
1.0 1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
0.5
1800
0.5 1.0
3.0
1.0
0.5
Section 1-1 Section 2-2
1m1:40Fig. 13. Assembly Option 2 Floor Plan & Sections
Plan
2
3
1
3
2
1
1.0
0.5
2.0
2.0
0.00
2000
2.0
500
1.5
1500
+0.50
+0.50+0.50
+0.50
0.00
Floor Plan
192
Daytime Relaxing
Dining
Fig. 19. Interior Activity Scenarios of Option 3
193
2
3
2
1
Plan
3
1
+0.50
+0.50
0.00 0.00
+0.50
+0.50
2.0
2.0
1.0
0.5
3.0
1.5
0.5
1.0
3.0
1.5
Section 2-2
STORAGE
Section 1-1
STORAGE
STORAGE
STORAGE
STORAGE
STORAGE
1.00.5
0.5
1.0
1.0 0.5 1.0
2.0
0.5
4.0
1.0
1.0
4.0
0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0
0.5
0.5
2.0
Section 2-2
STORAGE
Section 1-1
STORAGE
STORAGE
STORAGE
STORAGE
STORAGE
1.00.5
0.5
1.0
1.0 0.5 1.0
2.0
0.5
4.0
1.0
1.0
4.0
0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0
0.5
0.5
2.0
Section 1-1
Floor Plan
Section 2-21m
1:40Fig. 18. Assembly Option 3 Floor Plan & Sections
194
Daytime Relaxing
Dining
Meeitng/Entertaining
Sleeping
Fig. 24. Interior Activity Scenarios of Option 4
195
2
Plan
1
1
3
2
3
-1.00
-0.50
0.00
+0.50
2.0
+0.50
2.0 2.0
1.5
0.5
Fig. 23.Assembly Option 4 loor Plan & Sections 1m
1:40
Section 1-1 Section 2-2
Floor Plan
STORAGE
STORAGE
STORAGE STORAGE
Section 1-1
STORAGE
Section 2-2
1800
1.00.5
0.5
0.5
3.0
1.0
2.0
1.00.5 0.5
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
3.0
1.0
2.0
0.5
196
Daytime Relaxing
Dining
Meeitng/Entertaining
Sleeping
Fig. 28. Interior Activity Scenarios of Option 5
197
Section 2-2
STORAGE
Section 1-1
STORAGE
STORAGE
2.0
3.0
3.0
0.5
0.5
2.0
1.0 0.5
1.0
0.5
1.0
0.51.0 1.0 0.5
0.5
1.0
0.5
Fig. 27. Assembly Option 5 Floor Plan & Sections
1m1:40
Section 1-1 Section 2-2
Floor Plan1
3
1
2
1
3
Plan
2
+0.50
0.00
+0.50
3.0
-0.50
-1.00
2.0
1.5
0.5
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.5
0.5