Houghton Houghton MifflinMifflin

English Level English Level 66

Unit 1 Unit 1 The SentenceThe Sentence

Unit 1 Unit 1 Lesson 1: Kinds of SentencesLesson 1: Kinds of Sentences

Scenario:Scenario: You have just returned from a hot air You have just returned from a hot air

ballooning adventure. Describe what the ballooning adventure. Describe what the roads, trees, lakes, and people looked like roads, trees, lakes, and people looked like from the balloon. Give the commands the from the balloon. Give the commands the pilot might have given. Tell what the pilot might have given. Tell what the other children on the balloon ride might other children on the balloon ride might have been shouting. Invent some have been shouting. Invent some questions the ground crew asked the pilot questions the ground crew asked the pilot over a short-wave radio.over a short-wave radio.

Why is each sentence punctuated the way Why is each sentence punctuated the way it is?it is?

Unit 1Unit 1

Lesson 1Lesson 1

Kinds of SentencesKinds of Sentences

NotesNotes

The SentenceThe Sentence

• A A sentencesentence is a group of is a group of words that expresses a words that expresses a complete thought. complete thought.

• All sentences start with a All sentences start with a capital letter.capital letter.

Kinds of Sentences:Kinds of Sentences:

• DeclarativeDeclarative• InterrogativeInterrogative• ImperativeImperative• ExclamatoryExclamatory

DeclarativeDeclarative

• A sentence that makes a A sentence that makes a statementstatement

• It ends with a periodIt ends with a period

Example:Example:

I bought a package of wrappingI bought a package of wrapping

paper.paper.

InterrogativeInterrogative

• A sentence that asks a A sentence that asks a questionquestion

• It ends with a question markIt ends with a question mark

Example:Example:

What are you going to wrap?What are you going to wrap?

ImperativeImperative

• A sentence that gives a A sentence that gives a command or makes a requestcommand or makes a request

• It ends with a periodIt ends with a period

Example:Example:

Help me. Please hold the box.Help me. Please hold the box.

ExclamatoryExclamatory

• A sentence that shows A sentence that shows excitement or strong feelingexcitement or strong feeling

• It ends with an exclamation It ends with an exclamation pointpoint

Example:Example:

This is a wonderful gift! HowThis is a wonderful gift! How

clever you are!clever you are!

Unit 1Unit 1Lesson 2 Complete Subjects and Complete PredicatesLesson 2 Complete Subjects and Complete Predicates

Give sentences about what you see. List the sentences onGive sentences about what you see. List the sentences onthe board. Identify who or what each sentence is aboutthe board. Identify who or what each sentence is aboutand circle it. Tell what is happening in each sentence andand circle it. Tell what is happening in each sentence andunderline it.underline it.

Unit 1Unit 1

Lesson 2 Lesson 2

Complete Subjects and Complete Subjects and Complete PredicatesComplete Predicates

NotesNotes

Complete Subjects and Complete Subjects and Complete PredicatesComplete Predicates

• Every sentence has two parts, Every sentence has two parts, a subject and a predicate.a subject and a predicate.

• The The subjectsubject tells whom or tells whom or what the sentence is about.what the sentence is about.

• The The predicatepredicate tells what the tells what the subject does, is, has, or feels.subject does, is, has, or feels.

• All of the words in the subject All of the words in the subject make up the make up the complete subjectcomplete subject..

• All of the words in the All of the words in the predicate make up the predicate make up the complete predicatecomplete predicate..

Examples:Examples:Green sneakersGreen sneakers are on sale.are on sale.

WhoWho wants a pair?wants a pair?

My friendMy friend does.does.

Everyone in schoolEveryone in school is wearing bright is wearing bright shoes.shoes.

Unit 1Unit 1

Lesson 3Lesson 3

Simple Subjects and Simple Simple Subjects and Simple PredicatesPredicates

NotesNotes

Simple Subjects and Simple Subjects and Simple PredicatesSimple Predicates

• The main word (or words) in the The main word (or words) in the complete subject is called the complete subject is called the simplesimple subjectsubject..

• The main word (or words) in the The main word (or words) in the complete predicate is called the complete predicate is called the simplesimple predicatepredicate..

• The simple predicate is made up The simple predicate is made up of at least one verb, a word that of at least one verb, a word that shows action or being.shows action or being.

Examples:Examples:

The The doorbelldoorbell rangrang..

The frisky brown The frisky brown puppypuppy jumpedjumped at the at the noise.noise.

Bob SmithBob Smith from New York from New York was visitingwas visiting at the at the time.time.

HeHe playedplayed with the with the puppy.puppy.

New YorkNew York isis Ann’s home too. Ann’s home too.

Ann’s Ann’s dogdog has grownhas grown large. large.

Unit 1Unit 1

Lesson 4 Lesson 4

Subjects in Imperative Subjects in Imperative and Interrogative and Interrogative

SentencesSentences

NotesNotes

Subjects in Imperative Subjects in Imperative and Interrogative and Interrogative

SentencesSentences• We know that an imperative sentence We know that an imperative sentence gives a command and an interrogative gives a command and an interrogative sentence asks a question.sentence asks a question.

Example:Example:

Can you find the subject of this Can you find the subject of this imperative imperative

sentence?sentence?

Please call a taxi for mePlease call a taxi for me..

• The subject of an imperative The subject of an imperative sentence is always sentence is always youyou. You is . You is usually understood rather than usually understood rather than stated.stated.

Example:Example:

(You) Please call a taxi for me.(You) Please call a taxi for me.

• You can find the subject of an You can find the subject of an interrogative sentence by interrogative sentence by rearranging the question into a rearranging the question into a statement. Then ask statement. Then ask whowho or or what what does the action.does the action.

Example:Example:

Question: Will the taxi get to the Question: Will the taxi get to the airport on time?airport on time?

Statement: The Statement: The taxitaxi will get to will get to the airport on time.the airport on time.

Unit 1Unit 1

Lesson 5 Lesson 5

Compound SubjectsCompound Subjects

NotesNotes

Compound SubjectsCompound Subjects

• Some sentences have more Some sentences have more than one simple subject. than one simple subject.

• When a sentence has two or When a sentence has two or more simple subjects joined more simple subjects joined by the connecting word by the connecting word andand or or oror, the subject is called a , the subject is called a compoundcompound subjectsubject..

Examples:Examples:JoanJoan and and CarolCarol practice often. practice often.

My My brotherbrother or or sistersister will sing will sing tomorrow.tomorrow.

ParentsParents, , relativesrelatives, and , and friendsfriends may may attend.attend.

Beautiful Beautiful musicmusic and lively and lively dancesdances will will be be

performed.performed.

Unit 1Unit 1

Lesson 6 Lesson 6

Compound PredicatesCompound Predicates

NotesNotes

Compound PredicatesCompound Predicates

• A sentence can also have more A sentence can also have more than one simple predicate.than one simple predicate.

• When a sentence has two or When a sentence has two or more simple predicates joined more simple predicates joined by the connecting word by the connecting word andand or or oror, the predicate is called a , the predicate is called a compoundcompound predicatepredicate..

Examples:Examples:

Children in the park Children in the park jumpedjumped, , playedplayed, , or or

ranran..

Al and I Al and I will walkwill walk fast and fast and stopstop at at

Jim’s house.Jim’s house.

People People openedopened umbrellas, umbrellas, hoppedhopped on on

buses, or buses, or dasheddashed into stores. into stores.

Unit 1Unit 1

Lesson 7 Lesson 7

Compound SentencesCompound Sentences

NotesNotes

Compound SentencesCompound Sentences

• Sometimes two simple Sometimes two simple sentences can be combined sentences can be combined into one sentence called a into one sentence called a compoundcompound sentencesentence..

• The simple sentences are The simple sentences are joined by a comma and a joined by a comma and a connecting word like connecting word like andand, , oror, , or or butbut..

Examples:Examples:Jo is a scientist. She travels often.Jo is a scientist. She travels often.Jo is a scientist, and she travels often.Jo is a scientist, and she travels often.

Will you go to Peru? Will you do more Will you go to Peru? Will you do more research?research?

Will you go to Peru, or will you do moreWill you go to Peru, or will you do moreresearch?research?

Ancient people had no alphabet. They drewAncient people had no alphabet. They drewsigns.signs.Ancient people had no alphabet, but they Ancient people had no alphabet, but they

drewdrewsigns.signs.

• Do not confuse a compound Do not confuse a compound sentence with a simple sentence sentence with a simple sentence that has a compound subject, a that has a compound subject, a compound predicate, or both. compound predicate, or both.

• A compound sentence has a A compound sentence has a subject and a predicate on subject and a predicate on eacheach side of the connecting word.side of the connecting word.

Examples:Examples:

Compound Subject: Ann and I do research.Compound Subject: Ann and I do research.

Compound Predicate: We write reports andCompound Predicate: We write reports and

read them aloud.read them aloud.

Compound Subject and Compound Predicate:Compound Subject and Compound Predicate:

She and I study and work together.She and I study and work together.

Compound Sentence: Ann types the report,Compound Sentence: Ann types the report,

and I proofread it.and I proofread it.

Unit 1Unit 1

Lesson 8 Lesson 8

ConjunctionsConjunctions

NotesNotes

ConjunctionsConjunctions

• The connecting words and, or, The connecting words and, or, and but are called and but are called conjunctionsconjunctions..

• You can use conjunctions to You can use conjunctions to make subjects, predicates, make subjects, predicates, and sentences compound.and sentences compound.

• The conjunction that you use The conjunction that you use depends on your purpose.depends on your purpose.

• Use Use andand to add information: to add information:

I can swim and dive.I can swim and dive.

• Use Use butbut to show contrast: to show contrast:

I swim, but Lee sails.I swim, but Lee sails.

• Use Use oror to give a choice: to give a choice:

Does he sail or swim?Does he sail or swim?

Unit 1 Unit 1

Lesson 9 Lesson 9

Combining Sentences: Combining Sentences: Compound SentencesCompound Sentences

NotesNotes

Combining Sentences: Combining Sentences: Compound SentencesCompound Sentences

• To make your writing more To make your writing more interesting, use sentences of interesting, use sentences of different lengths.different lengths.

• You can make a sentence longer by You can make a sentence longer by combining two choppy sentences combining two choppy sentences into a into a compound sentencecompound sentence..

• Join the simple sentences with a Join the simple sentences with a comma and a conjunction. Use a comma and a conjunction. Use a conjunction that gives the meaning conjunction that gives the meaning you want.you want.

Examples:Examples:Simple SentenceSimple Sentence Compound SentenceCompound SentenceI want to play my guitar.I want to play my guitar. I want to play my I want to play my

guitar,guitar,

I lost my music.I lost my music. but I lost my music.but I lost my music.

Can you play this song?Can you play this song? Can you play this Can you play this song, or song, or

Is it too difficult?Is it too difficult? is it too difficult?is it too difficult?

I take music lessons.I take music lessons. I take music lessons, I take music lessons, andand

I practice each week.I practice each week. I practice each week.I practice each week.

Unit 1Unit 1

Lesson 10Lesson 10

Combining Sentences: Combining Sentences: Complex SentencesComplex Sentences

NotesNotes

Unit 1Unit 1Lesson 10: Combining Sentences: Complex Lesson 10: Combining Sentences: Complex

SentencesSentences

The bell rang. The students got up The bell rang. The students got up fromfrom

their desks. They went on to their nexttheir desks. They went on to their nextclass.class.

These sentences are simple sentences. Can you These sentences are simple sentences. Can you combine combine

any two of the sentences, using a connecting word?any two of the sentences, using a connecting word?

What would happen if you replaced What would happen if you replaced andand with with beforebefore or or afterafter? Words such as ? Words such as beforebefore and and afterafter, when used to , when used to combines two simple sentences, show very clearly the combines two simple sentences, show very clearly the relationship between the two sentences.relationship between the two sentences.

Combining Sentences: Combining Sentences: Complex SentencesComplex Sentences

• You have learned to form a You have learned to form a compound sentence by using compound sentence by using andand, , oror, or , or butbut to join two to join two simple sentences.simple sentences.

• You can also combine two You can also combine two simple sentences to form a simple sentences to form a complexcomplex sentencesentence..

Examples:Examples:Simple: Salmon swim to fresh water. Simple: Salmon swim to fresh water.

They They lay eggs. lay eggs.

Compound: Salmon swim to fresh Compound: Salmon swim to fresh water, and water, and they lay eggs. they lay eggs.

Complex: Salmon swim to fresh water Complex: Salmon swim to fresh water before before they lay eggs. they lay eggs.

• The words The words andand, , oror, and , and butbut are are coordinating conjunctionscoordinating conjunctions..

• When you use one of them to form a When you use one of them to form a compound sentence, the two main compound sentence, the two main parts of the new sentence are equal.parts of the new sentence are equal.

• When you form a complex sentence, When you form a complex sentence, however, you use a however, you use a subordinating subordinating conjunctionconjunction to join two simple to join two simple sentences.sentences.

• Subordinating conjunctions make one Subordinating conjunctions make one part of the sentence subordinate to part of the sentence subordinate to the other part.the other part.

Examples:Examples:Salmon swim to fresh water, Salmon swim to fresh water, andand

they they

lay eggs. (coordinating conjunction)lay eggs. (coordinating conjunction)

Salmon swim to fresh water Salmon swim to fresh water beforebefore

they lay eggs. (subordinating they lay eggs. (subordinating conjunction)conjunction)

Conjunctions in Complex Conjunctions in Complex SentencesSentences

afterafter becausebecause sincesince whenwhen

althoughalthough beforebefore unlessunless whenevewheneverr

asas ifif untiluntil whilewhile

Unit 1Unit 1

Lesson 11Lesson 11

Correcting Fragments Correcting Fragments and Run-onsand Run-ons

NotesNotes

Correcting Fragments Correcting Fragments and Run-onsand Run-ons

• Every sentence must contain Every sentence must contain a subject and a predicate.a subject and a predicate.

• A A sentence fragmentsentence fragment is is missing one of both of these.missing one of both of these.

• A fragment does not express A fragment does not express a complete thought.a complete thought.

Examples:Examples:

Incorrect: I wanted to talk to you. Incorrect: I wanted to talk to you. About a About a

summer job.summer job.

Correct: I wanted to talk to you about Correct: I wanted to talk to you about a a summer job. summer job.

• A A run-on sentencerun-on sentence is two or is two or more sentences that are run more sentences that are run together into one sentence.together into one sentence.

• Often you cannot tell where Often you cannot tell where one thought ends and the one thought ends and the next one begins.next one begins.

Examples:Examples:Incorrect: Uncle Frank is a writer Aunt Incorrect: Uncle Frank is a writer Aunt

Jill Jill is one too. is one too.

Correct: Uncle Frank is a writer. Aunt Correct: Uncle Frank is a writer. Aunt Jill Jill is one too.is one too.

Incorrect: Ann read their book and she Incorrect: Ann read their book and she loved it and she will loved it and she will

read it again read it again and then she will and then she will give it to me.give it to me.

Correct: Ann read their book and loved Correct: Ann read their book and loved it. it. She will read it again, and She will read it again, and then she then she will give it to me. will give it to me.

• You can correct a run-on You can correct a run-on sentence by separating each sentence by separating each thought into a sentence of its thought into a sentence of its own.own.

• Sometimes you can combine Sometimes you can combine the parts of a run-on the parts of a run-on sentence into a compound sentence into a compound subject, a compound subject, a compound predicate, or a compound predicate, or a compound sentence.sentence.