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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Recent achievements in thermal acquisition systems have led to improvements in the
capabilities of thermo-graphic methods for the non-destructive inspection of metallic and
composite panels. In most cases pulsed transient thermography involves heating the surface
of a target structure for a short period of time followed by the capture of the thermal decay
using an infrared camera. Present-day systems enable the recording, storage, and processing
of hundreds of digitized images at very fast rates. The thermal images are typically analysed
for the presence of hot spots which may indicate the existence of subsurface noise/defects.
Noise of subsurface is produced due to local temperature caused by the friction of the ball.
Noise of multiple nature and optical distortions produce difficulties for the interpretation of
the recorded data.
Post-processing is a powerful tool for the determination of the shapes and sizes of
subsurface noise/defects in inspected subjects. Any suspected snick or bat/pad event can be
verified by examining the infrared image, which usually shows a bright spot where contact
friction from the ball has elevated the local temperature. Regular video image analysis
combined with special methods based on heat conduction theory can be applied to each scan
stored in the computer memory. Several informative parameters of thermal response after
heating realizing amplitude, temporal, and phase methods are currently used for enhancement
of flaw images. The physical limitations of the informative parameters can be found by
conducting analytical and numerical simulations of thermal flow propagation through a
material.
In the present work, how do Infra-red camera works? Thermal infrared imagers are
detector and lens combinations that give a visual representation of infrared energy emitted by
objects. Thermal infrared images let you see heat and how it is distributed. A thermal infrared
camera detects infrared energy and converts it into an electronic signal, which is then
processed to produce a thermal image and perform temperature calculations. Thermal
imaging cameras have lenses, just like visible light cameras. But in this case the lens focuses
waves from infrared energy onto an infrared sensor array. Thousands of sensors on the array
convert the infrared energy into electrical signals, which are then converted into an image.
1.1 Literature survey
Thermo-graphic cameras have become all the rage lately in the world of cricket.
When properly used, these can reduce the room for error with LBW or out-caught/caught-
behind decisions and can accurately determine whether the ball had made contact with
the batsman's bat, pad, glove or any other part of the body.
Of course, the expense of setting up the two-camera solution at each match is very
high (a thermo-graphic camera goes for roughly $30,000). The technology has been made
available to the third umpire as part of the referral system on several occasions but the use of
this technology is by no means mandatory. Several current and former players are in favour
of making it mandatory. Michael Vaughan recently was quoted on BBC Sport as saying: "the
ICC should pay for the Snicko and Hotspot at every Test match venue."
TV audiences enjoy the application of this technology giving the broadcaster another
avenue for advertising. In fact, spectators voted it the best piece of technology in cricket in a
Cricket Australia poll in 2007. BBG's Hotspot thermo-graphic technology got 54 per cent of
the vote followed by extreme slow-motion (22 per cent), Hawk-Eye (14 per cent),
Snickometer (6 per cent) and 3-tracker (5 per cent).
First invented by Nicholas Bion of France, the technology is now used for wide-
ranging applications including security and defence. Nine Network of Australia adopted it for
cricket and the technology is now offered by the Australian company BBG Sports. First
used in 2006-07 Ashes Test match at the Gabba in November of 2006, cricket constitutes the
first sporting application currently for this technology. It is considered more accurate than
the Snickometer, which relies on sound.
This technology can be used to find:
i) The correct LBW decision, so that any edge from the bat can be easily detected with the
help of this technology.
ii) When it comes to any keeper catch even the slight edge or nick can also be detected with
the help of this technology. In recent years of cricket one of the major problem in cricket is
the umpire's decision and if this umpire's decision goes wrong in the case of any main
batsman who is crucial for the team to win the match. This has happened many times and that
too these LBW decisions.
Well, this Hotspot technology is most often used in two important cases,
i) Caught behind- Did the batsman Nick the ball?
The image below is good enough to explain the given situation. Well, when we
consider this in ordinary images or videos, we might feel that the batsman must have nick it
and with the deviation produced, the umpire would have given out and as a result of that the
batsman would be the unluckiest man. But with the use of this technology we can help the
batsman in knowing the truth that the ball had stuck the pad and not the bat, with the help of
the white spot which is produced on the pad.
Another issue which can be discussed from the image from the viewer’s point is that the
question of LBW, if the umpire had the idea of giving him LBW. And any cricket fan can
easily guess with the help of this hot spot that the ball misses the off stump. And so this
technology of hotspot made the job of umpire easier and in fact in future this can also be a
danger for umpire, as they can replace them, which results in losing their job.
FIG 1.1
ii) LBW - inside edge or not?
FIG 1.2
The above image is a evidence to prove that a batsman is out LBW or not. The image
is clear enough that the batsman didn't have any inside image as there is no white spot in the
bat, rather the white spot is found in the pads and it is very clear that the batsman is out LBW.
But this is given out most of the time LBW and the confusion arises when the umpires
gives any batsman out LBW without knowing that, there was an inside edge. So all these
controversies can be overcome with the help of these hotspot technologies
1.1.1 Umpires vs. Hotspot
Most often, the biggest mistake that the umpire commit is in these LBW decisions and
that too many batsmen where given out LBW, in-spite of the inside edge and we should not
blame umpires for this, because they are also humans "to err is human"......... So the main
purpose why this technology was invented is to find whether the batsman has edge it or the
ball has struck directly on the pad. This determination is enough to find whether a batsman is
out or not, in the case of caught behind of LBW decision.
The introduction of this technology is not an ordinary step, because earlier this
technology was used in the military to by the tanks and also by the jets so that they could
trace any of their enemies, and these was used particularly in countries like Australia.
Those who watch cricket regularly might have known which country started using this
technology first. It is Australia and we might have seen these technologies were used during
the Ashes when England team travelled Australia and also during the Indian matches that
were played in Australia.
But now this technology is used in every country and it was also accepted as the best
technology as it gives the accurate decision, which was not in the case of Hawk Eye, which
was used for LBW decision, and that too the hotspot technology used for finding caught
behind, in the case of any slight edge, and in the LBW decision, whether to find the ball has
struck directly on the pad or it has any inside edge, very accurate.
This technology was first used in the 2006-2007 Ashes series on 23rd November 2006
at the Gabba, Brisbane cricket stadium by the Australian Nine network. Moreover this
technology was first adapted for television by the BBG Sports, which is an Australian
company who earlier introduced the technology called Snickometer, in conjunction with Sky
Sports.
1.1.2 Know their technology -How Hot Spot is used?
When it comes to this technology we need the following requirements to ensure this
technology is available
i). The TV broadcasting channel who is involved in the Live telecasting of the matches, uses
many cameras in the ground so that they could get the different angles. They must also spend
money to use two infra-red cameras on the ground.
ii). These two infra-red cameras are used at the either side of the ground, i.e. where they have
the side screen, so that they could clearly have the view of the batsman when he faces the
ball. The reason why we need to use 2 cameras at the either side is that in cricket, after every
over it is the keeper who changes the side and so after each over the bowler will bowl from
different end.
After installing the cameras, the hot spot images can be used whenever any
controversial decision was made and we can get the accurate decision with the help of these
hot spot images and especially for the LBW and when the batsman snick the ball. Well, the
working of this technology can be very easily understood. Whenever the batsman is in
contact with the ball, then the IR cameras which are set on the either side of the ground will
send these images to the computer and in the next process all these images are converted into
a negative image.
Now the IR cameras which are fixed on the either side has a great function, because
they have the capability to sense and measure any heat produced due to the friction generated
by a collision, which includes
i). Meeting of the ball to the bat.
ii) When the ball strikes the pad or any other parts of the body.
So when these images are processed into negative images and in case if the ball has struck the
bat/pad, then we can see a white spot in those images, which are resulted due to the heat
produced when the bat/pad and ball meets.
1.1.3 Practical Examples
In simple way we can express; while considering two simple examples,
i). Whenever we slap a person, we are applying some force and then we strike them and at
this instant, the heat is produced due the friction that occurs between the face and hands is
captured using IR cameras then, we could easily detect the region of impact.
.
FIG 1.3
An image is represented using a 3*4 pixel frame. The pixel values just before the slap
is shown in Table-1.1 and the pixel values of the frame at the time of slap is shown in Table-
1.2. The pixel values in Table-1.1 are due to the body temperature and the values in Table-1.2
is due to rise in body temperature as a result of slap.
12 13 12 12
14 12 11 12
12 12 12 12
Table-1.1
13 15 15 16
13 140 14 15
15 16 16 16
Table-1.2
The pixel with the intensity value 140 is the pixel in which the slap has occurred. The
brightest (warmest) parts of the image are customarily colored white, intermediate
temperatures red and yellow, and the dimmest (coolest) parts blue.
1.2 Organization of the report
The entire report has been categorized into 5 chapters
Chapter 1 gives the introductory knowledge about how the hot-spot technology came in to
existence, technology detailing “A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words.” the objective of the
project and the literature survey.
Chapter 2 technology used behind image-processing in hot-spot (region of interest), impact
of the technology described in terms of advantages/disadvantages & applications.
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5 conclusion & future enhancement.
CHAPTER 2
TECHNOLOGY USED
Hot spot technology is an infra-red imaging system which is most popularly used in
sports especially in cricket to determine whether the ball has actually struck the player’s
bat/pad or even the ground. On any snick or bat-pad event occurs, the infrared camera sends
an image through to a computer which then turns it into negative image showing us the
outcome of the recent incident. The image shows us any heat been produced in the field of
play, giving us a 100% accurate conclusion on the decision. The main aim of this technology
is to successfully make a decision on whether the batsman is dismissed or granted ‘not out’,
or either the ball has hit the bat; pad and glove or it has hit something.
Hotspot technology uses two infra-red cameras which are positioned at either end of ground
above the field of play that are continuously recording an image that show the miniscule
amount of heat generated from friction when two objects collide. Collision occurs when ball
hits the pad, bat or ground. Infra-red sensors are electronic devices that sense and measure
infra-red radiations emitting from objects in its field of view. Infra-red camera’s records the
event in form of video. Infra-red sensors assign intensity values to each pixel in the frame.
These frames will be transmitted to the computer which is placed in-front of the third umpire.
Now the third umpire uses subtraction technique to generate a series of black and white
images and to locate a white spot and thus he can easily adjudicate whether the batsman is
out or not.
FIG 2.1
The image above shows a white colored mark on the bat which can be viewed only with the
help of the Hotspot technology, which uses the Infra-red cameras to detect it. From the above
figure, most of the cricket fans might have recognized this is the image of Sachin Tendulkar,
we can clearly see how the batsman clearly connects the ball with the bat and from the
friction produced when the ball strikes the bat, these hotspots are developed. The image
above is just to show you how the hot spot marks are used.
The whole process can be divided into two phases. In the first phase an infra-red camera
records the event in its field of view and the infra-red sensors will assign pixel intensity
values to each pixel in the frame. When there is a collision, heat is produced as a result of
friction. The pixels in which there is collision will be having much higher pixel intensity
values than the other pixels in the frame. The software is so calibrated that a high intensity
value pixel generates white color and lower intensity value pixels give a dark color . The
subtraction technique used in the first phase is dark frame subtraction. It is done in-order to
minimize image noise for pictures taken with long exposure times and to generate high
contrast images. After performing dark frame subtraction the high contrast frames will be
sent to the computer which is placed in front of the third umpire. The first phase ends here.
2.1 DARK FRAME SUBTRACTION
In digital photography, dark frame subtraction is a way to minimize image noise for
pictures taken with long exposure times. It takes advantage of the fact that a component of
image noise, known as fixed-pattern noise, is the same from shot to shot: noise from the
sensor, dead or hot pixels. It works by taking a picture with the shutter closed. A dark
frame is an image captured with the sensor in the dark, essentially just an image of noise in
an image sensor.
A dark frame, or an average of several dark frames, can then be subtracted from
subsequent images to correct the fixed-pattern noise such as that caused by dark current. Dark
frame subtraction has been done for some time in scientific imaging; some consumer digital
cameras do it automatically. Visible fixed-pattern noise is often caused by hot pixels – pixel
sensors with higher than normal dark current. On long exposure, they can appear as bright
pixels. Sensors on the CCD that always appears as brighter pixels are called stuck
pixels while sensors that only brighten up after long exposure are called hot pixels. The dark
frame subtraction technique is also used in digital photogrammetry, to improve the contrast of
satellite and air photograms.
In the second phase the third umpire uses another subtraction technique known as
digital subtraction angiography (DSA) to generate a series of negative images. Images in this
case are usually taken at 2 - 3 frames per second, which allows to evaluate the trajectory of
the ball on its way. This technique "subtracts" the other background images and contrast
agent can be seen. Thus eventually we will be able to produce a white patch on the image
where the ball that has actually struck the batsman’s pad or bat or anything on its way
through.
2.2 DIGITAL SUBTRACTION ANGIOGRAPHY (DSA) TECHNIQUE
In this technology images are produced using contrast medium by subtracting a 'pre-
contrast image' or the mask from later images, once the contrast medium has been introduced
into a structure. Hence the term 'digital subtraction angiography'. This is a technology which
was developed for medical purposes. Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) is a type
of fluoroscopy technique used in interventional radiology to clearly visualize blood vessels in
a bony or dense soft tissue environment.
This technology was later adopted for hotspot for locating white patches by
subtracting a pre-contrast image or the mask image from later images. In our case, the pre-
contrast image refers to the image that is taken just before there is a collision. The contrast
medium is the collision, in which a ball striking the bat, pad, glove, ground or any other thing
in the field of view is captured using infra-red camera. The latter image is the image that is
obtained at the point of collision.
All the pixels in the frame will be having pixel intensity values. The frames in the
pixels in which there is collision will be having much higher pixel intensity values. A high
intensity value pixel generates white color and lower intensity value pixels give a dark color.
The latter image will be having some pixels which are having much higher pixel intensity
values than the pre-contrast image. These differences in the pixel intensity values of pre-
contrast image and latter image help in locating a white patch in the new frame. This new
frame is obtained by subtracting a pre-contrast image from a latter image. The software
produces a series of negative frames. By observing these frame we will be able to reach a
conclusion whether there is a contact within the region of interest in the field of view of the
infra-red camera.
2.3 WHITE PATCH DEVELOPMENT
In digital subtraction angiography a new image will be obtained by subtracting the
pre-contrast image from a latter image. All the pixels in the frame will be assigned a pixel
value. The latter image which is the image showing collision will be having some pixels with
much higher pixel intensity value. This higher intensity value is due to the collision which
produces heat. This heat causes a rise in pixel intensity value. So when the pre-contrast image
is subtracted from a latter image so pixels will be higher values and those pixels in which
there is no action will be having lesser intensity values. The higher intensity value pixel will
be seen as white and the lower intensity value pixels will be seen as dark colors, mostly
black.
10 11 12 8
13 15 14 9
7 11 8 9
Table 1.1 Table 1.2
Frame just before collision Frame in which collision occurs
(Pre-contrast frame) (Latter frame)
10 11 12 8
15 100 15 8
10 11 9 8
Table 2.3
(Resultant frame)
Above there are three 3*4 frames shown. First frame is the pre-contrast frame. Second
frame is the latter frame. Third frame is the resultant frame. Pixel intensity values are
assigned to each pixel in the frames. In the latter frame there is one pixel which is having
much higher intensity value than other pixels. That means that is the pixel in which there is a
collision. The resultant frame is obtained by subtracting pre-contrast frame from the latter
frame. In the new frame there is one pixel higher intensity value. That will appear white. All
other pixels in the frame are having lesser intensity values so they will appear as dark
probably black. The pixel which is showed as white is the pixel in which there is collision.
Thus a white patch is obtained.
2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages
Hot Spot has two main advantages over its competing technology, the Snickometer,
which is a sound-detection based system. Snickometer often produces inconclusive results
indicating contact (potentially any combination of bat, pad and ball) only, whereas the Hot
Spot clearly shows exactly what the ball strikes. Applying Vaseline on the edge of the
cricket-bat doesn’t affect the technology.
Hotspot technology, even though claimed to be extremely accurate, is not used in many
matches. The main reason for this is its expense: $6000 per day for the use of two cameras
and $10000 for the use of four cameras. However, In the recently held India-England ODI
Series 2011, there were controversial decisions based on the hot spot technology going
against India's Rahul Dravid on more than one occasion where hot spot replays proved
inconclusive and yet Dravid was given out. On one occasion, there seemed to be a nick which
hot spot wasn't able to detect. These incidents threw the role of hotspot technology into doubt
once again. Hot Spot, had earlier said the device's accuracy was around 90-95 per cent and
could be impacted by factors like bright sunshine and the speed of the bat in the shot.
0 0 0 0
2 85 1 1
3 0 1 1
2.5 Applications
1. Infra-red imaging technology that enhances the road safety.
Fig a. Fig b.
As you can clearly see from the figures Fig a. and Fig b. the use of the technology
magnificently increases the road safety.
2. It is used in the Security defence surveillance, military tankers & air-crafts.
3. It is also used in biological and medical applications.
4. Roof damage (including detection of broken PV panels), locating the source of a leak or
hidden water damage, air infiltration around doors, windows, problems with HVAC units and
hidden electrical problems.
5. Implemented in satellite-imaging and solar system tracking.
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
Hotspot is one of the most accepted and accurate technology which is used at present in most
of the cricket matches. In spite of accuracy used in this technology, ICC hasn't made this
technology to be used officially. With the use of this technology we can help the batsman in
knowing the truth that the ball had stuck the pad and not the bat, with the help of the white
spot which is produced on the pad. This technology of hotspot made the job of umpire easier
and in fact in future this can also be a danger for umpire, as they can replace them, which
results in losing their job. Anyone can easily guess with the help of this hot spot that the ball
misses the off stump.
Hotspot has a particular advantage over its competing technology, the Snickometer, which is
a sound-detection based system. Snickometer often produces inconclusive results indicating
contact (potentially any combination of bat, pad and ball) only, whereas the Hot Spot clearly
shows exactly what the ball strikes.
Hotspot technology, even though it is extremely accurate, is not used in many matches. The
main reason for this is its expense: $6000 per day for the use of two cameras and $10000 for
the use of four cameras. Thus, some less wealthy countries do not use the technology so as to
conserve money. Usage of hotspot technology in cricket also cost time. So there should be
rules for asking hotspot referrals so that the game speed doesn’t get compromised. The
challenge is to ensure the pace of the game is maintained and also it remains a fair deal.
5.1 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
Hotspot is one of the most accepted and accurate technology which is used at present
in most of the cricket matches. In spite of accuracy used in this technology, ICC hasn't made
this technology to be used officially. This technology is used in every country and it was also
accepted as the best technology as it gives the accurate decision, which was not in the case of
Hawk Eye, which was used for LBW decision, and that too the hotspot technology used for
finding caught behind, in the case of any slight edge, and in the LBW decision, whether to
find the ball has struck directly on the pad or it has any inside edge, very precise.
Usage of advanced micro-lens in Infra-red imaging technology can greatly impact the
enhanced feature of this technology. This technology is likely to be used in the upcoming
ICC cricket world cup. Hotspot technology is having the backing of science to get 100%
accurate conclusion on a decision. There are two main issues in implementing this
technology. One is the cost in implementing this technology and other is; it actually slows the
speed of the game. So there should be rules for asking hotspot referrals so that the game
speed doesn’t get compromised. And also use of improved technology improves the game-
play. The challenge is to ensure the pace of the game is maintained and also it remains a fair
deal.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Spot_(cricket)
[2] http://www.itsonlycricket.com/entry/437
[3] http://www.cricinfo.com/ciicc/content/story/393605.htm
[4] http://www.dreamcricket.com/community/blogs/cricgear/archive/2010/08/04/hot-spot-technology-gains-popularity.aspx