Hostel Schemes for Dalit Students: How Inclusive anddalitstudies.org.in/wp/1007.pdf · Hostel Schemes for Dalit Students: How Inclusive and ... The working paper on “Hostel Schemes

Hostel Schemes for Dalit Students: How Inclusive andIncentive Oriented for Higher Education?

Sobin George

Deeba Naseem

Working Paper Series

Indian Institute of Dalit StudiesNew Delhi

2010

Foreword

Indian Institute of Dalit Studies (IIDS) has been amongst the firstresearch organisations in India to focus exclusively on developmentconcerns of the marginalised groups and socially excluded communities.Over the last seven years, IIDS has undertaken several studies ondifferent aspects of social exclusion and discrimination of the historicallymarginalised social groups such as the Scheduled Caste (SC), ScheduledTribes (ST) and Religious Minorities in India and other parts of the Sub-Continent. The Working Paper Series disseminates empirical findingsof the ongoing research and conceptual development on issues pertainingto the forms and nature of social exclusion and discrimination. Some ofour papers also critically examine inclusive policies for the marginalisedsocial groups.

The working paper on “Hostel Schemes for Dalit Students: Inclusiveand Incentive Orient for Higher Education?” is a part of the study ofImpact Assessment of Schedule Caste Welfare programmes. It highlightsserious flaws in service delivery and reiterates the fact that thoughseveral incentive schemes to encourage SC/ST students for attainmentof quality education exist, practices beyond policies remain criticalquestions as ever. This paper, drawing from an assessment study ofBabu Jagjivan Ram Chhatravas Yojana, highlights how wrong exclusionoccurs even in a targeted scheme. Using available data, the paper arguesthat the scheme has not adequately followed the stated preferentialcriteria of low literacy and focus of middle and secondary level ofeducation for SC females while selecting locations. Most importantly,the scheme does not include poverty as a criterion for selection ofbeneficiaries, which allows wrong exclusion on a large scale. Despiteseveral policy and programme interventions to help improve theeducational conditions of Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes(ST) in India, serious gaps exist in their literacy rate, participation inhigher, technical and professional education as compared to other socialgroups, which is more a paradox than the query. The paper suggeststhat segregation of data across middle, secondary and higher educationof SC male and female in rural and urban India by level of poverty is aprudent option to select locations and beneficiaries as long as the schemehas budget constraints for universal coverage. The paper also looks atthe extent to which the hostel scheme acts as an incentive for SC studentsto continue their education, which is one of its major objectives.

IIDS acknowledges the support of Ministry of Social Justice andEmpowerment, Government of India for carrying out the study. Wehope our working papers will be helpful to academics, students, activists,civil society organizations, NGOs and policymaking bodies.

Rajendra P. Mamgain

Director, IIDS

Contents

1. Introduction 1

1 . 1 Methodology 3

2. Educational Status of Dalits 5

2 . 1 Literacy Rate and Gap 5

2 . 2 Dropout Rate 7

2 . 3 Enrolment and Level of Education 8

2 . 4 Poverty and Levels of Education 9

3. Babu Jagjivan Ram Chhatravas Yojana: HowInclusive and Incentive oriented? 9

3 . 1 Structure and Implementation of the Scheme 1 0

3 . 2 Financial Allocation, Expenditure and Achievements 1 3

3 . 3 Selection Criteria: Indications of Wrong Exclusion 1 9

4. Case Studies 23

4 . 1 Hostel Construction and Maintenance 2 4

4 . 2 Socio-Economic Background of Beneficiaries 2 6

4 . 3 Facilities Available in the Hostels 2 6

4 . 4 Information, Education and Communication (IEC) 2 9

5. Conclusion 29

Hostel Schemes for Dalit Students: How Inclusiveand Incentive Oriented for Higher Education?

Sobin George*

Deeba Naseem**

1. Introduction

The Minister of State, Social Justice and Empowerment on 9 July, 2009 inRajya Sabha, referring to the report of Comptroller and Auditor General(CAG) on Educational Development of Scheduled Caste and ScheduledTribes for 2007 revealed that “in many states, hostels for SCs and STshave been used for running government offices, schools, staff residenceand beggar’s home. …in Dukma, Dhanbad and Ranchi, three hostels forSTs and one for SCs built during 2001-04 for 400 students were occupiedby police officials and to run a school, while six hostels constructed during1992-2003 were being used as staff quarters, classrooms and a staffcommon room”.1 This points to the serious flaws in service delivery andreiterates the fact that though several incentive schemes to encourage SC/ST students to attain quality education exist, what is happening beyondpolicies remains a critical question as ever. This paper drawing from an

* Sobin George is Fellow, Indian Institute Dalit Studies and can be contactedon [email protected]

** Deeba Naseem was an Associate Fellow with Indian Institute of DalitStudies.

This paper is based on the Assessment study of Babu Jagjivan Ram ChhatrawasYojna of Government of India undertaken by Indian Institute of Dalit Studies,New Delhi. Authors wish to thank Surinder S. Jodhka, Sanghmitra S. Acharyaand Gowhar Yaqoob for their comments and R.S. Kamble for his assistance withdata.

Indian Institute of Dalit StudiesVolume IV, Number 07

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assessment study of the targeted scheme of Babu Jagjivan Ram ChhatravasYojana looks at how inclusive is the scheme in selecting locations andbeneficiaries and how far it acts as an incentive for SC students to continuetheir education.

This paper looks through the paradox that despite several policy andprogramme interventions to help improve the educational conditions ofScheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) in India, serious gapsexist in their literacy rate, higher education, technical and professionaleducation as compared to other social groups. Over the years, scholarshipson caste, ethnicity and education attributed a number of factors rangingfrom existing structural barriers and poverty to extreme forms ofdiscrimination to low educational attainments of SCs, STs and Muslims(Kumar 1983; Ahmed 1984, Bannerji 2000; Shah 2000; Acharya 2001;Ahmed 2003, Nambissan, 2009). Realising these gaps, the Central andState Governments have implemented various schemes for the educationaldevelopment of SCs and STs. Among other, the most important was theintroduction of stipulated quotas/reservation in educational and technicalinstitutions.2

The National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986 and the Programmes ofAction (PoA), 1992 were the contexts in which Government of Indiaimplemented programmes for the educational development of ScheduledCastes. The government has planned/implemented measures such asincentives to poor family to send children to school, pre-matric scholarshipschemes, remedial courses, recruitment of teachers from SCs, hostelschemes, Balwadies and adult education centres etc. toward achieving thesegoals.

Apart from the general educational development programmes for SCstudents, focus is rendered also on specific schemes for encouraging higherand technical education, realising the improvements in their education.These include post-matric scholarship, central sector scholarship to topclass education, Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship, National OverseasScholarship, and hostel schemes (Ministry of Social Justice andEmpowerment, GOI). Among these, hostel scheme for scheduled casteand scheduled tribe students, which this paper looks at, is an ‘incentivescheme’ “to enable and encourage students belonging to these groups to

Hostel Schemes for Dalit StudentsSobin George and Deeba Naseem

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attain quality education”3. The scheme for scheduled caste girls has beenongoing from the third five year plan and the hostel scheme for boys hasbeen operational from 1990. In 2008, the existing hostel schemes for boysand girls were revised and named as Babu Jagjivan Ram Chhatravas Yojana(Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment 2009).

Though the scheme has been operational for a long period of time, its realimpacts in terms of the educational advancement of scheduled castes is acritical question. Specifically, this paper attempts to explore how effectivethe scheme has been in achieving the stated objectives of enabling qualityeducation for SC students. It looks at the centrally sponsored hostelscheme for Scheduled Caste boys and girls in general and the revised hostelscheme of Babu Jagjivan Ram Chhatravas Yojana, which has been effectivesince 1st January 2008, in particular. Questions that this paper addressesare:

i. Whether the hostel scheme acts as an incentive to Dalit studentsfor higher education?

ii. How inclusive is the scheme in its design and implementation withregard to selection of locations, beneficiaries, eligibility criteriaand service delivery?

iii. What is the financial allocation for each programme for variousyears and what was the actual coverage?

iv. What are the processes in the delivery of the programme and majorchallenges in achieving it?

v. What are the steps taken for the effective dissemination ofinformation of the schemes to beneficiaries at various levels?

vi. What is the level of utilization of each programme by the Dalitcommunities and what is the coverage of the programme to thetotal beneficiary population specifically for each programme?

1.1 Methodology

The study employed both secondary and primary research to examine theprocess and impact indicators of the scheme. Data on financial allocation,fund released for the scheme, number of hostels and number of


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beneficiaries, across states and over years have been obtained from AnnualReports of Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Ministry ofHuman Resource Development and answers for the starred and un-starredquestions in the parliament. It should be mentioned that though BabuJagjivan Ram Chhatravas Yojana, which is the scheme under assessment,started with effect from 1st January 2008, the study examined data from1999 onwards to draw a comprehensive picture of the programme. Thestudy used population census data from 1961 to 2001 to analyse rate ofgrowth in literacy of SC males and females. Apart from that, the studyrelied on NSS 61st round (2004-05) data to examine the level of educationof SC (Age>15<=30) across sex, sector and states. Further, data on personswith poverty across the level of education, age (>15<=30), sector, sex,and state have been generated to examine the interrelationship of povertyand levels of education of SCs as well as to narrow down the focus to ‘eligiblecategories’ of the scheme.

The research team visited two hostels, one in Haryana, which is a newlyconstructed one, sanctioned in 2008 and another in Uttar Pradesh, whichwas built in 1989; in order to get the picture of the scheme at itsimplementation level. Haryana and Uttar Pradesh were selected becauseof its close proximity to Delhi where the research team is based. Hostel ofGovt. Girls P.G. College, Gurgaon Haryana (Urban) and RajkiyaChhatravas, Government ITI, Bakshi ka Talab, Lucknow (Rural) were thusselected for the primary study. Data were collected from college principals,wardens and inmates of the hostel through discussions and personalinterviews. Overall, the team interacted with 11 resident students from theGirls P.G. College, Gurgaon Haryana and 21 resident students fromGovernment Polytechnic, Bakshi ka Talab, Lucknow. Apart from thatdiscussions were also held with Director, Under Secretary and SectionOfficer of SC programmes, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowermentin New Delhi and Officials in Samaj Kalyan Vibhag in Lucknow tounderstand various processes of implementation of the scheme.

The paper is structured as follows: First section, by examining data onliteracy rate, dropout rates, enrolment and levels of education across socialgroups looks at the educational status of schedule caste as compared toother social groups. This section further discusses the interconnectednessof poverty and level of education drawing from NSS data. Second section


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examines the scheme in detail with regard to financial allocation,expenditure, selection and prioritisation of states and institutions, majorshifts in priorities, outcomes and achievements and processes and agenciesof implementation. It examines how far the scheme adheres to major criteriaof selection of beneficiaries such as SC population is more than 20 percent, low female SC literacy rate, preference for middle and highersecondary level of education and level of poverty by extractinginformation across state and within state across rural and urban areas fromNSS data. Third section drawing from discussions and personal interviewsfrom service providers and beneficiaries from two hostels examines theprocesses of implementation of the scheme, management, facilitiesavailable for students, dissemination of information and roles of variousstakeholders. Based on these, the paper proposes recommendations in thefourth section.

2. Educational Status of Dalits

This section provides a brief background on the educational status ofScheduled Castes in terms of their literacy rate, literacy gap, dropout rate,levels of education and poverty and education with a comparative focus.It also attempts to highlight the gap in educational status between SCs andnon-SCs as well as males and females among SCs.

2.1 Literacy Rate and Gap

Although there have been concerted efforts by the Central and Stategovernments to improve the educational status of SCs since independence;evidences show that structural hindrances still exist for them to attainquality education. Various official reports and studies have pointed outthat the rate of growth of literacy among SCs has increased; however, thegap in literacy as well as higher education between SC and non-SCcommunities remains the same. Equally, gap in educational status betweenSC males and females remains the same. Census data provide more insightinto literacy rate and literacy gap among and across social groups. It showsthat there has been a steady growth in the literacy rate of both male andfemale SC and ST between 1961 and 2001 (see Table 1). It shows thatliteracy rate of SCs increased from 10.27 per cent in 1961 to 54.69 per centin 2001. Strikingly, the gender gap in literacy rate within SCs in 2001remained almost equivalent to that of in 1961. Although stark gender gapin literacy rate is a reality among SC, ST and General categories, it is morepronounced among STs followed by SCs.


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Table 1: Percentage of Literacy Rates among ScheduledCastes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) in India

(1961, 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001)

Years General Category Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes

Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

1961 40.40 15.35 28.30 16.96 3.29 10.27 13.83 3.16 8.54

1971 45.96 21.91 34.45 22.36 6.44 14.67 17.63 4.85 11.30

1981 56.38 29.76 43.57 31.12 10.93 21.38 21.52 8.04 16.35

1991 64.13 39.29 52.21 49.91 23.76 37.41 40.65 18.19 29.60

2001 75.30 53.70 64.80 66.64 41.90 54.69 59.17 34.76 47.10

Source: Population Census, 1961-2001

Table 2 sheds light on the literacy gap and its gender dimension among SC,ST and other categories. It shows that literacy gap of SCs to ‘others’ declined

to 14.12 per cent in 2001 from 19.62 per cent in 1991. What is striking isthat the decrease in literacy gap for SC women to non-SCs is not in thesame pace of the general reduction. For instance, while literacy gap of SCs

to ‘others’ stood at 14.12 per cent in 2001, the gap between SC and non SCswomen was 16.27 per cent. Also, percentage reduction in literacy gap ofSC women to non-SC women was less than that of men. Data also show that

literacy gap of STs to non-STs is more pronounced than SCs. It is alsoimportant to note that percentage reduction in literacy gap of ST femalesbetween 1991 and 2001 in comparison with ST males and non-ST females

was significantly less.

Table 2: Sex-wise Comparative Literacy Rates of ScheduledCastes and Scheduled Tribes in India, (1991 and 2001)

Item Literacy Rates Literacy gap of SC/ST to others in percentage points

SC ST Other than SC/ST SC ST

1991

Male 49.91 40.65 69.53 19.62 28.88

Female 23.76 18.19 44.81 21.05 26.62

Total 37.41 29.60 57.69 20.28 28.09

2001

Male 66.64 59.17 78.70 12.06 19.53

Female 41.90 34.76 58.17 16.27 23.41

Total 54.69 47.10 68.81 14.12 21.71

Source: Compiled from Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt. of India.


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2.2 Dropout Rate

Among many, higher rate of dropout at different levels of schooling is animportant manifestation of the lower educational status of SCs. Table 3presents data on school dropout rates of scheduled caste students at theprimary, elementary and secondary levels from 1980-81 to 2005-06. Itshows that despite various programmatic interventions of central and stategovernments; dropout rates of SC students have not declined remarkablyat any level. Dropout rate in twenty five years (between 1980-81 and 2005-06) decreased by around 30 per cent at primary level (I-V), by 20 per centat the elementary level (I-VIII) and nearly by 15 per cent at the secondarylevel (I-X). What is also evident from the data is that 73.76 per cent girlsand 68.16 per cent boys from SCs still do not go beyond secondaryschooling in India due to various reasons. Dropout rates clearly show thatonly a small section of the scheduled caste students enrol for higher andtechnical education in India.

Table, 3: Drop-out Rates of Scheduled Caste (SC) Students inPrimary/Elementary and Secondary Classes in India

Year Primary (I-V) Elementary (I-VIII) Secondary (I-X)

Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total

1980-81 - - 60.2 - - 76.8 - - 86.9

1981-82 - - 59.2 - - 74.8 - - 85.8

1982-83 - - 60.3 - - 72.4 - - 84.3

1983-84 - - 57.8 - - 72.4 - - 82.9

1984-85 - - 55.4 - - 72.2 - - 81.4

1985-86 - - 52.5 - - 72.5 - - 81.4

1986-87 - - 50.8 - - 69.2 - - 79.9

1987-88 - - 51.4 - - 68.2 - - 82.0

1988-89 - - 49.6 - - 67.8 - - 79.9

1989-90 - - 49.0 - - 67.6 - - 79.4

1990-91 46.3 54.0 49.4 64.3 73.2 67.8 74.3 83.4 77.7

1994-95 45.1 49.8 47.0 66.4 72.2 68.7 - - -

1995-96 43.7 48.5 45.7 64.7 70.5 67.0 - - -

1996-97 41.0 45.2 42.7 61.9 68.3 64.5 75.5 81.0 77.6

1997-98 43.4 46.4 44.7 60.6 67.2 63.3 68.1 77.7 77.2

1998-99 40.5 42.8 41.4 59.9 65.4 62.2 72.7 78.2 74.9

1999-00 42.9 44.9 43.8 60.5 65.0 62.3 72.7 77.0 73.4

2001-02 43.7 47.1 45.2 58.6 63.6 60.7 71.1 74.9 72.7

2002-03 41.1 41.9 41.5 58.2 62.2 59.9 69.7 74.9 71.9

2003-04 36.8 36.2 36.6 57.3 62.2 59.4 71.4 75.5 73.1

2004-05 32.7 36.1 34.2 55.2 60.0 57.3 69.1 74.2 71.3

2005-06 32.11 33.81 32.86 53.68 57.12 55.17 68.16 73.76 70.57



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2.3 Enrolment and Level of Education

Non-enrolment is also a major associated cause of educational deprivationof SCs in India (Venkatanarayana, 2009). Table 4 provides some idea onenrolment of SC students to school, vocational, professional and highereducation in the recent past. While enrolment in pre-primary schoolsrecorded a substantial increase between 1996 and 1998, enrolment tovocational, professional, special and other educational institutions declinedsignificantly; pointing to the existing barriers for SC students to achievehigher and technical education. Similarly, enrolment to primary and middleschools recorded only a marginal increase. It should be mentioned thathigher rate of enrolment to pre-primary education could be due to thewider reach of Anganwadies and Balwadies and its services with regard tohealth and nutrition of mother and children.

Table 4: Enrolment of Scheduled Caste (1996-97 to 1997-98)

Institutions Enrolment of Scheduled Castes

1996-97 1997-98 % Increase

Pre-Primary Schools 263658 393130 49.1

Primary Schools 1529889 15961432 4.37

Middle Schools 7050569 7062269 0.17

High/Higher Secondary Schools 654934 7118006 8.79

Vocational, Professional, Special and Other Educational Institutions

1159164 414551 -64.24

Total 30309214 30949388 2.11

Source: Dept. of Secondary and higher education, GOI

Data on level of education of persons between the age 15 and 30 revealsthe differences in educational status of scheduled caste and scheduled tribesas compared to other social groups.4 Age group has been limited to >15<=30for analysis due to the assumption that this group has higher proportion ofpersons who are continuing their education at present and this data cangive a fresh account of recent educational interventions. Tables, 5 and 6,show (See annex 1) social group wise level of education of males and femalesin the age group of 15 to 30 in rural and urban India. Out of SC males whoare in the age group between 15 and 30, level of education of more than 50per cent and around 40 per cent is up to middle in the rural and urbanIndia; respectively. Similar trend is found among SC females as wellnonetheless with gender gap. Data also shows that their education declines


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gradually and significantly from secondary to post graduation level andthe trend is more pronounced among SCs in comparison with other socialgroups except STs in rural India. Recent studies based on NSS data alsoshows clearly that scheduled castes are underrepresented in the highereducation institutions relative to their population shares (Hasan and Mehta2006).

2.4 Poverty and Levels of Education

Studies have shown that household poverty to a large extent explains theeducational deprivation of SCs, which is often reflected as low levels ofenrolments and higher rate of dropout (Nambissan 1996; Muralidharan1997; Bhatty 1998; Thorat 2005). It should also be noted thatdiscrimination against scheduled caste is a major reason for their loweducational status (Nambissan 1996, 2009; Shah 2000; Srivastava 2001).The direct relationship between poverty and educational deprivation ofscheduled castes can be evidently drawn from Table 7 (See Annex 1). Itshows that among SCs and STs, chances of poor persons being educatedbeyond higher secondary level are comparatively far lesser than that ofnon-poor. The data, specifically, show that both in rural and urban India;proportion of scheduled caste poor males in the age group of 15 to 30 inhigher education is less than that of non-poor SCs, poor in other socialgroups except STs and non-poor in all social groups. Around 60 per cent inrural and 54 per cent in urban India of SC male poor do not go beyondmiddle level. Situation of ST poor is worse than SCs.

Gender dimension of the interconnectedness of poverty and educationaldeprivation can be drawn from the data organized in Table 8 (See annex 1).It reiterates that chances of poor SC females schooling beyond secondarylevel are still very distant. Data also show that chances of SC poor femalesschooling beyond secondary level are lesser than SC poor males, non-SCfemales except STs and far lesser than non-poor SC males and females. Itshould also be mentioned that no SC poor female in the age group >15<=30,was educated up to the level of post graduation.

3. Babu Jagjivan Ram Chhatravas Yojana: How Inclusive andIncentive oriented?

Babu Jagjivan Ram Chhatravas Yojana is a centrally sponsored hostelscheme for Scheduled Caste girls and boys. The major focus of the scheme


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is to enable and encourage students belonging to Scheduled Castes to attainquality education. As per the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment,primary objective of the scheme is “to attract the implementing agenciesfor undertaking hostel construction programme, especially for SC Girlstoward the broader vision of containment and reduction of their dropoutrate”. Other stated objectives of the scheme are as follows.

i. Establishment of Girl’s hostel with a capacity of 100 seats, in everyblock headquarters/of low literacy Districts not having oneapparently, by way of priority

ii. Reduction in gestation of construction period and

iii. Having an effective mechanism for monitoring, review, qualitycontrol etc.

The scheme provides 100 per cent assistance to the State Government andUnion territories as well as central and state universities/institutions forsetting up and maintenance of hostels for SC girls. Besides, it providesfinancial assistance up to 90 per cent to NGOs and deemed universities inthe private sector for the expansion of existing facilities of hostel for SCgirls. For boys’ hostel, the scheme provides assistance up to 50 per cent onmatching shares to State governments; 100 per cent to union territories;90 per cent to central universities, 45 per cent to state universities and 45per cent to NGOs and deemed Universities in the private sector (BabuJagjivan Ram Chhatravas Yojana, 2008). The Scheme is being implementedthrough the State Governments/Union Territory Administrations and theCentral & State Universities/institutions for construction of hostelbuildings and expansion of the existing hostel facilities.

3.1 Structure and Implementation of the Scheme

Chart 1 elucidates the structure and implementation of the scheme atvarious levels. Agencies, their responsibilities and steps involved in theimplementation of the scheme at the central and state levels are as follows.5

Planning Commission: The commission allocates funds for each state andreleases the money to the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.The ministry thereafter calls for proposal. Ministry of Social Justice andEmpowerment sends reminder letters to state ministries and if the Ministryof Social Justice and Empowerment does not receive any proposal from


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state governments, the balance funds are moved to those states where itwas required.

Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, GOI: The Ministry calls forproposal and transfers funds to State Government/Social Welfare Ministry.The Ministry further processes the applications and proposals submittedby state government/ministry based on the prescribed eligibility criteria;such as SC population of the proposed area, requirement of new hostel orextension of the hostel for government institute/college etc. Theprocessing time varies from sixty to seventy-five days. The ministry thentransfers funds, except for NGOs and private institutes, to the stategovernment. Funds for NGOs and private institutions are directlytransferred to the respective institutions. Funding pattern also varies fromstate to state as the total budget allocation for a year is divided among allthe states and UT on the basis of SC population and funds are distributedaccordingly. The Ministry receives utilisation certificate from StateGovernment and private institutes/NGOs after the completion of buildingand eventually all responsibilities, including physical verification andmonitoring is transferred to the state government.

State Government/Social Welfare Ministry/Department: StateGovernment or Ministry/Department of Welfare advertises the schemeand calls for expression of interest. Following procedures will be followedfor calling expression of interest. First the Director of the welfaredepartment sends a letter to district magistrate in each district regardingthe provision of building the hostel on campus for SC girls/boys at thebeginning of a financial year. The letter has the information of the fundsavailable for the year. The letter also includes the call for Expression ofInterest (EOI) for building a hostel for SC girls/ boys by Institute /college.EOI will include the following information.

i. Availability of undisputed land in the name of institute with proofof land papers.

ii. List of SC girls and boys studying in the college/ institute with allthe relevant information.

iii. Design of hostel, location, address, including number of rooms,reading room, dining hall, kitchen, bathroom and toilet which areverified by the concerned officer.


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iv. If any school is sending the EOI then up to which class school isfunctional and the registration certificate and all the details of theschool.

v. If any NGO is sending EOI, bank account number of the collegeand 10 per cent of the required fund should be deposited in theaccount.

vi. Basic criteria for selection of the college / institute is based on theavailability of the undisputed land which will be transferred to thestate government on paper as the hostel will become a property ofstate government and will be used by the institute for the hostelpurposes only.

vii. All the maintenance cost will be borne by the state government

viii.An undertaking by the college/institute head on the transfer ofland.

Second, applications are further screened on the basis of prescribed formatby the central government and the selected applications are sent to thecentral government for approval. Third, funds received from the centralgovernment for hostels will be disbursed to the the respective stateauthority (For example, it is U.P. Nirman Nigam in Uttar Pradesh) ordirectly to the institute. After completion, the building is transferred tothe institute for their use though it becomes the property of stategovernment and all the maintenance will become the responsibility of theState Government’s Social Welfare Department. District Social WelfareOfficer will be the in-charge of hostel and the State Government will appointa Warden, Peon, Guard/ Chowkidar, Cook and a helper in each hostel.


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Chart 1: Agencies, Responsibilities and Service Delivery

Central Utys, State Utys and other Govt. Institutes

Planning

Commission

MoSJ&E

NGOs/Private institute

State

Govt/UT/Min of Welfare

District Social Welfare Officer (Hostel-in Charge)

1. Budget allocation2.Release of funds to Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment

1. Processing of proposal and selection

2. Transfer of Funds to State Govt/NGOs/Private Institute

3. Verifying utilization certificate from State/NGOs and Private Institute

1. Call for expression of interests 2. Screening of application 3. Submission of application to

MoSJ&E 4. Disbursal of funds to State level

authority 5. Appointment of staff6. Submission of utilization

certificate to MoSJ&E7. Physical verification and

monitoring8. Maintenance

3.2 Financial Allocation, Expenditure and Achievements

Hostel scheme has been operational for SC girls from the third five yearplan and the same for boys has been in place since 1989. However, thepresent assessment has been limited to 1999-2008 primarily due toconstraints of availability of data. Since, Babu Jagjivan Ram ChhatravasYojana has been in place from 1 January 2008, major focus has been onthe financial and physical achievements made during this period. Table 9presents the year wise allocation of funds, expenditure, number of hostelssanctioned and beneficiaries from 1999-2000 to 2003-04. It shows thatthere had been an increase in the allocation and release of funds for bothboys’ and girls’ hostels from 1999 to 2004; however, not in a gradualfashion. For instance, during 2001-02 allocation and release of fundsincreased substantially and there was a significant increase in the numberof hostels constructed. Though allocation and release of funds increasedin general, there are also variances in funds released, hostels sanctionedand number of seats made available from 1999 to 2004. For instance,during 1999-2000, fund released for girls’ and boys’ hostels was Rs.8.37


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and 11.58 cores; respectively. Out of that 89 hostels were sanctioned with3998 seats for girls and 137 hostels were sanctioned with 6399 seats forboys. During 2000-01, though funds released for hostels increased, numberof hostels sanctioned decreased considerably. Hostel-seat ratio indicatesthat the average number of seats per hostel increased from 45 in 1999-00to 109 in 2000-01 for girls and 47 to 54 for boys. However, what is strikingis that even with more allocation of funds, total number of seats decreasedmarginally for girls and substantially for boys between these periods. Similartrends can be seen in 2002, 2003 and 2004 as well with either decrease inhostels or seats per hostel.

Data also give some indications on the optimum hostel-seat ratio. It suggeststhat the best available hostel seat-ratio enabling optimum cost efficiencyis 80-90. For instance, during 2002-03, allocation for girls’ hostel wasRs.20 crores for 127 hostels with an average hostel seat ratio of 90,benefiting 11,484 students while during 2001-02, hostels sanctionedagainst the allocation of Rs.19.34 crores were 131 with 4,535 seats (hostelseat ratio is 35). What is also obvious from the data is that till 2004, financialallocation for the scheme was comparatively higher for boys’ hostel thangirls’. This could be one of the reasons to have a gender focus on allocationin the revised scheme in 2008.

Table 9: Allocations of Funds, Central Releases, Number ofHostels Sanctioned and Beneficiaries Covered, 1999-2004

Year Allocation (in

Crores)

Central Assistance Released (in

Crores)

No. of Hostels

Sanctioned

No. of Seats

Hostel/seat Ratio

Girl’s Hostel

1999-00 8.5 8.37 89 3998 45

2000-01 8.4 11.47 22 2404 109

2001-02 19 19.34 131 4535 35

2002-03 20 20 127 11484 90

2003-04 20 20.5 111 9277 84

Boy’s hostel

1990-00 11.5 11.58 137 6399 47

2000-01 11.4 13.53 33 1772 54

2001-02 20 19.44 116 6119 53

2002-03 23 21.99 191 11582 61

2003-04 23 35.25 228 8789 39

Source: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, 2008-09, compiled


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Table 10 gives the recent trends on expenditure, hostels and beneficiariesof the scheme. There has been a gradual increase in the allocation andexpenditure for girls’ and boys’ hostels from 2005 to 2008. However,during 2008-09, under the Babu Jagjivan Ram Chhatravas Yojana therewas a significant increase in the expenditure for girls’ hostel as comparedto boys along with a reduction in expenditure for boys’ hostel. This isperhaps as per the objective of the revised programme to give a genderemphasis, keeping the poor educational background of SC females intoaccount.

Another striking finding which can be drawn from Table 10 is theincongruence in expenditure and corresponding number of hostels builtand students benefitted. For instance, during 2006-07, out of theexpenditure of Rs.28.81 crores for girls’ hostel 204 hostels have been built,which benefitted 18,303 students. However, in 2008-09, number of hostelsbuilt from Rs.58.62 crores spent for girls’ hostels were 64; benefitting4,938 students. Similar incongruence can be found for boys’ hostel as well.These differences point to several possible explanations including increasein construction/maintenance cost over years and possible additionalfacilities given in the hostels to irrational hostel-seat ratio.

Table, 10: Physical & Financial AchievementsDuring 2006-07 to 2008-09

Scheme Year Budget Allocation

(Rs. In crore)

Expenditure

(Rs. in crore)

Hostels Beneficiaries Hostel- beneficiary

ratio

SC Girl’s Hostel

As on 31.12.2005

- 19.99 - 2,954 -

2006-07 32.00 28.81 204 18,303 90

2007-08 32.00 30.50 187 13,883 74

2008-09 55.00 58.62 64 4,938 77

SC Boy’s Hostel

As on 31.12.2005

- 25.5 - 7,367 -

2006-07 30.00 25.23 109 6,172 57

2007-08 35.00 36.78 114 7,608 67

2008-09 40.00 25.73 45 3,138 70

Source: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, 2008-09


16

Expenditure and Achievements

Table 11 details the expenditure and achievements of hostels for girls from2005-06 to 2008-09 in various states. Data reveal that preferences inresource allocation were given to states that have higher share of SCpopulation; however, not always in proportion. For instance, in 2006-07,56 hostels were constructed and 3,254 students benefitted all over Indiaunder the scheme. Out of this, the highest number of hostels built andstudents benefitted was in Himachal Pradesh (16 hostels and 1,479beneficiaries) followed by Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh,Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. During 2006-07, Andhra Pradesh (81hostels and 8,100 beneficiaries) and Orissa (78 hostels and 7,800beneficiaries) received major share of allocation under the schemefollowed by Chhattisgarh and Karnataka. During 2007-08, the maximumnumber of hostels for girls was built in Orissa (143 hostels and 11,538beneficiaries) followed by Chhattisgarh (25 hostels and 1,220beneficiaries). Under Babu Jagjeevan Ram Chhatravas Yojana (2008-09),Andhra Pradesh (8 hostels and 700 seats) and Madhya Pradesh (6 hostelsand 300 seats) received the highest allocations for girl’s hostel.

The reasons for differences in the pattern of expenditure and exact criteriaof allocation to different states cannot be drawn with the availableinformation. It is also indistinguishable from the pattern of allocation thatwhether criteria such as SC female literacy rate, their levels of educationand rural-urban gap are adequately followed while selecting locations. Forinstance, as per the 2001 census, literacy level of SC females is significantlylower in Bihar (15.58%), Jharkhand (22.55%), Uttar Pradesh (30.50%)and Rajasthan (33.87%).6 Similarly, rural-urban gap in female literacyrate is also found to be higher in these states. Table 11, however, showsthat criteria such as SC female literacy rate and levels of education of SCfemales have not been fully taken into account while allocation. Arguably,selection could be based largely on other preferences such as integratedhostels, availability of undisputed land, areas without adequate hostelfacility for SC females etc.


17

Table 11: Select State-wise Number of Hostels and SeatsSanctioned for Construction of Scheduled Caste Girls

Hostels in India (2005-2006 to 30.09.2008)

States/UTs 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009

Hostels Seats Hostels Seats Hostels Seats Hostels Seats

Andhra Pradesh 10 200 81 8100 0 0 7 700

Assam 0 0 1 100 1 100 0 0

Chhattisgarh 5 0 17 850 25 1220 0 0

Gujarat 1 100 1 100 1 100 0 0

Haryana 0 1 100 0 0 0 0

Himachal Pradesh

16 1479 0 0 0 0 0 0

Jammu & Kashmir

0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

Jharkhand 9 450 1 50 1 50 0 0

Karnataka 0 12 600 7 350 2 200

Madhya Pradesh 6 0 6 300 6 300 6 300

Meghalaya 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

Orissa 0 0 78 7800 143 11538 0 0

Punjab 1 200 1 51 0 0 1 50

Rajasthan 3 225 3 75 1 25 0 0

Tamil Nadu 0 0 2 177 0 0 0 0

Tripura 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 20

Uttar Pradesh 4 400 0 0 0 0 0 0

West Bengal 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

India 56 3254 204 18303 187 13883 17 1270

Source: Lok Sabha Starred Question No.100, dated 23.10.2008

On the other hand, there has been a fair representation in the centralassistance for boys’ hostel in the states where male SC literacy rates arelower except Bihar. As per the 2001 census, literacy rate of scheduledcaste males is found to be the lowest in Bihar (40.23%) followed byJharkhand (51.59%), Karnataka (63.75%), Punjab (63.38%), Uttar Pradesh(60.34%), and Andhra Pradesh (63.51%).7 Table 12 shows the states withthe highest allocation for boys’ hostels in 2002-03. It included AndhraPradesh (Rs.462.83 lakhs), Chhattisgarh (Rs.421 lakhs), Madhya Pradesh(Rs.344.67 lakhs) and Karnataka (Rs.274.31) followed by Tamil Nadu,Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat. During 2003-04, assistance to Tamil Nadu,Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh increased many folds. The scheme alsocovered Himachal Pradesh in 2003-04 where SC population iscomparatively higher. From 2004-05 to 2006-07, states such asJharkhand, Tripura, Rajasthan and Haryana have been included and


18

assistance has been increased for Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh andMadhya Pradesh.

Table 12: Central Assistance to States/UTs Released Under theScheme of Boy’s hostel for SCs, 2002-07

State/UT Boys Hostel (Rs. In Lakhs)

2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07

Andhra Pradesh 462.83 42.67 25.00 516.20 246.30

Assam 9.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Chhattisgarh 421.00 0.00 171.60 242.68 345.09

Gujarat 77.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Haryana 4.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 135.00

Himachal Pradesh 0.00 289.62 0.00 951.83 0.00

Jammu & Kashmir 24.97 0.00 0.00 6.39 0.00

Jharkhand 0.00 0.00 103.47 111.44 182.13

Karnataka 274.31 406.35 447.68 0.00 408.00

Kerala 0.00 40.25 24.00 0.00 0.00

Madhya Pradesh 344.67 999.43 0.00 108.00 711.43

Maharashtra 65.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Orissa 0.00 21.04 0.00 0.00 0.00

Rajasthan 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 307.05

Tamil Nadu 89.41 1134.00 1275.75 0.00 188.10

Tripura 0.00 0.00 100.00 151.89 0.00

Uttar Pradesh 71.08 91.83 0.00 169.58 0.00

Uttaranchal Nil 0.00 95.81 0.00 0.00

West Bengal 4.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Chandigarh 50.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Total 1899.18 3025.18 2243.31 2258.00 2523.10

Source: Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment, Govt. of India, New Delhi.

Expenditure and Beneficiaries under Babu Jagjivan RamChhatravas Yojana

As noted earlier, the gender focus of Babu Jagjivan Ram Chhatravas Yojanais obvious from the expenditure on girls’ hostels during 2008-09. Thetotal expenditure for girls’ hostel under the revised scheme for the year2008-09 was Rs. 58.63 crores; whereas for boys’ hostel, it was Rs.25.73crores (Tables 13 and 14, Annex 1). There is also a corresponding increasein the number of hostels constructed and total number of seats madeavailable for girls. Another noticeable achievement of the revised schemeis that it covered all the states where SC literacy rate is low. However, there


19

are substantial differences in allocation and the level of literacy rate withinthe states covered. For instance, in Bihar both male and female SC literacyrate is the lowest but number of SC girls benefitted under the scheme during2008-09 was 200, whereas it was 1200 in Orissa, 900 in West Bengal and700 in Andhra Pradesh.

Table 15 details the allocation to state governments, union territories,North East region, Universities and NGOs for the year 2009-10. It is clearfrom the budget allocation that the major focus of the programme is onhostels under the state sector followed by ‘Universities, NGOs/UT withoutlegislation’ North East region and Union Territories. It is also clear thatallocation is more for girls’ hostel than for boys under each sector.

Table 15: Babu Jagjeevan Ram Chhatravas Yojana BudgetAllocation for 2009-10

No. Budget Head Rupees in Lakhs

1 Boys Hostel (State Govt.) 3150

2 Boys Hostel ( UT with Legislation) 50

3 Boys Hostel ( North East) 100

4 Boys Hostel ( University, GO/ U.T. without Legislation) 700

5 Girls Hostel ( State Government) 4500

6 Girls Hostel ( UT with Legislation) 100

7 Girls Hostel ( North East) 400

8 Girls Hostel ( University, NGO/ U.T. without Legislation) 1000

Source: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Govt. of India

3.3 Selection Criteria: Indications of Wrong Exclusion

Inclusion can be viewed as both a broad and narrow conceptsimultaneously. On the one hand, the shift of focus from universal totargeted programmes itself can be viewed as excluding the other(irrespective of social and economic characteristics) while looking throughthe lens of universality. Broadly speaking, though wrong inclusion andexclusion remains still an unsettled domain in the public policy discoursein India, targeted programme like hostel scheme for SC students is also ingood agreement with the true spirit of inclusion by exclusively includingthe historically excluded. Questions here are, while comprehensivecoverage even within a small targeted programme like this is constrainedby budget implications, how have the criteria of selection of beneficiariesbeen arrived at to include the needy and whether such criteria are


20

adequately fulfilled; and most importantly what are the primaryprerequisites to be fulfilled in order to avoid wrong exclusions. Part ofthese questions can be answered from the available official data.

The revised scheme has certain priority criteria for selection of locationfor hostels of which the most important one is areas where concentrationof SC population is 20 per cent and more and without adequate hostel

facilities.8 Other important preferences are areas having low SC femaleliteracy and middle and higher secondary levels of education. If one looksat Census data 2001on literacy and levels of education together with the

data of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment on pattern ofallocation of hostels carefully, it leaves a considerable space to doubtwhether criteria such as SC female literacy rate, their levels of education

and rural urban gap are adequately followed while selecting locations andbeneficiaries under the scheme. For instance, as per the 2001 census,literacy level of SC females is considerably low in Bihar (15.58%), Jharkhand

(22.55%), Uttar Pradesh (30.50) and Rajasthan (33.87) as against the allIndia figure of 41.9 %. Similarly, rural-urban gap in female literacy rate isalso found to be high in these states. Nevertheless, data show that priority

states for the scheme have been Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa,Himachal Pradesh and Chhattisgarh from 2005 to 2009 (see Table 11).

Available official data on the scheme is inadequate to assess how far the

other important criteria of the scheme; such as focus on middle and higherlevels education, priority for places where hostel facilities for SC studentsare low and above all, preference for poor SC students especially girls are

taken into account while implementation. To understand this, we haveextracted information on education level of SC males and females in theage range of >15<=30 by sector and by level of poverty in selected states

from 61st round of NSS (2004-05). Further, we looked at the data onenrolment of SC students in higher education across states to understandthe demand for hostels for SC students in higher education in different

states.

Focus on Middle and Higher Education

Results show that SC females (age 15-30) in middle level of education inthe rural area are the highest in Punjab (38.48 %), followed by Tamil Nadu


21

(28.13 %), Tripura (27.85 %) and West Bengal (24.49 %) (Table 16, annex1). States such as Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal andKarnataka also have higher proportion (more than 20 per cent) of SCfemales in middle level education. This trend is continuing as we move upto secondary and higher secondary levels. However the states with numberof SC women at graduation level in the rural areas is high are: Rajasthan,West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Tripura Andhra Pradesh and Punjab. In urbanIndia, the states where SC female population in the middle level of educationis found to be the highest are: Punjab (35.82 %), followed by Maharashtra(23.15 %), Haryana (20.37 %), Tripura (19.64 %), Tamil Nadu (18.87 %)and Uttaranchal (18.68%).

SC males in the middle level of education in rural areas are high in Punjab(44%), Himachal Pradesh (34%), Tripura (30.38 %), West Bengal (29 %),Tamil Nadu (27.83%), Uttar Pradesh (27%), Uttaranchal (25%) and AndhraPradesh (24.15%) in the order (See Table 17, annex 1). In urban areas, theorder is found to be slightly different, with Punjab on the top with nearly31 per cent in middle level education followed by West Bengal, Tripura,Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttaranchal and Haryana. Data on enrolment inhigher education (2004-05) informs that Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh,Maharashtra and West Bengal have the maximum number of SC boys andgirls enrolled for higher education (See Table 18, Annex 1).

What is emerging from the data is that there is a significant gap in allocationof hostels under the revised scheme, while we consider the criterion of‘concentration of middle and higher education level of SC students acrossrural and urban areas. For example, Orissa, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh,Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh were the states which received thehighest allocation in the order under the scheme for girls’ hostel. However,data show that SC females in middle level of education in the rural area arethe highest in Punjab, followed by Tamil Nadu, Tripura, West Bengal,Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal and Karnataka.Similarly SC female population in the middle level of education in urbanareas is the highest in Punjab followed by Maharashtra, Haryana, Tripura,Tamil Nadu and Uttaranchal. It is also notable that the states such asHimachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Maharashtra, were not coveredduring 2008-09 and allocation for Uttaranchal, Tripura and Punjab havebeen minimal as compared to other states.


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Similar mismatches are found in the allocation for boys’ hostel under therevised scheme. Orissa, Bihar, Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh were thestates which received the highest allocation under the revised scheme forboys’ hostel during 2008-09. Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Tripura, WestBengal, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal and Andhra Pradesh arethe states where population of SC males in middle level education in ruralareas is more than 20 per cent. SC males in middle level education in urbanareas is more than 20 per cent in Punjab, West Bengal, Tripura,Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttaranchal and Haryana. Given this, thedisaggregate information on middle, secondary and higher education ofSC males and females in rural and urban areas should be taken intoconsideration while allocating hostels in order to ensure fair representation.

Preference for Poor SC students

Though preference for poor is not a stated criterion of the scheme, wehave estimated the percentage of poor SC females and males (age 15-30)by education level in the rural and urban areas of selected states. Theresults show that there are mismatches when we add ‘poverty’ as a criterionin the selection of states under the revised scheme. As is evident fromTable 19 (See annex 1), states where the highest number of poor SC femalesin all levels of education in rural India are Uttaranchal (41.78%), Jharkhand(49.44%), Orissa (30.37%), Uttar Pradesh (26.4%), Tripura (22.83%),Madhya Pradesh (35%), Gujarat (32.81%), Maharashtra (32%), and TamilNadu (23.6 %). States where poor SC females in all levels of education inurban India are found to be the highest in Orissa (59.22%), followed byBihar (41.89%), Madhya Pradesh (39.8%), Uttaranchal (37.64%), Kerala(35 %), Tamil Nadu (32 %), Maharashtra (30%) and Uttar Pradesh (29.5%).When we limit the level of education to higher secondary; Uttaranchal(25.58%), Maharashtra (24.77%), Gujarat (24.16%), Tamil Nadu (18.42%)and Bihar (16.6%) emerge to be the states where percentage of poor SCfemales is comparatively higher in the rural areas and Bihar (71.5%),Uttaranchal (25.86%), Kerala (21.68%), Orissa (20.4%), and Maharashtra(19.58%) in the urban areas.

Similarly, as shown in Table 20 (See annex 1), poor SC male population forall levels of education in rural areas is found to be higher in Jharkhand(42%), Bihar (39.86%), Orissa (34.81%), Madhya Pradesh (34.18%),Uttaranchal (33.18%), Uttar Pradesh (32.12%) and Maharashtra (31.5%).


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Orissa (58.34%), Bihar (51.82%), Madhya Pradesh (51.24%), Uttaranchal(49%), Rajasthan (43.53%), Karnataka (38.42%) and Maharashtra(31.38%) are the states where percentage poor SC male in all levels ofeducation is significantly high in the urban areas. States whereconcentration of poor SC male is comparatively higher in the highersecondary level in rural areas are Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, UttarPradesh, Uttaranchal, Gujarat and Kerala. Higher concentration of poormale in the higher secondary level in the urban India is found the highest inKarnataka, followed by Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar, AndhraPradesh and Haryana.

Coverage of the scheme sheds light on some serious concerns of wrongexclusion. First of all, criteria of level of literacy and level of education ofSC females have not been adequately followed in the scheme. Mismatchesbetween these criteria and actual coverage lead to the assumption that theselection of locations could be based largely on other ‘less preferences’such as integrated hostels, availability of undisputed land, etc. in most ofthe cases. Secondly, by not including poverty as one of the selection criteria,the scheme excludes a large number of poor SC students who are in themiddle and secondary levels of education, especially when the scheme hasbudget constraints for universal coverage. This bears greater significancein the context that poverty is one of the major associated causes for schooldropouts in India. Segregation of data on the basis of level of educationand poverty gives directions for prioritising the states. However, it is alsoimportant to narrow down the focus further to district and block levelsbased on the same sets of criteria in order to achieve the objective of thescheme “to have a girls’ hostel with a capacity of 100 seats, in every blockheadquarters/of low literacy Districts not having one now, by way ofpriority.”

4. Case Studies

The research team visited the hostel of Govt. Girls P.G. College, GurgaonHaryana and Rajakiya Anusuchit Jaati Chhatravas, Government ITI, Bakshika Talab, Lucknow in order to obtain firsthand information on the scheme.Discussions were held with college principals, wardens and inmates of thehostels. The team had interacted with 11 resident students from the GirlsP.G. College, Gurgaon Haryana and 21 resident students from GovernmentITI, Bakshi ka Talab, Lucknow.9


24

The Government Girls P.G. College was founded in 1958. At present, thereare 4000 students studying in the college. The college offers graduate andpost graduate courses in Science and Arts as well as professional courseslike computer sciences. The institute has three hostels and among theseone was constructed under Babu Jagjeevan Ram Chhatravas Yojana in2008. There are 126 rooms available altogether in the hostels and thehostel under JRCY has 37 rooms.

Government ITI Bakshi ka Talaab was founded in the year 1950. Theinstitute has thirteen professional courses in which eleven are recognisedby National Council for Vocational Training (NCVT) and two aredepartmental. The institute has three hostels, and all of these are exclusivelyfor scheduled caste students. The first hostel in Bakshi ka Talaab wasestablished during 1983-84 and the second and the third hostels were builtin the year 1991. There are 17 rooms in each hostel.

4.1 Hostel Construction and Maintenance

The grant for the hostel of Government Girls P.G. College, Gurgaon underJRCY was sanctioned by central government in 2006. The Public WorkDepartment (PWD) of the Government of Haryana was the agencyresponsible for construction of the hostel. PWD completed the constructionby 2008 (within two years from the date of sanction) and the hostel wasmade available to students in the same year. Though constructioncompleted in two years, the college has not taken the possession of thehostel formally due to the non-completion of certain works (like grills arenot installed in the room windows facing terrace which is unsafe).10 Thescheme, however directs that “the hostels shall be completed within a periodof two years from the date of sanction of the project by the Ministry ofSocial Justice and Empowerment”. PWD, Gurgaon, Haryana, undertakesall maintenance works of the hostel, which include building related worksand electrical, plumbing related etc. of the hostel building.

On the other hand, cost of the hostels of ITI Bakshi ka Talaab was jointlyshared by central and Uttar Pradesh State Government under the oldscheme. The grant was sanctioned by the Central Government and stateGovernment in 1984 and UP Nirman Nigam undertook the construction.Presently, the hostel is maintained by the State Government.


25

Allotment of Seats

Govt. P.G college, Gurgaon provides hostel facilities for all outstationstudents in principle; however allotment is on the basis of merit and theavailability of rooms with reference to the application received. Scheduledcaste students were allotted seats in all three hostels as per the norm of 15per cent reservation of SC students in the hostels, mentioned in theadmission guidelines. Out of a total of 550 inmates, 70 were from ScheduledCaste communities which form around 12-13 per cent of the total strengthof the hostel. Since the total intake of SC students is less than 15 per cent inthe college, all SC students who apply for hostel usually get seatsirrespective of the merit. Also, sets were distributed proportionally forstudents from all categories without segregation on caste lines. This practiceis found to be conforming to the directions in the scheme that, “It shall bemandatory for the institutions concerned to provide proportionalrepresentation to SC students in their regular hostels and the additionalseats created under this Scheme, together with the normal quota, asdelineated, will be distributed evenly amongst all the hostels including thehostels constructed under this Scheme”.

Hostel facilities in ITI Bakshi ka Talaab were given only to SC students.Allotment was based on the distance from the college as well as the merit.It was also reported that the institute does not provide hostel facilities tolocal students.11 At present, three hostels altogether accommodate 83Scheduled Caste students.

Fee Structure

The scheme states that “The expenditure on maintenance of the hostelswill be borne by the implementing agencies concerned, from their ownfunds” and “no fee or charges of any kind will be collected from SC studentsfor provision of the hostel facilities including water, electricity andmaintenance charges etc.” However, it was found that Govt P.G. Collegehostel, Gurgaon charge maintenance fee from SC students. It was reportedby the warden and students that the college charges Rs. 2500 at the time ofadmission as first instalment and Rs.2600 as second instalment inDecember other than the mess charge of Rs.400 per month.12 It was alsofound that both college officials and students were not aware of the directionin the scheme that no charges for maintenance are to be levied on SC


26

students. Further, they were not aware of the one-time grant of Rs.2500per student for maintenance. ITI Bakshi ka Talaab on the other hand doesnot charge any fee from students for maintenance.

4.2 Socio-Economic Background of Beneficiaries

While beneficiaries of the scheme in Govt. Girls P.G. College, Gurgaonwere mostly from families of employees in public sector jobs; thebeneficiaries in Govt. ITI Bakshi ka Talaab were from households ofagriculture labourers and casual workers in rural areas. It was also evidentfrom the courses that they opted for. While most of the beneficiaries in theformer institution undertook graduate and post graduate professionalcourses after their +2 and graduation; beneficiaries in the latter wouldtake up two year vocational training after their matriculation. Theavailability of paid services in the hostel was also an indicator to understandtheir economic background. While students from the Govt. Girls P.G.college availed paid services of canteen, hostels of Govt. ITI did not havemess/canteen facilities due to the fact that “it turned to be unaffordablefor students to pay mess bills”, as one of the student reported to ourresearcher. Similarly, as discussed earlier, Govt. P.G College chargedmaintenance fee for hostels from students for providing better facilities;the students in Govt. ITI Bakshi ka Talaab, on the other hand stayed in thehostels with bare minimum facilities available.

4.3 Facilities Available in the Hostels

We found considerable discrepancies in the facilities available in the hostelsof both the institutes. While hostels of Govt. Girls P.G. College, Gurgaonwere found to be equipped with facilities such as reading rooms with newspapers and journals, television, power back up, recreational facilities likeyoga classes, canteen, facilities for incoming and outgoing telephone calls;the hostels of Govt. ITI Bakshi ka Talaab did not offer any such facilities tothe students. It was also observed that both the hostels were not disable-friendly. The scheme however, directs that “a few rooms/blocks of thehostels should be constructed barrier free and facilities like ramps etc.should be incorporated in the design of the construction for theconvenience of SC students with disabilities”. Similarly, there was noinformation on priority allocation of rooms to students whose parents areengaged in unclean occupation, which is a priority criterion for admission


27

to the hostel.13 Specific facilities available in each hostel are as follows (seeTable 21).

Govt. Girls’ P.G. College, Gurgaon

As aforementioned, 550 students reside in 126 rooms in three hostels ofGovt. Girls P.G College. Normally four students are accomodated in a singleroom except Hostel-1 where rooms are bigger in size and six students residein a room. This practice however is against the direction of the scheme asit clearly states that “the capacity per hostel should not exceed 100 students.In exceptional cases, hostels with larger capacities can be considered. Eachhostel room should accommodate 2-3 students”. It was reported thatstudents of first year are given admission into the hostel to check problemslike ragging.

Facilities such as bed, table chair and cupboard are available in every room.The hostels also run canteens for students except in hostel-III and studentsare served breakfast, lunch, dinner and evening tea/ milk in the hostelmess. There is one water cooler for drinking water in dining hall and oneach floor. Each hostel has a common room, which is also used as studyroom during examination with power back up facility in case of powershedding. We also found some recreational facilities such as common roomwith TV (without cable connection) in each hostel, yoga classes etc forstudents.

There is only one telephone available in the hostel, which has coin systemand mobile phones are not allowed in the hostel. It was reported thatstudents have to wait for long hours to receive calls from their parents.There is no internet facility available in the hostels. It was also reportedthat there are restrictions on the entry and exit for students and have totake prior permission for it. Two days are fixed for visitors in a week;although there is no visiting room available in the hostels. Also, marriedgirls are not allowed to stay in the hostel even if they get married whilepursuing their course and have to vacate the hostel soon after theirmarriage.

Govt. ITI Bakshi ka Talaab

The institute has three hostels and there are 17 rooms in each hostel. It wasreported that three students are accommodated in each room. At the timeof fieldwork there were 83 students residing in hostel 1&2 and the 3rd


28

hostel was under renovation.14 Each room has three cots, three cupboards,one table and one chair. It was reported by the students that the number oftables and chairs were inadequate.

There was no mess facility available in the hostel though kitchen and dininghall was constructed in each hostel. As the warden told to our researcher,“most of the students are coming from poor families and they prefer tocook their food by themselves as they find it cheap”.15 Other facilities suchas common room, television, power back-up, water cooler, which wereavailable for students in the Govt. Girls, P.G. College, Gurgaon were notfound in the hostels of Govt. ITI. Social Welfare Officer who accompaniedthe research team told that there is provision for water cooler in the hostel,which was under renovation.

Students in the Govt. ITI have raised the concern that library facilities,telephone for incoming and outgoing calls and power back are essentialrequirements in the hostel. Other serious concerns of students were dhaba(tea stall which also provides snacks), stationery shop and sports facilities.

Table 21: Facilities Available in the HostelsS. No.

Facility Government Girl’s PG College, Gurgaon

ITI hostel, Bakshi ka Talab, Lucknow. (Boys)

1. Reading room (with news paper/books/journals)

Yes No reading room, but news papers are available

2. Visitors room No No

3. Fans Yes Yes

4. Reading table and chair Yes Yes

5. Toilets, (in numbers) Yes (in adequate number) Yes

6. Television Yes No

7. Power Back up (inverter/ generator)

Yes, 1 available in common room

No

8. Recreation/Sports room/ facility Yoga class in the morning No

9. Mess/Canteen Mess facility available in two hostels

No

10. Shoppe No No

11. Telephone Yes No

12. Ramps or any other disability friendly systems

No No

13. Water cooler One in the dining hall No

14. Internet No No


29

Involvement of PRIs/Local Governments

Though involvement of PRIs/Local Governments is an essential componentof the scheme, we did not find participation of these institutions in theoverseeing of the functioning of any of these hostels.16 It was generally feltthat there is lack of flow of information or coordination on the intendedrole of PRIs in the scheme in both the cases.

4.4 Information, Education and Communication (IEC)

IEC is an important component to ensure the reach of any programme tobeneficiaries. It was found that there were no concerted efforts from thegovernments (Haryana and Uttar Pradesh) and the institutes to make thehostel schemes known to people so that they could avail the facility. It wasreported by the students from Govt. P.G. College hostel, Gurgaon thatmost of the students who took admission in the college got completeinformation about the hostel only through the hostel brochure afteradmission. It was reported that there was no notification in news papers/radio/television, on notice board of the hostel or anywhere on the collegecampus about such facility. Students of Govt. ITI reported that very fewwere aware of free hostel facility in the institute before taking the admission.Among them, everyone came to know about it through senior studentsfrom their villages. Interestingly, nobody reported that they came to knowabout this scheme/facility through local news papers/television, radio,schools or Panchayat Raj Institutions. Overall, it was realised that there isinadequate flow of information about the hostel facilities among SCs inrural areas. One can assume that hostel facility is neither working as anincentive nor a motivating factor for SC students to continue their studies.Conversely, SC students who take admission in an institute receive thebenefit of hostel facility by default.

5. Conclusion

Assessment of the hostel scheme against its achievements in terms ofnumber of hostels built and seats made available shows that the programme,if not proportionally, covered the states where SC population is considerablyhigh and literacy rate low. On the criteria of selection of state andinstitutions, it is found that criteria such as SC female literacy rate andlevels of education of SC females have not been fully taken into accountwhile allocating. Hence, it is presumed that selection could be based largely


30

on other preferences such as integrated hostels, availability of undisputedland, areas without adequate hostel facility for SC females etc in severalinstances. On the other hand, there was a fair representation in the centralassistance for boys’ hostel for the states where male SC literacy rates arelow; except Bihar. Similarly, though the revised scheme covered all thestates where SC literacy rate is low, it is found that there are substantialdifferences in allocation and the level of literacy rate within the statescovered. Further, there are significant gaps in allocation of hostels underthe revised scheme, when the criteria of ‘concentration of middle and highereducation level of SC students across rural and urban areas is considered.Also, mismatches in the selection of states under the revised scheme arefound to be more after adding ‘poverty’ as a criterion. Therefore chancesof wrong exclusion in the scheme could be higher.

Incentive scheme like free hostel facility, beyond doubt, is a much requiredintervention for SC students who reach higher education by overcomingthe barriers of poverty and discrimination. Interaction with students intwo hostels revealed that they were getting basic minimum facilities (likecot, bed, tables, chairs etc.) though inadequate in several instances. Also,the scheme was found to be assisting SC students in the rural areas whowould have quit their education otherwise. However, while trying tounderstand how far the knowledge about hostel schemes acted as anincentive to continue their education, it was found that very few amongthem knew about this scheme, which was also through senior students intheir village. In many instances, hostel facility has not acted as an incentiveor motivating factor for SC students to continue their studies. Conversely,SC students those who had taken admission in an institute got the benefitof hostel facility by default. Similarly, these facilities have been availedmostly by students coming from relatively well-to-do families (mostly fromfamilies of public sector employees) in urban areas and from self employedfamilies in rural areas.

To sum, though the scheme is potentially beneficial for poor SC students,it has not adequately reached to the ‘eligible beneficiaries’, primarily dueto the prioritised selection criteria. In order to avoid this wrong exclusion,segregation of data across middle, secondary and higher education of SCmale and female in rural and urban India by level of poverty appears to bea prudent option. It is also important to further narrow down the focus on


31

districts and blocks based on the same sets of criteria to achieve theobjective of the scheme to have girls’ hostel in every block headquarters/of low literacy districts not having one. The possibility of poor SC femalescontinuing higher education by surpassing the barriers of poverty,discrimination and patriarchal structures is the primary question to beaddressed to make the scheme incentive oriented in real spirit.


32

Endnotes

1 Information given by D. Napoleon, the Minister of State Social Justice

and Empowerment, GOI, in a reply to a question in the Rajya Sabha on

09 July 2009, available at http://pib.nic.in/release/

release.asp?relid=50019

2 Article 16 of the Indian Constitution enables the Central Government

to make special provisions for the socio-economic development of the

deprived sections of the society to enable them to share the facilities at

par with the rest of the society.

3 For more details, see Babbu Jagjeevan ram Chhatravas Yojana,

available at http://socialjustice.nic.in/pdf/bjrcyojna.pdf

4 Level of education of SC male and female in the age range of >15<=30

as on 2004-05 has been estimated from the unit level data of National

Sample Survey, 61st round on consumption expenditure.

5 This section is largely based on the discussions with, Mr. R. K.

Srivastava- Director, SC programmes and Mr. Sanjay Mitlal Under

secretary, Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment at Shastri Bhawan

on 22/08/09 and with Mr. D.K. Singh District Social Welfare Officer

Uttar Pradesh at Kalyan Bhawan, 3 Prag Narayan Road, Lucknow on

23-24/09/09. It also draws from the information available on the

website of Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.

6 As per the 2001 census Scheduled Caste female literacy rate at all

India level is 41.9 per cent

7 As per the 2001 census Scheduled Caste male literacy rate at all India

level is 66.64 per cent

8 The scheme states that “while sanctioning hostels priority should be

given to areas having concentration of SC population of 20 per cent

and more and in case of girls, the hostels will be located in areas having

low SC female literacy”.

9 Visit to Government P.G. College, Gurgaon was on 4th September 2009and Government Polytechnic, Bakshi ka Talab, Lucknow was on 25thSeptember 2009

1 0 Interview with Warden Government P.G. College hostel, Gurgaon, on4th September 2009


33

1 1 Interview with Warden, Rajakiya Anusuchit Jaati Chhatravas, Bakshika talaab, Lucknow on 25/09/2009

1 2 Interview with WardenGovernment P.G. College hostel, Gurgaon andhostel inmates, on 4th September 2009

1 3 The scheme states that “priority in allotment of hostel accommodationwould be given to SC students whose parents are either “SafaiKaramcharis” or engaged in unclean occupations”

1 4 As informed by the warden, admission process was on during the timeof fieldwork, hence there will be more allotments in the coming months.

1 5 Interview with Warden, Rajakiya Anusuchit Jaati Chhatravas, Bakshika talaab, Lucknow on 25/09/2009

1 6 The Scheme states that “Panchayat Raj institutions would be involvedby the implementing agencies in the matter of selection of site andoverseeing the functioning of the hostels”


34

References

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Ahmed, Aijazuddin (1984), Education of the Scheduled Tribes: Some Aspectsof Inequality, New Delhi: National Institute of Educational Planningand Administration

Ahmad, Imtiaz (2003), “Educational Development of Minorities in India”in Tilak, J.B.G. (ed.), Education, Society and Development: National andInternational Perspective. New Delhi: NIEPA.

Banerji, R. (2000), “Poverty and Primary Schooling: Field Studies fromMumbai and Delhi”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.XXXV No. 10,March 4, pp. 795-802.

Bhatty, Kiran (1998), “Educational Deprivation in India: A Survey of FieldInvestigations”, Economic and Political Weekly, 4 July 1998, pp. 1731-4 0

Hasan, Rana and Mehta, Aashish (2006), “Under-representation ofDisadvantaged Classes in Colleges What Do the Data Tell Us?”, Economicand Political Weekly, September 2, 2006, pp. 3791-96

Kumar, Krishna (1983), “Educational Experience of Scheduled Castes andTribes”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XVII, Nos. 36 & 37, pp.1566-1572.

Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (2009), Annual Report, 2008-09, Government of India, New Delhi



Muralidharan, V. (1997), Educational priorities and Dalit Society, KanishkaPublisher, New Delhi

Nambissan, G.B. (1996), “Equity in Education? Schooling of Dalit Childrenin India”, Economic and Political Weekly, 31(16 and 17):1011-24.

Nambissan, G.B. (2009), “Exclusion and Discrimination in Schools:Experiences of Dalit Children”, IIDS UNICEF Working Paper Series,Vol.1, No.1


35

National Sample Survey Organisation (2005), “Household ConsumerExpenditure among Socio-Economic Groups: 2004-2005”, NSS 61stRound, Report No 514(61/1.0/7), Ministry of Statistics and ProgrammeImplementation, Government of India, New Delhi

Shah, Ghanshyam (2000), “Hope and Despair: A Study of Untouchabilityand Atrocities in Gujarat”, in Beteille, Andre (ed.), Journal of IndianSchool of Political Economy, Vol. XII, Nos. 3 & 4, pp. 459-472.

Srivastava, Ravi (2001), “Access to Basic Education in Rural UttarPradesh”, in Vaidyanathan, A. and Nair, Gopinathan (eds.) ElementaryEducation in Rural India: A Grassroots View, New Delhi: SagePublications, pp. 257-319.

Thorat, Sukhaeo (2005), “Why Reservation is Necessary”, The Seminar,No. 549, May 2005

Venkatanarayana, M. (2009), “Schooling Deprivation in India”, Economicand Political Weekly, Vol. XLIV, No 32, August 2009, pp.12-14


36

Annex 1: Tables

Table, 5: Persons (Male) by education level by social group bysector, age>15<=30, All India (2004-05)

Groups MIDLE SECON HSECO DIPLO GRADU PGRAD ALL

Rural (%)

ST 57.63 22.30 14.38 .91 4.04 .70 100.00

SC 51.15 25.96 15.65 1.07 4.74 1.39 100.00

OBC 47.95 29.49 14.72 1.45 5.23 1.14 100.00

OT 38.78 30.97 19.07 1.64 7.59 1.93 100.00

ALL 46.35 28.79 16.23 1.40 5.80 1.40 100.00

Urban (%)

ST 38.43 23.04 22.52 1.67 13.42 .89 100.00

SC 41.67 26.53 17.41 3.24 9.26 1.86 100.00

OBC 34.24 27.21 20.58 3.34 11.78 2.81 100.00

OT 24.83 26.10 23.68 2.09 18.72 4.56 100.00

ALL 30.68 26.46 21.74 2.66 14.93 3.50 100.00

Source: Estimated from unit data NSSO 61st round (2004-05)

Table, 6: Persons (female) by education level by social groupby sector, age>15<=30 (2004-05)

Groups MIDLE SECON HSECO DIPLO GRADU PGRAD ALL

Rural (%)

ST 59.18 24.77 11.79 .45 3.24 .53 100.00

SC 55.24 26.03 13.95 .68 3.55 .52 100.00

OBC 51.12 28.39 14.50 .65 4.38 .94 100.00

OT 43.61 30.42 16.82 .86 6.11 2.14 100.00

ALL 49.44 28.57 15.11 .72 4.83 1.30 100.00

Urban (%)

ST 39.97 22.56 22.60 .99 11.33 2.52 100.00

SC 41.64 26.60 20.25 1.19 8.71 1.58 100.00

OBC 34.68 28.32 21.00 1.91 10.45 3.61 100.00

OT 21.42 24.51 25.57 1.39 20.94 6.14 100.00

ALL 28.83 25.96 23.32 1.52 15.70 4.64 100.00



37

Table, 7: Poverty of persons (male) by education level bysocial group by sector, age>15<=30 (2004-05)

Groups Poverty MIDLE SECON HSECO DIPLO GRADU PGRAD ALL

Rural (%)

ST P 71.52 17.59 9.94 .33 .58 .01 100.00

NP 52.06 24.20 16.16 1.14 5.43 .98 100.00

ALL 57.63 22.30 14.38 .91 4.04 .70 100.00

SC P 60.03 23.76 12.29 .29 2.48 1.11 100.00

NP 48.50 26.62 16.65 1.31 5.42 1.47 100.00

ALL 51.15 25.96 15.65 1.07 4.74 1.39 100.00

OBC P 59.50 25.33 11.40 .43 2.76 .56 100.00

NP 45.95 30.21 15.29 1.62 5.66 1.24 100.00

ALL 47.95 29.49 14.72 1.45 5.23 1.14 100.00

OT P 55.86 29.11 10.05 .79 3.55 .61 100.00

NP 37.26 31.13 19.87 1.71 7.95 2.05 100.00

ALL 38.78 30.97 19.07 1.64 7.59 1.93 100.00

ALL P 60.68 24.47 11.22 .44 2.52 .65 100.00

NP 43.78 29.56 17.13 1.57 6.38 1.54 100.00

ALL 46.35 28.79 16.23 1.40 5.80 1.40 100.00

Urban

ST P 66.49 15.13 15.16 .73 2.26 .20 100.00

NP 31.83 24.90 24.25 1.89 16.04 1.05 100.00

ALL 38.43 23.04 22.52 1.67 13.42 .89 100.00

SC P 54.10 26.40 14.29 1.33 2.83 1.03 100.00

NP 37.64 26.57 18.43 3.86 11.34 2.13 100.00

ALL 41.67 26.53 17.41 3.24 9.26 1.86 100.00

OBC P 50.70 28.24 13.71 1.33 4.97 1.02 100.00

NP 30.13 26.96 22.30 3.84 13.48 3.26 100.00

ALL 34.24 27.21 20.58 3.34 11.78 2.81 100.00

OT P 48.50 28.45 14.74 .35 6.79 1.15 100.00

NP 22.37 25.85 24.61 2.27 19.96 4.91 100.00

ALL 24.83 26.10 23.68 2.09 18.72 4.56 100.00

ALL P 51.28 27.48 14.20 1.01 4.97 1.03 100.00

NP 26.95 26.27 23.11 2.96 16.73 3.95 100.00

ALL 30.68 26.46 21.74 2.66 14.93 3.50 100.00



38

Table, 8: Poverty of persons (female) by Education Level bySocial Group by Sector, age>15<=30 (2004-05)

Group Poverty MIDLE SECON HSECO DIPLO GRADU PGRAD ALL

Rural

ST P 79.04 14.21 6.56 .12 .00 .04 100.00

NP 53.37 27.86 13.32 .55 4.19 .67 100.00

ALL 59.18 24.77 11.79 .45 3.24 .53 100.00

SC P 70.64 19.55 8.44 .10 1.24 .00 100.00

NP 51.70 27.52 15.22 .82 4.08 .64 100.00

ALL 55.24 26.03 13.95 .68 3.55 .52 100.00

OBC P 67.13 24.23 6.98 .28 1.31 .04 100.00

NP 48.65 29.03 15.65 .71 4.85 1.08 100.00

ALL 51.12 28.39 14.50 .65 4.38 .94 100.00

OT P 62.58 27.52 7.65 .00 1.87 .35 100.00

NP 41.98 30.67 17.61 .94 6.48 2.30 100.00

ALL 43.61 30.42 16.82 .86 6.11 2.14 100.00

ALL P 68.19 22.84 7.41 .16 1.28 .10 100.00

NP 46.71 29.40 16.23 .80 5.35 1.47 100.00

ALL 49.44 28.57 15.11 .72 4.83 1.30 100.00

Urban

ST P 62.37 14.27 16.47 .25 5.89 .73 100.00

NP 36.14 23.98 23.65 1.12 12.26 2.83 100.00

ALL 39.97 22.56 22.60 .99 11.33 2.52 100.00

SC P 59.16 27.79 10.48 .33 2.07 .14 100.00

NP 36.35 26.24 23.19 1.45 10.72 2.02 100.00

ALL 41.64 26.60 20.25 1.19 8.71 1.58 100.00

OBC P 54.30 27.50 13.37 .14 3.88 .77 100.00

NP 29.66 28.53 22.95 2.36 12.13 4.34 100.00

ALL 34.68 28.32 21.00 1.91 10.45 3.61 100.00

OT P 47.18 28.68 16.05 1.02 5.91 1.13 100.00

NP 18.59 24.05 26.62 1.43 22.59 6.69 100.00

ALL 21.42 24.51 25.57 1.39 20.94 6.14 100.00

ALL P 53.04 27.59 13.81 .48 4.28 .77 100.00

NP 24.51 25.67 25.02 1.71 17.73 5.33 100.00

ALL 28.83 25.96 23.32 1.52 15.70 4.64 100.00



39

Table 13: State-Wise Achievements under Babu Jagjivan RamChhatravas Yojana for SC Girls Hostels during 2008-09

S. No State/UTs

No. of Girls Hostels No. of seats Expenditure (Rs. in lakhs)

1 Assam Arrears for 2007-08 2.62

2 AP 7 700 437.5

2 Bihar 2 200 335

3 Chhattisgarh 3 150 107.43

4 Haryana 1 168 187.576

6 Jharkhand 2 200 139.148

7 Karnataka 2 200 177.5

8 Madhya Pradesh 6 300 355.14

9 Orissa 12 1200 1914.89

10 Punjab 1 50 113.25

11 Rajasthan 5 150 339.75

12 Tamil Nadu 5 250 256.25

13 Tripura 1 20 27.52

14 Uttar Pradesh 1 400 697.2

15 Uttarakhand 7 50 101.25

16 W. B. 9 900 670.5

Total 64 4938 5862.524

Source: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Govt. of India.

Table, 14: State-Wise Achievements under Babu Jagjivan RamChhatravas Yojana for SC Boys Hostels during 2008-09

S. No State/UTs

No. of Boys Hostels No. of seats Expenditure (Rs. in lakhs)

1 Assam 3 88 46

2 Bihar 4 400 340

3 Chhattisgarh 6 300 72

4 Jharkhand 4 200 83

5 Karnataka 4 200 83

6 Kerala 1 150 110

7 Madhya Pradesh 7 350 211

8 Orissa 22 1100 755

9 Tamil Nadu * * 297

10 Uttar Pradesh 1 300 447

11 Uttarakhand 4 50 41

Total 45 3138 2573

* Arrears payment has been made.Source: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Govt. of India


40

Table, 16: State wise Female SC Persons of Age>15<=30 byEducation Level by Sector, 2004-05 (percentage)

State Rural Urban MIDL SEC HSEC DIPL GRA PGRA ALL MIDL SECO HSEC DIPL GRA PGRA ALL

Jammu & Kashmir

22.21 9.63 15.05 .00 4.80 28.29 16.29 13.01 9.93 3.28 .00 4.34 .00 7.30

Himachal Pradesh

22.21 20.45 16.23 7.41 6.58 3.75 18.59 16.18 42.26 7.46 .00 3.02 .00 23.71

Punjab 38.48 29.92 22.24 45.23 18.71 9.61 29.32 35.82 20.61 13.01 23.37 5.85 4.79 17.23 Uttaranchal 21.67 15.99 13.80 .00 14.25 6.99 17.75 18.68 9.50 5.16 11.59 5.25 3.54 8.73 Haryana 13.08 11.00 12.40 13.08 6.43 1.33 11.10 20.37 18.83 11.19 .00 7.31 7.18 14.03 Rajasthan 17.28 11.96 16.08 .00 25.18 6.43 15.79 18.39 20.88 10.61 .00 9.80 7.17 14.37 Uttar Pradesh 16.71 12.44 13.59 .00 18.05 7.37 14.83 13.76 9.07 12.36 1.32 5.05 3.38 9.93 Bihar 6.57 6.88 5.66 .00 5.01 .00 6.54 6.38 1.62 4.60 .00 3.44 .00 3.75 Tripura 27.85 8.74 23.67 .00 22.69 .00 23.16 19.64 9.69 17.55 15.03 5.89 15.06 14.71 Assam 12.05 7.29 5.37 .00 1.47 .00 10.13 9.65 10.83 10.54 47.93 6.12 .00 9.99 West Bengal 24.49 22.48 20.86 .00 22.35 26.64 23.66 18.64 20.16 10.96 .00 4.35 3.57 14.28 Jharkhand 9.54 1.82 5.37 .00 .68 .00 7.48 7.84 3.29 8.76 .00 .61 .00 5.36 Orissa 14.22 9.33 11.62 17.77 3.16 3.56 12.02 14.66 4.08 12.13 .00 1.14 .00 8.52 Chhattisgarh 12.33 19.65 16.54 .00 5.81 34.18 14.60 11.67 6.50 15.72 53.74 15.91 6.83 12.63 Madhya Pradesh

15.07 6.38 3.90 4.20 1.07 .00 10.53 10.38 16.27 4.07 .72 9.67 2.56 9.27

Gujarat 11.91 9.50 7.92 15.85 1.30 2.89 10.06 14.95 5.54 3.76 21.77 9.21 7.01 8.56 Maharashtra 12.64 9.32 15.72 13.93 .69 11.38 11.79 23.15 12.96 17.41 2.59 8.95 9.46 16.72 Andhra Pradesh 14.45 15.92 15.50 3.20 20.43 .00 15.25 13.84 12.35 11.67 1.45 14.54 6.49 12.56 Karnataka 20.38 12.39 14.09 .00 5.24 .00 16.27 18.28 7.90 13.34 .24 1.69 1.94 10.91 Kerala 16.32 9.38 9.73 7.14 4.28 4.78 11.76 9.54 12.27 5.68 28.44 6.80 .00 9.36 Tamil Nadu 28.13 24.84 18.36 35.47 22.30 7.32 24.87 18.79 18.87 8.01 16.33 7.02 2.59 13.39

Source: Estimated from NSS 61st round

Table, 17: State wise Male SC Persons of Age>15<=30 byEducation Level by Sector, 2004-05

State Rural Urban MIDL SECO HSEC DIPL GRAD PGRA ALL MIDL SECO HSEC DIPL GRAD PGRA ALL

Jammu & Kashmir

17.76 11.33 10.36 16.54 8.16 .00 14.09 12.41 4.68 2.14 8.32 .00 .33 5.54

Himachal Pradesh

33.75 26.83 20.53 45.35 14.12 19.09 26.40 6.40 6.15 3.55 .00 .46 .00 3.89

Punjab 44.09 29.43 23.34 42.14 33.01 34.80 33.28 30.92 11.55 17.77 20.31 8.83 7.40 17.65 Uttaranchal 25.07 24.70 18.28 65.77 14.13 6.50 22.74 23.45 5.51 10.00 .00 .28 7.96 11.32 Haryana 22.48 17.11 17.21 19.27 15.69 2.44 18.11 22.86 10.12 8.73 51.74 13.89 .90 13.24 Rajasthan 19.18 15.60 19.95 51.59 29.91 23.51 19.62 23.51 16.73 14.52 .00 25.93 3.72 19.06 Uttar Pradesh

27.17 17.53 20.88 16.41 14.09 20.42 22.53 14.97 11.95 12.45 44.90 10.36 4.23 12.71

Bihar 19.01 11.29 11.50 14.63 7.78 41.37 14.45 4.26 7.41 3.04 .00 .33 5.43 3.69 Tripura 30.38 21.01 12.49 20.39 14.65 27.03 25.05 24.32 18.00 10.45 .00 13.58 47.31 18.70 Assam 8.34 7.09 8.77 12.19 12.55 .00 8.22 10.96 11.80 13.62 .00 6.47 .00 11.05 West Bengal 29.04 28.53 25.68 22.15 18.01 6.24 27.39 24.66 10.84 12.53 39.64 8.53 10.53 15.24 Jharkhand 9.69 8.97 5.57 .00 .98 .00 8.59 8.79 11.96 .95 .00 3.03 .00 6.52 Orissa 14.16 15.00 11.85 14.77 11.96 11.50 13.77 19.40 9.61 1.13 6.08 4.25 26.78 10.60 Chhattisgarh 11.25 19.07 24.71 .00 27.28 29.98 16.37 16.55 10.20 13.50 .00 .22 .00 10.18 Madhya Pradesh

16.73 12.31 14.73 .00 8.70 13.11 15.04 15.60 10.97 9.49 .00 4.57 11.76 11.18

Gujarat 15.10 11.67 13.48 5.34 8.54 11.63 13.43 8.38 8.42 4.11 13.74 5.61 23.43 7.62 Maharashtra 14.79 14.92 13.27 12.95 6.70 22.89 14.23 22.04 12.21 10.58 23.23 12.94 7.53 15.73 Andhra Pradesh

24.15 18.31 26.12 9.38 16.07 18.19 21.37 15.36 21.11 16.66 34.29 4.07 13.72 15.69

Karnataka 17.04 18.84 24.38 6.86 21.96 .00 18.61 14.65 12.76 11.04 6.75 6.40 .00 11.55 Kerala 16.55 8.44 9.08 13.27 10.77 8.80 12.77 10.48 8.09 2.39 9.69 5.21 1.90 7.93 Tamil Nadu 27.83 24.81 23.76 13.36 28.58 36.37 25.70 19.51 14.04 14.66 10.96 8.91 2.17 14.04

Source: Estimated from NSS 61st round


41

Table, 18: State/Sex-wise Enrolment of Scheduled CasteStudents in Higher Education in India (2004-2005)

State/UT Boys Girls Total

Andhra Pradesh 82964 37125 120089

Assam 8910 6114 15024

Bihar 52906 17222 70128

Chhattisgarh 11695 6598 18293

Gujarat 24385 15903 40288

Haryana 16745 8426 25171

Himachal Pradesh 7797 5132 12929

Jharkhand 7375 3212 10587

Karnataka 34021 22695 56716

Kerala 11077 18102 29179

Madhya Pradesh 28201 18951 47152

Maharashtra 73344 39841 113185

Orissa 14618 3879 18497

Punjab 11475 12070 23545

Rajasthan 33999 10027 44026

Tamil Nadu 43373 36342 79715

Tripura 2244 1383 3627

Uttar Pradesh 165129 81962 247091

Uttaranchal 6034 4650 10684

West Bengal 66037 32184 98221

Chandigarh 1650 1329 2979

Delhi 17137 15419 32556

Pondicherry 1660 1756 3416

India 723944 401332 1125276



42

Table, 19 Percentage share of SC female, (age>15<=30) bypoverty and level of education, 2004-05

State PVT Rural Urban HSE DIPL GRAD PGRA ALL HSE DIPL GRAD PGRA ALL

Himachal Pradesh

P 6.44 .00 .00 .00 8.53 11.47 .00 .00 .00 2.16 NP 93.55 100.00 100.00 100.00 91.46 88.52 .00 100.00 .00 97.83 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 .00 100.00 .00 100.00

Punjab P .00 .00 .00 .00 6.06 3.22 .00 .00 .00 7.11 NP 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 93.93 96.77 100.00 100.00 100.00 92.88 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Uttaranchal P 25.58 .00 .00 .00 41.78 25.86 100.00 .00 .00 37.64 NP 74.41 .00 100.00 100.00 58.21 74.13 .00 100.00 100.00 62.35 ALL 100.00 .00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Haryana P .00 .00 .00 .00 9.90 12.57 .00 .00 .00 17.94 NP 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 90.09 87.42 .00 100.00 100.00 82.05 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 .00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Rajasthan P .00 .00 .00 .00 9.20 .00 .00 .00 .00 36.25 NP 100.00 .00 100.00 100.00 90.79 100.00 .00 100.00 100.00 63.74 ALL 100.00 .00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 .00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Uttar Pradesh

P 15.02 .00 18.04 .00 26.40 13.57 100.00 .47 .00 29.56 NP 84.97 .00 81.95 100.00 73.59 86.42 .00 99.52 100.00 70.43 ALL 100.00 .00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Bihar P 16.60 .00 .00 .00 11.20 71.51 .00 61.57 .00 41.89 NP 83.39 .00 100.00 .00 88.79 28.48 .00 38.42 .00 58.10 ALL 100.00 .00 100.00 .00 100.00 100.00 .00 100.00 .00 100.00

Tripura P .00 .00 .00 .00 22.83 .00 .00 .00 .00 10.72 NP 100.00 .00 100.00 .00 77.16 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 89.27 ALL 100.00 .00 100.00 .00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

West Bengal P .00 .00 11.59 .00 9.95 13.33 .00 .43 .00 11.32 NP 100.00 100.00 88.40 100.00 90.04 86.66 .00 99.56 100.00 88.67 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 .00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Jharkhand P 5.98 .00 .00 .00 49.44 8.22 .00 .00 .00 14.57 NP 94.01 .00 100.00 .00 50.55 91.77 .00 100.00 .00 85.42 ALL 100.00 .00 100.00 .00 100.00 100.00 .00 100.00 .00 100.00

Orissa P 8.35 100.00 .00 .00 30.37 20.39 .00 .00 .00 59.22 NP 91.64 .00 100.00 100.00 69.62 79.60 .00 100.00 .00 40.77 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 .00 100.00 .00 100.00

Chhattisgarh P .00 .00 .00 .00 2.97 15.64 .00 .00 .00 22.48 NP 100.00 .00 100.00 100.00 97.02 84.35 100.00 100.00 100.00 77.51 ALL 100.00 .00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Madhya Pradesh

P 8.42 .00 00 .00 35.04 13.52 .00 29.56 .00 39.79 NP 91.57 100.00 100.00 .00 64.95 86.47 100.00 70.43 100.00 60.20 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 .00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Gujarat P 24.16 .00 .00 .00 32.81 .00 .00 .00 .00 4.51 NP 75.83 100.00 100.00 100.00 67.18 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 95.48 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Maharashtra P 24.77 .00 .00 .00 31.97 19.58 .00 7.59 2.03 29.93 NP 75.22 100.00 100.00 100.00 68.02 80.41 100.00 92.40 97.96 70.06 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Andhra Pradesh

P 9.65 .00 .00 .00 6.07 2.63 .00 2.72 .00 23.36 NP 90.34 100.00 100.00 .00 93.92 97.36 100.00 97.27 100.00 76.63 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 .00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Karnataka P 5.53 .00 .00 .00 10.11 11.45 .00 10.03 .00 28.53 NP 94.46 .00 100.00 .00 89.88 88.54 100.00 89.96 100.00 71.46 ALL 100.00 .00 100.00 .00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Kerala P 6.87 .00 .00 37.54 19.19 21.68 10.17 .00 .00 35.09 NP 93.12 100.00 100.00 62.45 80.80 78.31 89.82 100.00 .00 64.90 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 .00 100.00

Tamil Nadu P 18.42 .00 7.62 .00 23.59 12.93 7.18 4.79 .00 32.05 NP 81.57 100.00 92.37 100.00 76.40 87.06 92.81 95.20 100.00 67.94 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Source: NSS 61th round, Estimated


43

Table, 20 Poverty of SC male, age>15<=30) byeducation level by sector (%)

State PVT Rural Urban HSE DIPL GRAD PGRA ALL HSE DIPL GRAD PGRA ALL

Himachal Pradesh P 8.08 .00 .00 .00 10.57 35.81 .00 .00 .00 7.26 NP 91.91 100.00 100.00 100.00 89.42 64.18 .00 100.00 .00 92.73 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 .00 100.00 .00 100.00

Punjab P .00 .00 13.48 .00 5.02 1.08 .00 .00 .00 3.67 NP 100.00 100.00 86.51 100.00 94.97 98.91 100.00 100.00 100.00 96.32 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Uttaranchal P 26.09 .00 7.79 .00 33.18 11.06 .00 100.00 7.86 48.94 NP 73.90 100.00 92.20 100.00 66.81 88.93 .00 .00 92.13 51.05 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 .00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Haryana P 18.51 .00 .00 .00 17.26 25.53 33.82 8.02 .00 29.55 NP 81.48 100.00 100.00 100.00 82.73 74.46 66.17 91.97 100.00 70.44 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Rajasthan P 18.63 42.72 16.85 23.21 17.61 44.12 .00 .00 .00 43.53 NP 81.36 57.27 83.14 76.78 82.38 55.87 .00 100.00 100.00 56.46 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 .00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Uttar Pradesh P 27.47 100.00 17.39 21.74 32.13 18.52 13.16 15.70 10.11 18.04 NP 72.52 .00 82.60 78.25 67.86 81.47 86.83 84.29 89.88 81.95 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Bihar P 15.80 .00 5.02 .00 39.86 32.11 .00 .00 .00 51.82 NP 84.19 100.00 94.97 100.00 60.13 67.88 .00 100.00 100.00 48.17 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 .00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Tripura P .00 .00 58.47 .00 19.36 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.46 NP 100.00 100.00 41.52 100.00 80.63 100.00 .00 100.00 100.00 98.53 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 .00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Assam P .00 .00 20.13 .00 18.78 .62 .00 .00 .00 4.38 NP 100.00 100.00 79.86 .00 81.21 99.37 .00 100.00 .00 95.61 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 .00 100.00 100.00 .00 100.00 .00 100.00

West Bengal P .00 .00 .00 .00 12.32 6.72 .00 4.34 .00 10.05 NP 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 87.67 93.27 100.00 95.65 100.00 89.94 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Jharkhand P 39.18 .00 14.53 .00 42.11 .00 .00 44.53 .00 25.43 NP 60.81 .00 85.46 .00 57.88 100.00 .00 55.46 .00 74.56 ALL 100.00 70.40 100.00 70.40 100.00 100.00 .00 100.00 .00 100.00

Orissa P 19.12 .00 4.32 .00 34.81 32.98 .00 38.71 .00 58.34 NP 80.87 100.00 95.67 100.00 65.18 67.01 100.00 61.28 100.00 41.65 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Chhattisgarh P 9.89 .00 .00 .00 15.47 6.28 .00 31.32 .00 15.44 NP 90.10 .00 100.00 100.00 84.52 93.71 .00 68.67 .00 84.55 ALL 100.00 .00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 .00 100.00 .00 100.00

Madhya Pradesh P 29.97 .00 .00 47.94 34.18 28.16 .00 8.15 41.99 51.24 NP 70.02 .00 100.00 52.05 65.81 71.83 .00 91.84 58.00 48.75 ALL 100.00 .00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 .00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Gujarat P 24.12 .00 2.99 .00 13.86 16.29 .00 .00 .00 8.49 NP 75.87 100.00 97.00 100.00 86.13 83.70 100.00 100.00 100.00 91.50 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Maharashtra P 17.33 .00 1.56 .00 31.49 25.60 1.55 12.94 22.12 31.38 NP 82.66 100.00 98.43 100.00 68.50 74.39 98.44 87.05 77.87 68.61 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Andhra Pradesh P 11.65 12.33 11.19 .00 12.24 28.19 .00 .00 .00 25.43 NP 88.34 87.66 88.80 100.00 87.75 71.80 100.00 100.00 100.00 74.56 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Karnataka P 14.96 .00 .00 .00 16.65 48.23 83.66 .00 .00 38.42 NP 85.03 100.00 100.00 .00 83.34 51.76 16.33 100.00 .00 61.57 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 .00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 .00 100.00

Kerala P 22.66 .00 .00 .00 16.65 4.26 32.73 .00 .00 17.40 NP 77.33 100.00 100.00 100.00 83.34 95.73 67.26 100.00 100.00 82.59 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Tamil Nadu P 10.06 .00 15.35 29.16 17.79 10.44 16.34 7.52 .00 23.42 NP 89.93 100.00 84.64 70.83 82.20 89.55 83.65 92.47 100.00 76.57 ALL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Source: NSS 61th round, Estimated


44

Annex 2: Check list for interviews

Service providers

Name:

Position

I Basic information

1 . When was the hostel built?

2 . What was the amount of grant you received from Government?

3 . Could you please brief the procedures and process for setting upthe hostel

4 . Have you received any aid from the state government for

a) building

b) infrastructure

c) maintenance

d) extension

e) other facilities

5 . What is the process of selection of beneficiary?

6. What are the eligibility criteria of selection?

7 . What are the specific steps taken (if any) by the college/universityto reach out the beneficiary?

8. How many SC girl students have availed hostels from the time of itsestablishment?

I.1 Facilities

9. How many rooms are available?Single/double/triple/dormitory

1 0 . How many inmates/students are there at present?

1 1 . Do you allot rooms to women other than students of the institute?

1 2 . Is this hostel exclusively for dalit girl student?

1 3 . If no, how do you allot rooms to all eligible candidates?


45

14 . Do all eligible candidates get room soon after their enrollment inthe college?

1 5 . What is the approximate time to get admission into hostels?

16 . Does the hostel have following facilities?

- reading room (with news paper/books/journals)

- mess hall

- visitors room

- fans

- reading table and chair

- Toilets, (in numbers)

- Television

- any other

1 7 . What is the present strength of the hostel?

18. Is there any maintenance fee charged from students?

19 . Are you getting financial support from any other source thancentral/state governments for the hostel?

20. What are the major problems that you faced/have been facing withregard to

- administrative procedures

- hostel admissions

- maintenance

- infrastructure

Students

2 1 . Was there any information of hostel before getting admission?

22. Experiences in hostel specific to the facilities available/ notavailable?

23. Time taken in getting hostels?

24. Do they face any kind of discrimination while getting hostel?

25. Was there any segregation on the basis of their caste in allotment ofthe hostel?


46

26. Is merit the criteria for getting the hostel or reservation on thebasis of stream/ subject chosen by the students?

2 7 . Maintenance of hostel is proper or not?

28. Any technical difficulty faced in getting the hostel.

29. Difficulty faced in the hostel.

30. Suggestions

Documents

Hostel Schemes for Dalit Students: How Inclusive anddalitstudies.org.in/wp/1007.pdf · Hostel Schemes for Dalit Students: How Inclusive and ... The working paper on “Hostel Schemes