Horticultura i Landscape Arhitektura Clanak

8/13/2019 Horticultura i Landscape Arhitektura Clanak

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Horticulture and

Landscape Architecture

Program DescriptionGraduate programs are available leading to an M.S. or M.Ag. in Horticulture, and to the Ph.D. degree in the CropScience, Environmental Sciences, and Plant Sciences multidisciplinary programs. The M.S. is a non-terminal degre

requiring a thesis project plus 30 credit hours of course work. The M.Ag. is a terminal degree available with thre

options: report plus 32 credit hours of course work, creative component plus 36 hours of course work, or professiona

internship plus 36 hours of course work. The Ph.D. requires 60 credit hours beyond the M.S. degree (90 hour

without an M.S.).

Areas of study within the graduate programs include ornamentals, floriculture, turf, vegetables, and fruits

Specialties within each of these areas may include nutrition, stress physiology, postharvest physiology, low inpu

systems, crop culture, water quality and conservation, or growth and development. The department does not offe

graduate degrees in landscape architecture.

The department is housed in Agricultural Hall, with modern well-equipped laboratories in Agricultural Hall and th

Noble Research Center. The department has teaching and research greenhouse ranges, and Nursery, Turf, Fruit an

Pecan, and Vegetable Research Stations.

Admission RequirementsAdmission to our Graduate programs requires approval of both the Graduate College and the Department o

Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. The normal requirements include graduation from a B.S. program and a

undergraduate grade point average of 3.0 or above on a 4.0 scale, although exceptions are occasionally made. T

apply for admission you must submit the following materials: 1) a completed application form and application fee

2) official copies of transcripts from any school you previously attended, 3) official GRE scores, 4) three letters orecommendation from faculty who are acquainted with your academic abilities, 5) a statement of research interest

and 6) international applicants must also submit scores from the TSE and TOEFL exams. The minimum require

TOEFL score is 570 (paper) or 230 (computer).

Financial Aid

We have financial aid available on a competitive basis to qualified students in the M.S., M.Ag. and Ph.D. program

This assistance includes:


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Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Faculty

Faculty Degree School Area of Interest

Maronek, Dale Ph.D. Purdue University Department Head

Anderson, Jeffrey Ph.D. University of Florida Stress PhysiologyAnella, Louis Ph.D. Cornell University Ornamental Horticulture

Bell, Gregory Ph.D. Ohio State University Turfgrass Science

Brandenberger, Lynn Ph.D. University of Arkansas Vegetable Crops

Cole, Janet Ph.D. Texas A&M University Ornamentals

Hillock, David M.S. Colorado State University Horticulture/Landscape Maintenance

Hsu, Paul M.L.A. Cornell University Landscape Architecture

Kahn, Brian Ph.D. Cornell University Vegetable Crops

Kirkwood, Matthew MDESS Harvard University Landscape Planning & Design

Leider, Charles Ph.D. Oklahoma State University Environmental Science

Maness, Niels Ph.D. Oklahoma State University Postharvest Physiology

Martin, Dennis Ph.D. University of Illinois Turfgrass Management

McCraw, B. Dean Ph.D. Kansas State University Pomology

McGlynn, William Ph.D. University of Arkansas Food Science

Needham, Doug Ph.D. Purdue University Floriculture

Perkins-Veazie, P. Ph.D. University of Florida Postharvest Physiology1

Ritter, John R. M.L.A. Kansas State University Landscape Architecture

Roberts, Warren Ph.D. North Carolina State University Vegetables2

Schnelle, Michael Ph.D. Colorado State University Floriculture/Ornamentals

Smith, Michael Ph.D. Michigan State University Pomology

1Adjunct faculty located at the South Central Agricultural Research Laboratory (SCARL)2Located at the Wes Watkins Agricultural Research and Extension Center


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Ornamental Horticulture (Nursery Crops)Janet Colesresearch deals with production and utilization of ornamental crops. Long term goals are to

Janet Coles research deals with production and utilization of ornamental crops. Long term goals are to develop

more economical production practices that maintain optimum plant quality.

Water Quality. Various fertilizer and irrigation practices have been investigated to reduce fertilizer contamination

in runoff released from nursery production. While reducing chemical contamination in runoff, enough nutrients

must be supplied to insure adequate plant growth and quality.

Production practices. A number of new products and practices which may make nursery production less laborintensive, more cost effective, or produce better quality plants are being investigated.

Disease control. We are investigating chemical and cultural methods of controlling anthracnose inEuonymus

fortunei. Current studies are testing effectiveness of several fungicides used alone and in combination in controlling

anthracnose. We are also testing the effect of shade and temperature on the incidence of anthracnose in euonymus

Selected Publications:

Frost, M.D., J.C. Cole and J.M. Dole. 2002. Fertilizer source affects Fe, Mn, and Zn leaching, nutrient distribution

and geranium growth. J. Plant Nutr.(In press).

Frost, M.D., J.C. Cole, J.M. Dole and N.T. Basta. 2002. Media constituents, micronutrient fertilizer source and Caapplications influence Fe, Mn, and Zn leaching. J. Plant Nutr.25:In press.

Cole, J.C. and D.E. Dunn. 2002. Expanded polystyrene as a substitute for perlite in rooting substrate. J. Environ

Hort.20:7-10.

Bosma, T.L., J.C. Cole, K.E. Conway and J.M. Dole. 2002. Solid matrix priming hastens Canterbury bells seed

germination. HortTechnology12:268-270.

Morvant, J.K., J.M. Dole and J.C. Cole. 2001. Fertilizer source and irrigation system improve geranium

growth and nitrogen retention. HortScience36:1022-1026.

Godoy, A. and J.C. Cole. 2000. Phosphorus source affects phosphorus leaching and growth of containerized

spirea. HortScience35:1249-1252.

Craig, P.B. and J.C. Cole. 2000. Recycled paper as a growth substrate in container spirea production.

HortScience35:1253-1257.

Cole, J.T. and J.C. Cole. 2000. Ornamental grass growth response to three shade intensities. J. Environ. Hort.

18:18-22.

Cole, J.C. 1999. Propazine has little effect on growth of several containerized woody plant species.

HortTechnology9:198-202.

Cole, J.C., R. Kjelgren and D.L. Hensley. 1998. Field grow fabric containers as an alternative nursery crop

production system. HortTechnology8:159-163.

Morvant, J.K., J.M. Dole and J.C. Cole. 1998. Irrigation frequency and system effect poinsettia growth, water

use, and run-off. HortScience33:42-46.

Cole, J.T., J.H. Baird, N.T. Basta, R.L. Huhnke, D.E. Storm, G.V. Johnson, M.E. Payton, M.D. Smolen, D.L.

Martin and J.C. Cole. 1997. Influence of buffers on pesticide and nutrient runoff from bermudagrass turf. J.


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Environ. Qual.26:1589-1598.

Cole, J.C. and J.M. Dole. 1997. Temperature and phosphorus source affect phosphorus retention by a pine

bark medium. HortScience32:236-240.

Floriculture

The Floriculture Research program under John Dole includes a number of projects designed to develop thebest cultural and management practices for environmentally neutral production of floriculture crops.

Crop Management and New Crop Species Development. Students will be able to concentrate on the development o

(1) specialty cut flower production, (2) native species suitable for pot and cut flower production, or (3) flower

induction treatments for bulbous plants such as Easter lilies, tulips, and hyacinth.

Water Quality. Graduate student programs are developing an integrated approach for producing high quality crops

with minimal fertilizer and water inputs and minimal runoff using controlled-release fertilizers, no-leach methods o

production and mechanized irrigation systems such as recirculatory flood irrigation, capillary mat, and microtube

systems.

Selected publications:

Dole, J.M., J.C. Cole and S.L. von Broembsen. 1994. Effect of irrigation methods on water use efficiency, nutrient

leaching and growth of poinsettias. HortScience 29(8):858-864.

Dole, J.M. 1993. Interaction of emergence date and long days after cooling on Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum

Thunb.). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 118:741-746.

Bratcher, C.B., J.M. Dole and J.C. Cole. 1993. Stratification improves germination of five native wildflowers

HortScience 28:899-901.

Dole, J.M., H.F. Wilkins, and Sharon L. Desborough. 1993. Investigations on the nature of a graft-transmissible

agent in poinsettia. Can. J. Bot. 71:1097-1101.

Turfgrass ScienceGreg Bellis involved in a variety of research projects focusing on turfgrass physiology and management systems

The climate at Oklahoma State presents unique opportunities to study both warm-season and cool-season grasses

Dr. Bell and Dr. Dennis Martin work closely with several other investigators to provide research that addresses both

national and regional turfgrass concerns. Dr. Bell's research investigates connections between basic plant

physiology and applied management systems that help turfgrass field practitioners maintain healthy, aesthetically

pleasing turf and uniform playing surfaces with minimal environmental impact.

Precision Sensing and Variable Rate Technology. The use of nitrogen, phosphorus, and pesticides in the urban

environment is an issue of great concern. Precision sensing of turf reflectance and variable rate technology, can be

combined to sense the characteristics of a turfgrass stand and apply nutrients or pesticides only to areas where they

are actually needed. The system may also be used to map and compare turfgrass areas for early detection of problem

situations. Dr. Bell and an interdisciplinary team of researchers combine with private industry to develop precision

sensing equipment for crop production and turf.

Reducing Nutrient and Pesticide Runoff From Turf. Compared with other plants, turfgrass is a very efficient filter o

nutrients and pesticides. However, poor management or unexpected rainfall events can cause the movement of

chemicals from turf to surface water. Dr. Bell leads an interdisciplinary research team that built the largest fully

automatic turf runoff site in the United States. The site is used to provide information that improves management

decisions and to investigate new maintenance techniques that reduce nutrient and pesticide runoff from turf.

Managing Turf in Shade. Although some turf species are more tolerant of shade than others, no turf species truly

performs well in shade. Dr. Bell is nationally recognized for research concerning turf management in shade.


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Bell, G.E., D.L. Martin, M.L. Stone, J.B. Solie, and G.V. Johnson. 2002. Turf area mapping using vehicle-

mounted optical sensors. Crop Science42:648-651.

Bell, G.E., D.L. Martin, S.G. Wiese, D.D. Dobson, M.W. Smith, M.L. Stone, and J.B. Solie. 2002. Vehicle-

mounted optical sensing: An objective means for evaluation of turf quality. Crop Science42:197-201.

Bell, G.E., D.L. Martin, S.G. Wiese, and R.M. Kuzmic. 2001. Field evaluation of agricultural sulfur for use on

turfgrass under alkaline irrigation.International Turfgrass Society Research Journal9:363-367.

Martin, D.L., G.E. Bell, C.M. Taliaferro, N.A. Tisserat, J.H. Baird, D.D. Dobson, R.M. Kuzmic and J.A.

Anderson. 2001. Spring dead spot resistance of inter-specific hybrid bermudagrasses.International Turfgrass

Society Research Journal9:685-688.

Martin, D.L., G.E. Bell, J.H. Baird, C.M. Taliaferro, N.A. Tisserat, R.M. Kuzimic, D.D. Dobson, and J.A.Anderson. 2001. Spring dead spot resistance and visual quality of seeded common bermudagrasses under

differential mowing heights. Crop Science41(2):451-456.

Bell, G.E., D.L. Martin, and R.M. Kuzmic. 2000. Herbicide Tolerance of Two Cold-Resistant Bermudagrass

cultivars determined by both visual assessment and spectral reflectance. Weed Technology14:635-641.

Bell, G.E., T.K. Danneberger, and M.J. McMahon. 1999. Spectral irradiance available for turfgrass growth in

sun and shade. Crop Science40(1):189-195.

Bell, G.E., E. Odorizzi, and T.K. Danneberger. 1999. Reducing populations of annual bluegrass and roughstalk

bluegrass in creeping bentgrass fairways: A nutritional approach. Weed Technology13:829-834.

Bell, G.E. and T.K. Danneberger. 1999. Temporal shade on creeping bentgrass turf. Crop Science39(4):1142-

1146.

Bell, G.E., M.B. McDonald, Jr., T.K. Danneberger, and S.K. St. Martin. 1998. Sources of variation in computerimaging of electrophetic gels. Crop Science38(2):523-526.

Bell, G.E., T.K. Danneberger, and M.B. McDonald. 1997. Chemical Inhibition of Cool-Season Turfgrass

Germination. International Turfgrass Society Symposium, Sidney, Australia. International Turfgrass Society

Research Journal8(1):411-418.

Dennis Martin works closely with Greg Bell and other personnel within and outside of the department in a

team effort to evaluate turfgrass cultivar performance and develop effective integrated turfgrass management

strategies.

Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Weed Control in Bermudagrass Roadsides and Rights-of-Way. The

turfgrass science program at Oklahoma State University is nationally recognized for its development of improvedpractices for vegetation management on bermudagrass roadsides and rights-of-way. The program has a long history

of interaction cooperation with the Oklahoma Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway

Administration. Two additional full-time field staff members, Lonnie Cargill and Douglas Montgomery, are also

currently working in the vegetation management research effort.

Turf Bermudagrass Breeding and Turfgrass Performance Evaluation. The turf bermudagrass breeding and

evaluation program at Oklahoma State University is nationally recognized for its development of seeded and

vegetatively propagated bermudagrasses. Dr. Martin is involved in the field evaluation segment of the turfgrass

development effort. Three of the program=s most recently released bermudagrasses are the cold hardy, high quality

bermudagrasses >Midlawn=(Reg. No. CV-22) and >Midfield=(Reg. No. C-23), which were cooperative releases with


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Kansas State University in 1991, and OKS 91-11 from Oklahoma State University in 1997.

Selected Publications

Martin, D.L., D.J. Wehner and C.S. Throssell. 1994. Models for Predicting the Lower Limit of the Canopy-Air

Temperature Difference of Two Cool Season Grasses. Agron. J. 34(1)192-198.

Martin, D.L., D.J. Wehner. 1993. Effect of clipping debris on Kentucky bluegrass canopy temperature. Int.

Turfgrass Society Res. J. 7:643-648.Pair, J.C., R.A. Keen, C.M. Taliaferro, D.L. Martin, J.F. Barber, and R.N. Carrow. 1994. Registration of Midfield

turf bermudagrass. Crop Sci. 34(1)307.

Pair, J.C., R.A. Keen, C.M. Taliaferro, D.L. Martin, J.F. Barber, and R.N. Carrow. 1994. Registration of Midfield

turf bermudagrass. Crop Sci. 34(1)306-307.

Vegetable Production Systems

Lynn Brandenbergerserves the needs of commercial vegetable producers throughout the state. His

extension program is a cooperative effort with county extension educators and utilizes demonstration work and

program presentations concentrating on the cultural aspects of crop production. Cooperative programs are

aimed at helping producers to move new information and technologies into the production field. Dr.

Brandenbergers research work is targeted at increasing profitability, crop quality and safety. Much of hisefforts are involved in identifying improved cultivars through variety trials, determining the safety of Oklahoma

produce and identifying and refining new weed control technologies.

Refereed Journal Publications

Brandenberger, L.P., Wiedenfeld, R.P., and Talbert, R.E. 2002. Effects of Halosulfuron-methyl for Nutsedge

Control in Commercial Melon Crops. Weed Technology (in progress).

Smart, J.R., Brandenberger, L., and Makus, D. 2001. Cabbage (Brassica oleraceaL.) response to

sulfentrazone for broadleaf weed control. Journal of Vegetable Crop Production 7 (2): 97-108 .

Wiedenfeld, R.P., and Brandenberger, L.P. 2000. Evaluation of a natural fertilizer for vegetable production in

the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Subtropical Plant Science Journal 52: 12-17.

Brandenberger, L.P. , Wiedenfeld, R.P., and Minton, B. 1997. Weed control studies on selected vegetable

crops in South Texas. Subtropical Plant Science Journal 49: 30-33.

Brandenberger, L.P. and Wiedenfeld, R.P. 1997. Physical characteristics of mulches and their impact on crop

response and profitability in muskmelon production. HortTechnology 7(2):165-169.

Applied Research Reports

Brandenberger, L.P. 2001. Authored 14 applied research reports that were included in the 2001 VegetableTrial Report HORT 02-1.

Brandenberger, L.P. 2001. Editor for 2001 Vegetable Weed Control Studies in Oklahoma. MP-162: 49pp.

Extension Publications

Bolin, P., and Brandenberger, L.P. 2001. Co-editors for Cucurbit Integrated Crop Management. Oklahoma

Cooperative Extension Service E-853: 90pp.


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Brian Kahnconducts research focusing on sustainable cultural and management practices for improved

yield and quality of vegetables in Oklahoma. While he is primarily an applied scientist, he also conducts some more

basic research, especially studies involving vegetable root systems. The long term goal is to provide knowledge

which will support the expansion of a sustainable commercial vegetable industry in Oklahoma. Current areas of

emphasis include:

Sustainable Pest Management Strategies. A cooperative study with Plant Pathology will determine whether residues

of leafy cruciferous greens can be used for soil disinfestation in rotational vegetable cropping systems. Weed

control and crop responses will be determined in a no-till watermelon production system using cover crops.Diversification of Oklahoma Vegetable Production. Applied research and cultivar trials are conducted as necessary

to provide cultural suggestions to growers. The goal is to expand high-quality production of vegetables that

traditionally have been minor crops in Oklahoma, with emphasis on the cole crops and peppers. A FRIP project is

underway with the objective of expanding marketing opportunities for Oklahoma leafy greens. Regional studies are

conducted with Texas A&M University on improved cultural practices for bell pepper production.

Recent Publications

Kahn, B.A. and D.I. Leskovar. 2001. A ratoon cropping system for fall bell pepper production. HortScience

36:897-899.

Stoffella, P.J. and B.A. Kahn (eds.). 2001. Compost utilization in horticultural cropping systems. LewisPublishers, Boca Raton, Fla. 414 pages.

He, Z., X. Yang, B.A. Kahn, P.J. Stoffella, and D.V. Calvert. 2001. Plant nutrition benefits of phosphorus

potassium, calcium, magnesium, and micronutrients from compost utilization, p. 307-320. In: P.J. Stoffella

and B.A. Kahn (eds.). Compost utilization in horticultural cropping systems. Lewis Publishers, Boca

Raton, Fla.

Conway, K.E., R. Mereddy, B.A. Kahn, Y. Wu, S.W. Hallgren, and L. Wu. 2001. Beneficial effects of solid matrix

chemo-priming in okra. Plant Dis. 85:535-537.

Kahn, B.A. and J.L. Schroeder. 1999. Root characteristics and seed yields of cowpeas grown with and withoutadded nitrogen fertilizer. HortScience 34:1238-1239.

Schroeder, J.L., B.A. Kahn, and J.Q. Lynd. 1998. Utilization of cowpea crop residues to reduce fertilizer nitrogen

inputs with fall broccoli. Crop Sci. 38:741-749.

Warren Robertsis involved with fertility and cultural management of vegetables. He is located at the Wes

Watkins Agricultural Research and Extension Center. This center, a joint venture between Oklahoma State

University and USDA-ARS, was developed to promote applied research in vegetable production. Multidisciplinary

teams at the center include horticulturist, soil scientists, entomologists, pathologists, and post-harvest physiologists.

Current research emphasis is placed on cucurbits, primarily watermelon and cucumber. Other projectsinclude work with peppers, tomatoes, and cabbage. Projects are based on soil fertility and cultural management

practices, and often include studies of interaction of plant diseases, insects, and plant nutrition.

Studies are now underway dealing with lycopene content of watermelon, plant density of cucurbits, stand

establishment of cucurbits, and interactions between plant cultural management and diseases. Related studies are

designed to determine ways to remove these limiting factors. Other projects are underway to determine the value of

poultry litter as a soil fertilizer in cucurbit production.


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Selected Publications:

Perkins-Veazie, P., J. K. Collins, S. D. Pair, and W. Roberts. 2001. Lycopene content differs among red-

fleshed watermelon cultivars. J. Sci. Food and Agric. 81(10): 983-987.

Edelson, J.V., J. Duthie and W. Roberts. 2002. Toxicology of biorational insecticides: Activity against the

green peach aphid (Myzus persicae(Sulzer)). Pest Management Science. 58:255-260.

Lu, W., J.V. Edelson, J.A. Duthie and B.W. Roberts. (Accepted 2/2002). A comparison of yield between high

and low intensity of crop management for three genotypes of watermelon cultivars. HortScience.

Roberts, W., J. Duthie, J. Edelson, B. Cartwright, J, Shrefler, N. Roe. 1999. Limitations and Possibilities for

Some Conservation Tillage Systems with Vegetable Crops in the Southern Plains of the United States.

HortTechnology 9(3): 359-365.

Duthie, J.A., Shrefler, J.W., Roberts, B.W., and Edelson, J.V. 1999. Plant density-dependent variation in

marketable yield, fruit biomass, and marketable fraction in watermelon. Crop Science 39:406-412.

Duthie, J.A., Roberts, B.W., Edelson, J.V., and Shrefler, J.W. 1999. Plant density-dependent variation in

density, frequency, and size of watermelon fruits. Crop Science 39:412-417.

Plant Stress\ Physiology

Jeff Anderson is involved in a number of multidisciplinary research projects dealing with plant responses to

environmental stresses. Our primary emphasis is on temperature stress physiology, but projects have also explored

aspects of biotic interactions. Long term goals are to understand the events involved in injury and acclimation

leading to improved plant stress resistance. Current projects focus on freeze tolerance of bermudagrass and hea

stress resistance of vegetable and flower crops.


Anderson, J.A. and C.M. Taliaferro. 2002. Freeze tolerance of seed-producing turf bermudagrasses. Crop Sci

42:190-192.

Redman, P.B., J.M. Dole, N.O. Maness, and J.A. Anderson. 2002. Postharvest handling of nine specialty cut

flower species. Sci. Hort. 92:293-303.

Anderson, J.A., C.M. Taliaferro, and D.M. Martin. 2002. Freeze tolerance of bermudagrasses: vegetatively

propagated cultivars intended for fairway and putting green use, and seed-propagated cultivars. Crop Sci.

42:975-977.

Martin, D.L., G.E. Bell, J.H. Baird, C.M. Taliaferro, N.A. Tisserat, R.M. Kuzmic, D.D. Dobson, and J.A.

Anderson. 2001. Spring dead spot resistance and quality of seeded bermudagrasses under different mowing

heights. Crop Sci. 41:451-456.de los Reyes, B.G., C.M. Taliaferro, M.P. Anderson, J.A. Anderson, U.K. Melcher, and S. McMaugh. 2001.

Induced expression of class II chitinase during cold acclimation and dehydration of bermudagrass (Cynodon

sp.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 103: 297-306.

Martin, D.L., G.E. Bell, J.H. Baird, C.M. Taliaferro, N.A. Tisserat, R.M. Kuzmic, D.D. Dobson, and J.A.

Anderson. 2001. Spring dead spot resistance of inter-specific hybrid bermudagrasses. J. of Int. Turf Soc.

9:685-688.


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Postharvest Physiology

Niels Maness is involved in a number of multidisciplinary research projects dealing with postharvest

physiology, new crop development and new use agriculture. In most cases, research projects include harvesting

handling, storage and processing of fruit, nut, vegetable, herb and floricultural crops. Long term goals, involving

both fundamental and applied projects, are to develop integrated harvesting and handling systems and new value

added processing technologies to assure marketability of Oklahoma horticultural products.

New Crop Projects. Vernonia and sage are being evaluated for production potential in Oklahoma. Vernonia is anannual crop from the thistle family, producing valuable and novel oil in the seed. Studies are underway to select

superior plants for harvestable seed production, oil content and oil quality. Sage is being evaluated for extraction

processing on antioxidants. New harvesting systems have been developed, and studies are underway to select plants

for high antioxidant/low off-flavor in extracts. Various analytical techniques (gas-liquid chromatography, high

performance liquid chromatography, organic and supercritical fluid extraction, oxygen radical scavenging capacity

are being utilized to evaluate plant products.

New Use Agriculture. Projects in biosensor-based variable rate fertilizer application in spinach, investigation of the

high capsaicin trait in pepper and systems for lycopene production from watermelon are under investigation. The

biosensensor project is a collaborative study with scientists from the Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering

department. The primary objective is to develop threshhold values for optimum fertilizer application, to increase

uniformity and quality of harvested spinach. In other crops, actual fertilizer application has decreased and yield andplant uniformity has increased in variable rate plots versus conventionally fertilized plots. Studies are also underway

to determine the mechanism by which peppers can preferentially produce capsaicin, as opposed to other

capsaicinoids, during fruit development. Plant selections which vary in this trait have been identified and studies are

planned to assess metabolic differences between high and low capsaicin fruit.Genetic transfer of the high capsaicin

trait is being investigated in collaborative studies to evaluate the commercial potential for use of these peppers for

extraction processing, with a targeted end use for pharmaceutical applications. Watermelons are under investigation

as sources of the nutraceutical lycopene. New systems for lycopene separation from fresh fruit are being developed

in collaboration with scientists from the Food and Agricultural Products center. Our objective is to develop an on-

farm system for lycopene production which can be adapted for use with late season melons which are currently left

to rot in the field. If successful, the project should result in development of a new, alternative market for Oklahoma

watermelons.Pecan Processing Systems. Research in pecan partial oil extraction, for increasing shelf life and reducing calorie

content, are being pursued. Supercritical carbon dioxide, or liquefied gas, extraction of pecan oils is non-damaging

to pecan halves, and provides an environmentally safe processing alternative for pecans and many other food

products. Research projects are being initiated to evaluate the cause and potential ways to alleviate opalescence in

pecans. Opalescence appears as a darkening and oil soaked interior of the kernel nutmeat, and is thought to be

associated with low calcium in high oil pecan kernels.

Storage Systems Development. Modified atmosphere packaging is being utilized to develop improved pecan

handling and storage systems. Protocols to lengthen shelf life of both reduced-oil and full-oil pecans are being

developed. Studies have also been conducted in development of improved storage systems for peach and marigold

Harvesting and Handling Systems. Scientists from Horticulture and Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering have

been actively pursuing development of alternate harvesting and handling systems for horticultural crops. Systemsare under development of both fresh and processing market applications, of various fruit, vegetable, herb and

floricultural crops. Opportunities for multidisciplinary research in these areas are possible.


Redmon, P.B., J.M. Dole, N.O. Maness and J.A. Anderson. 2002. Postharvest handling of nine specialty

cutflower species.Scientia Horticulturae92:293-302.

Stiegler, J.C., G.E. Bell, N. Maness, M.L. Stone and J.B. Solie. 2002. Chlorophyll and carotenoid influence on


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spectral acquisition of reflected radiant energy. Crop Science, submitted.

Armstrong, P.R., G.H. Brusewitz, M.L. Stone and N.O. Maness. 2000. Rotary drying for threshing petals from

marigold flowers. Trans. Amer. Soc. Agr. Engr.43:379-384.

Anzaldua-Morales, A., G.H. Brusewitz and N.O. Maness. 1999. Moisture content adjustment to modify texture

of reduced-oil pecans. J. Food Sci.63:1067-1069.

Kanamangala, R.V., N.O. Maness, M.W. Smith, G.H. Brusewitz, B. Chinta and S. Knight. 1999. Lipid class

changes associated with oxidation and development of rancidity in pecans.J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.

124:389-398.Buser, M.D., M.L. Stone, G.H. Brusewitz, N.O. Maness and D.P. Whitelock. 1999. Thin-layer drying of marigold

flowers and flower components for petal removal. Trans. Amer. Soc. Agr. Engr.42:1367-1373.

Hegde, S. and N.O. Maness. 1998. Changes in apparent molecular weight of pectin and hemicellulose extracts

during softening of peach fruit.J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.123: 445-456.

Stone, M.L., P.R. Armstrong, G.H. Brusewitz and N.O. Maness. 1998. Peach firmness prediction by multiple

location impulse testing. Trans. Amer. Soc. Agr. Engr.41:115-119.

Russo, V.M., J. Williamson, K. Roberts, J.R. Wright and N. Maness. 1998. Carbon-nuclear magnetic resonance

spectroscopy to monitor sugars in pith of internodes of a shrunken2 corn at development.HortScience

33:980-983.

Mundodi, S.R., J.A. Anderson, N.O. Maness, M.W. Smith, B. Martin, M.L. Pierce and A.J. Mort. 1998.

Changes in methanol evolution and pectin methylesterification in resistant and susceptible pepper leavesinfected with Xanthomonas-Campestris Pv. Vesicatoria. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.123:980-986.

Murrillo, J.A., G.H. Brusewitz and N.O. Maness. 1997. Peach texture during ripening after extended storage

J. Food Qual.20:61-72.

Khan, B.A., J.E. Motes and N.O. Maness. 1997. Use of ethephon as a controlled abscission agent on paprika

pepper.HortScience32:251-255.

Hegde, S. and N.O. Maness. 1996. Sugar composition of pectin and hemicellulose extracts of peach fruit during

softening over two harvest seasons. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 121:1162-1167.

Collins, J.K., C.L. Biles, E.V. Wann, P. Perkins-Veazie and N. Maness. 1996. Flavour qualities of frozen sweetcorn

are affected by genotype and blanching.J. Sci. Food Agric.72:425-429.

Alexander, W.S., G.H. Brusewitz and N.O. Maness. 1996. Composition and recovery rate of oil extracted from

pecans as affected by temperature, pressure and supercritical carbon dioxide flowrate.J. Food Sci.62:762-766.

Maness, N.O., D. Chrz, T. Pierce and G.H. Brusewitz. 1995. Quantitative extraction of pecan oil from smal

samples using supercritical carbon dioxide. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 72: in press.

Zhang, X., D. Chen, G.H. Brusewitz, N.O. Maness and M.L. Stone. 1994. Peach firmness determination by

puncture resistance, drop impact and sonic impulse. Trans. Amer. Soc. Agr. Engr. 37:495-500.

Maness, N.O., D.R. Chrz, S. Hegde and J. Goffreda. 1993. Cell wall changes in ripening peach fruit from cultivars

differing in softening rate. Acta Horticulturae 343:200-203.

Maness, N.O., G.H. Brusewitz and T.G. McCollum. 1992 Internal variation in peach fruit firmness. HortScience

27:903-905.

Book Chapters:A.C. Smith, K.W. Waldron, N.O. Maness, and P. Perkins-Veazie. 2001. Vegetable Texture: Measurement and

Structural Implications.InJ.A. Bartz and J.K. Brecht (eds.) Postharvest Physiology of Vegetables, 2nd Edition,

Marcel Dekker, New York, In press.

Maness, N.O. and P. Perkins-Veazie. 2001. Soluble and Storage Carbohydrates.InJ.A. Bartz and J.K. Brecht

(eds.) Postharvest Physiology of Vegetables, 2nd Edition, Marcel Dekker, New York, In press.

Maness, N.O. 2001. Pecan: Postharvest Quality Maintenance Guidelines.InK. Gross, M. Saltveit and C.Y.


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Wang (eds.) The Commecial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables, and Florist and Nursery Stocks, 4th

Edition, USDA,

ARS Agriculture Handbook No. 66.

Maness, N.O. 2001. Peanut: Postharvest Qaulity Maintenance Guidelines.InK. Gross, M. Saltveit and C.Y.

Wang (eds.) The Commecial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables, and Florist and Nursery Stocks, 4th

Edition, USDA,

ARS Agriculture Handbook No. 66.

Maness, N.O. and D. Richardson. 2001. Filbert: Postharvest Qaulity Maintenance Guidelines.InK. Gross, M.Saltveit and C.Y. Wang (eds.) The Commecial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables, and Florist and Nursery Stocks,

4th

Edition, USDA, ARS Agriculture Handbook No. 66.

Pecan Culture and Management

Michael Smith is involved in several projects dealing with improving our understanding of pecan

physiology, and improving production practices to create environmentally friendly management systems that

increase grower profitability. The long term goal of this program is to improve the existing crop managemen

system and develop alternative pecan management systems such that growers can adopt the system that best suits

their needs. Several projects involve interdisciplinary teams.

His research program deals with pecan management. The major problem associated with pecans is irregular bearing

Pecans are a masting species, a trait that is horticulturally undesirable. His research addresses plant nutrition, frui

thinning, ground cover management, and other strategies to reduce irregular bearing, improve orchard management

or develop low input systems for pecan. The pecan research team, composed of horticulturists, plant pathologist

entomologist, soil scientist, postharvest physiologist, food scientist, meteorologist, and agriculture engineer, at OSU

is very active with several joint projects addressing issues from pest and disease management to new uses for pecans

are in progress. Below are several refereed publications from his research program. Check out the Pecan

Management page (http://www.hortla.okstate.edu/pecan/).

Refereed Publications

Smith, M. W., M. E. Wolf, B.S. Cheary, and B. L. Carroll. 2001. Allelopathy of bermudagrass, tall fescue,

redroot pigweed and cutleaf evening primrose on pecan. HortScience 36:1047-1048.

Smith, M.W., B. S. Cheary and B. L. Carroll. 2001. Rootstock and scion affect cold injury of young pecan trees

J. Amer. Pomological Soc. 55:124-128.

Smith, M. W., B. S. Cheary, and B.S. Landgraf. 2001. Manganese deficiency in pecan. HortScience 36:1075-

1076.

Bell, G.E., D.L. Martin, S.G. Wiese, D.D. Dobson, M.W. Smith, M.L. Stone and J.B. Solie. 2001. Vehicle-mounted optical sensing: an objective means for evaluation of turf quality. Crop Sci. 42:197-201.

Smith, M.W. 2000. Cultivar and mulch affect cold injury of young pecan trees. J. Amer. Pomological Soc.

54:29-33.

Smith, M.W., B.L. Carroll, and B.S. Cheary. 2000. Mulch improves pecan tree growth during orchard

establishment. HortScience 35:192-195.

Kanamangala, R.V., N. O. Maness, M.W. Smith, G.H. Brusewitz, S. Knight, and B. Chinta. 1999. Reduced


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Jervis, B., B. D. McCraw and P. Mulder. 2000. Importance of Organophosphate Insecticides in an IPM Based

Peach Orchard Management System. HortScience. 35(4):562.

Carlson, J. D. and B. D. McCraw. 2000. Field Investigation of temperature patters within Oklahoma Peach

orchards. J. American Meteorological Society. In press.

McCraw, B. D., E. H. Dean and B. W. Wood, eds. 1999. Pecan Industry: Current and Future Challenges. ThirdNational Pecan Workshop Proceedings. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.

1998-04, 240 pp.

McCraw, B. D. and Becky Carroll. 1998. Effect of Berm and Irrigation on Growth of Peach trees During

Establishment. HortScience. 33(4):600

McCraw, B. D. and M. W. Smith. 1998. Root Pruning and Soil Type Affect Pecan Root Regeneration.

HortTechnology. 8(4):573-575.

Documents

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