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Horse Nutrition March 29, 2013. M.E. Persia Iowa State University 4/16/2012. Digestive Anatomy. Adapted: Atlas of Topographical Anatomy of the Domestic Animals, Popesko, P., W.B. Saunders. Purpose of Feeding. Physiological Stage Growth, pregnancy, lactation Geriatrics Environment - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Horse NutritionMarch 29, 2013
M.E. PersiaIowa State University4/16/2012
Digestive Anatomy
Type of Digestion
Foregut Capacity % of the GIT
Enzymatic Stomach 8-15 L 8
Enzymatic Small Intestine (70 feet)
68 L 30
Hindgut
Microbial Cecum (4 feet) 28 – 36 L 15
Microbial Large colon (10 – 12 feet)
86 L 38
Microbial Small colon (10 – 12 feet)
16 L 9
Adapted: Atlas of Topographical Anatomy of the Domestic Animals, Popesko, P., W.B. Saunders
Purpose of Feeding
• Physiological Stage• Growth, pregnancy, lactation• Geriatrics
• Environment• Health & Well Being (body condition)• Clinical Conditions• Exercise
Feeding Behavior and General Considerations
• Feeding behavior affects feed intake• Forages of considerable variety are primary diets consumed by wild horses
• 65% Grasses and Sedges• 25% Shrubs• 5% forbs (such as wildflowers)
• Preference between wild and domestic horses for grasses is similar but difficult to measure and data are inconsistent.
• Highly selective grazers and will graze down to ground level.
• Prefer young, rather than mature plants
• Grasses are preferred to legumes and herbs.
Appropriate & Palatable Forage Species
• Cool Season Grasses– Perennial ryegrass, meadow fescue, timothy, orchardgrass, creeping red
fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, brome grass, tall fescue• Warm Season Grasses
– Bermuda grass, crabgrass, prairie grass, India grass, canary grass, wheat grass, switch grass
• Legumes– Alfalfa, white clover, vetch
• Herbs– Dandelion, ribgrass, chicory
• Cereals– Oats, barley
Soft brome
Forage quality
Forage DE (Mcal/Kg) TDN, % CP, % DP, %
Alfalfa – early bloom 2.42 55 17.2 13.4
Alfalfa – full bloom 2.16 49 15.0 10.1
Bluegrass 2.15 50 15.0 12.6
Orchardgrass 2.2 50.0 16.0 13.5
Anti – Nutrients in Forage
• Oxalates & Phytates– Many warm season grasses– Calcium/Phosphorus concerns
• Cyanogenic glycosides– high in Sorghum, Sudan grass, hybrid Johnson
grass, and Sorghum – Sudan hybrids; therefore, not recommended for horses.
Anti-Nutrients in Forage
• Clostridium, Listeria can be issues with ensiled forages
• Endophyte contamination• Mycotoxins• Yellow and White Sweet Clover – Penicillium
spp. – product dicoumarol poisoning• Toxic plants
Insect Contamination - Blister beetles
• 2 species of concern– Epicauta vittat– Epicauta pennsylvanica
• Toxin = cantharidin• Fatal
Grazing Time• Constant Grazers
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s5FJgsHx6gY– Accounts for up to 1.5 – 3 miles per day– Move more than cattle (damage to pasture)
• Horses will graze for 10 – 17 hours per day– Compared to cattle? – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5xRBoyNIzc
• Affected by light and season– 20 – 50% nocturnal (higher in summer)
• Affected by group– Herd animals > single
• Affected by gender, age, breed– Mares > stallions– Mature > weanlings– Yearlings > 2 year olds– Arabians > Thoroughbreds
Crowell-Davis, et al., 1985; Kaseda, 1993; Mesochina et al., 2000, Rogalski, 1977
How much will a horse eat?
Maximal DMI = 3 – 3.2% Body weight
Classification DMI (Kg per 100 Kg BW)
Mature horses 1.8 – 3.2
Growing horses 2.0 – 3.0
Mature ponies 1.5 – 5.2
Donkeys 2.3 – 2.6
Diet type
Hay 2.0 – 2.4
Corn silage 0.97
Mixed forage + concentrate > 2.0
General Feeding Considerations
• Meet nutrient needs while maintaining normal feeding behaviors.
• Forage based rations– Benefits? – Grain by-products, pasture, harvested forages– Forages should be a minimum of 1% of the body
weight. – Example: 1,000 Lb horse• 1% = 10 Lb forage minimum
Feeding Considerations• What is the management system?
Feeding Considerations
• Does diet affect behavior? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyYLfUlwfMs– Goal is to prevent boredom that could lead to stable
“vices” and “sterotypies”• Orosensory sensations of feeds are extremely
important for horses and contribute to palatability. – Smell, texture, and taste– Prefer variety
Feeding considerations – oral behaviors
• Lack of fiber, too much grain in the diet– Reduce gastric pH (3.3 compared to 5.5)– Lower saliva production– Associated with increase oral behaviors such as “cribbing”
• Hay should be at least 14 Lb per day if pasture can’t be offered.
• Feed at least 2 types of forage, provide pasture if possible.• Feeding frequency of grain (more often is not better)• Limit concentrate feeding
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b4lmVaIqZIo&feature=related
Considerations for Senior Horses• Age related changes in nutrient digestion, absorption
and metabolism may occur – Reduction in digestion and absorption in the large intestine
(5% lower digestion of CF)– 5-10% reduction in protein digestibility
• Supplemental lysine (20 g/d) and threonine (15 g/d) – may help reduce the lean tissue loss
• Dental issues• Energy requirements – decrease 15 – 20% – In the absence of disease– With disease can increase as much as 40%
Considerations for heat and cold stress
• Water – during hot periods, voluntary water intake increases 30 – 75%
• Salt should be available during hot weather• Additional vitamins and minerals do not seem to
be useful• During cold weather – DE should be increased 2 –
3%• Hay should be offered ad lib to allow horses to
feed to energy requirement
Considerations for exercise• How exercise is defined
• Light • 1-3 hours weekly• Mean heart rate is 80 beats/min• Recreational trail riding
• Moderate• 3-5 hours weekly• Mean heart rate is 90 beats/min• Show horses, light ranch work
• Heavy• 4-5 hours weekly• Mean heart rate is 110 beats/min• Eventing, race training
• Very Heavy• 6-12 hours weekly (or 1 hour speed work)• Mean heart rate is 110-150 beats/min• Elite eventing, racing
Exercise Considerations - Energy
• Digestible Energy– Light work = (0.0333 x BW) x 1.20– Moderate work = (0.0333 x BW) x 1.40– Heavy work = (0.0333 x BW) x 1.60– Very heavy = (0.0363 x BW) x 1.90
Ex. 500 Kg race horse= (0.0363 x 500) x 1.9 = 34.5 Mcal per day (> 70% more energy than light working)
Exercise Considerations - Protein• Protein requirement for maintenance
– BW x 1.26g CP/Kg BW– 500 Kg horse x 1.26 = 630 grams Crude Protein– Range of 1.08 – 1.44 as the multiplier
• Exercise losses in protein are due to: – Muscle gain– Nitrogen lost as sweat– Add protein to basal requirement
• Light = BW x 0.089 g CP (630 + 44.5 g = 675 g CP)• Moderate = BW x 0.177 g• Heavy = BW x 0.266 g• Very heavy = BW x 0.354 g (630 + 177 = 807 g CP)
– 20% more protein needed than lightly worked horses
Clinical Nutrition
• Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP) • Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM)• Developmental orthopedic disease (DOD)• Laminitis• Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism• Gastric ulcer syndrome• Colic• Enterolithiasis• Recurrent airway obstruction• Obesity
Laminitis
• Multifactorial – inflammatory • Associate with carbohydrate overload including over feeding
of grains, lush pastures– Frosted pastures
• Nitrogen compound overload– Pastures where nitrate fertilizers used– Pastures high in clover
Body Condition Scoring• Necessary means of managing weight when
weighing isn’t possible. • Farm/Stable Dependent.• What is function? • It is dependent on
structure
BCS = 1
BCS = 2
BCS = 3
BCS = 4
BCS =5