1.0 INTRODUCTION

Vertical and horizontal transportation means that transportation that is used to

transport people and goods from one level to another for example vertical, and one point

to another same level point such as horizontal. The used of this transportation will save

time and energy of human being in our everyday life. Other than that, it is also useful and

convenient especially to elderly and people who are lugged down by their shopping load

or luggage. This type of transportations can be found in various office buildings,

shopping complexes, airport terminal, and many more.

There are various types of vertical and horizontal transportations, some may only

serve the purpose of transporting, and others are installed as part of the aesthetic value,

for example in exhibition halls, zoos, museum, and many more. For vertical

transportation consists of elevator and escalator, while for horizontal is travelator.

2.0 OBJECTIVE

2.1 To know the type of vertical and horizontal transportation

2.2 To know the function of each type of vertical and horizontal transportation and

the applications in the building

2.3 To know the components involved in every types and their functions

2.4 To know the operation one of the type of each vertical and horizontal

transportation

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3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

There are many types for horizontal and vertical transportation which majorly their

function to moves peoples or good between level, vessel or other structure. For horizontal

transportation it called travelator, for vertical it is elevator, while for inclined it is name escalator.

Below is the further explanation regarding the transportation.

3.1 ELEVATOR

Elevator is use to transport people or good vertically between level, vessel or structure. There are

two major elevator designs in common use today: hydraulic elevators and roped elevators.

3.1.1 HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR

Hydraulic elevator systems lift a car using a hydraulic ram, a fluid-driven piston mounted inside

a cylinder. You can see how this system works in the diagram below.

The cylinder is connected to a fluid-pumping system (typically, hydraulic systems like this use

oil, but other incompressible fluids would also work). The hydraulic system has three parts:

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A tank (the fluid reservoir)

A pump, powered by an electric motor

A valve between the cylinder and the reservoir

The pump forces fluid from the tank into a pipe leading to the cylinder. When the valve is

opened, the pressurized fluid will take the path of least resistance and return to the fluid

reservoir. But when the valve is closed, the pressurized fluid has nowhere to go except into the

cylinder. As the fluid collects in the cylinder, it pushes the piston up, lifting the elevator car.

When the car approaches the correct floor, the control system sends a signal to the electric motor

to gradually shut off the pump. With the pump off, there is no more fluid flowing into the

cylinder, but the fluid that is already in the cylinder cannot escape (it can't flow backward

through the pump, and the valve is still closed). The piston rests on the fluid, and the car stays

where it is.

To lower the car, the elevator control system sends a signal to the valve. The valve is operated

electrically by a basic solenoid. When the solenoid opens the valve, the fluid that has collected in

the cylinder can flow out into the fluid reservoir. The weight of the car and the cargo pushes

down on the piston, which drives the fluid into the reservoir. The car gradually descends. To stop

the car at a lower floor, the control system closes the valve again.

This system is incredibly simple and highly effective, but it does have some drawbacks

The main advantage of hydraulic systems is they can easily multiply the relatively weak force of

the pump to generate the stronger force needed to lift the elevator car.

But these systems suffer from two major disadvantages. The main problem is the size of the

equipment. In order for the elevator car to be able to reach higher floors, you have to make the

piston longer. The cylinder has to be a little bit longer than the piston, of course, since the piston

needs to be able to collapse all the way when the car is at the bottom floor. In short, more stories

mean a longer cylinder.

The problem is that the entire cylinder structure must be buried below the bottom elevator stop.

This means you have to dig deeper as you build higher. This is an expensive project with

buildings over a few stories tall. To install a hydraulic elevator in a 10-story building, for

example, you would need to dig at least nine stories deep. The other disadvantage of hydraulic

elevators is that they're fairly inefficient. It takes a lot of energy to raise an elevator car several

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stories, and in a standard hydraulic elevator, there is no way to store this energy. The energy of

position (potential energy) only works to push the fluid back into the reservoir. To raise the

elevator car again, the hydraulic system has to generate the energy all over again

3.1.2 ROPED ELEVATOR

The most popular elevator design is the roped elevator. In roped elevators, the car is raised and

lowered by traction steel ropes rather than pushed from below. The ropes are attached to the

elevator car, and looped around a sheave (3). A sheave is just a pulley with a groove around the

circumference. The sheave grips the hoist ropes, so when you rotate the sheave, the ropes move

too. The sheave is connected to an electric motor (2). When the motor turns one way, the sheave

raises the elevator; when the motor turns the other way, the sheave lowers the elevator.

In gearless elevators, the motor rotates the sheaves directly. In geared elevators, the motor turns

a gear train that rotates the sheave. Typically, the sheave, the motor and the control system (1)

are all housed in a machine room above the elevator shaft.

The ropes that lift the car are also connected to a counterweight (4), which hangs on the other

side of the sheave. The counterweight weighs about the same as the car filled to 40-percent

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capacity. In other words, when the car is 40 percent full (an average amount), the counterweight

and the car are perfectly balanced.

The purpose of this balance is to conserve energy. With equal loads on each side of the sheave, it

only takes a little bit of force to tip the balance one way or the other. Basically, the motor only

has to overcome friction -- the weight on the other side does most of the work. To put it another

way, the balance maintains a near constant potential energy level in the system as a whole.

Using up the potential energy in the elevator car (letting it descend to the ground) builds up the

potential energy in the weight (the weight rises to the top of the shaft). The same thing happens

in reverse when the elevator goes up. The system is just like a see-saw that has an equally heavy

kid on each end.

Both the elevator car and the counterweight ride on guide rails (5) along the sides of the elevator

shaft. The rails keep the car and counterweight from swaying back and forth, and they also work

with the safety system to stop the car in an emergency.

Roped elevators are much more versatile than hydraulic elevators, as well as more efficient.

Typically, they also have more safety systems

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3.2 TRAVELATOR

A moving walkway (British English) or moving sidewalk (American English)

(colloquially sometimes travelator, horizontal escalator, walkalator, autowalk, movator) is a slow

moving conveyor mechanism that transports people, across a horizontal or inclined plane, over a

short distance. Moving walkways can be used by standing or walking on them. They are often

installed in pairs, one for each direction.

A travelator, moving ramp or escalator for transporting people, comprises a people

mover; a balustrade extending alongside the people mover throughout its length. The balustrade

comprises a handrail belt formed as an endless loop and having an upper handhold portion,

which the passenger can grasp with a hand for support, a lower return portion, and a turn-around

portion between the handhold portion and the return portion.

The balustrade frame comprises a turn-around guide at the end of the balustrade to form a

turn-around to support and guide the turn-around portion of the handrail belt. The turn-around

guide comprises a number of pressure rollers spaced at a distance from each other and arranged

in a sequence in the form of a circular arc. In addition, a drive assembly is arranged to move the

handrail belt.

The drive assembly comprises a drive belt formed as an endless loop and having a

contact portion which is in driving contact with the handrail belt over a predetermined length,

and a power mechanism for driving the drive belt. The contact portion of the drive belt is passed

over the sequence of pressure rollers between the pressure rollers and the turn-around portion of

the handrail belt.

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Pressure roller Belts

Hand rail belts

3.2.1 MAIN FEATURES

1. Lays on existing floors - No floor pits Low Profile - 150mm Slashes civil engineering

costs

2. Quick installation and removal

3. Easy to re-locate

4. Modular and extendible

5. Walk-on, walk-off

6. Easy gradient, non-slip ramps

7. Only 150mm deep – no need to dig expensive pits into the floor

8. Double Handrail Walkways

3.2.2 WALKAWAY TECHNOLOGY

Spearheading Innovation - The rapid development of airports around the world has

created the demand for extendible walkways, which can be installed anywhere and be re-located

quickly and easily, without incurring civil engineering costs.

Conventional moving walkways require pits in the building floor, making them expensive

to install or move, and greatly restricting their location. Listavia’s patented Low-Profile

technology is a new Engineering concept which eliminates these restrictions altogether The

walkway drive machinery is all above ground, so that the operator can place the complete

walkway on any suitable flat floor, and re-locate and extend it to accommodate changes in

pedestrian traffic flow. The invention slashes civil engineering costs, simplifies site preparation,

and speeds up delivery, installation and re-location.

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3.2.3 MOVING WALWAYS

Pallet type — a continuous series of flat metal plates join together to form a walkway.

Most have a metal surface, though some models have a rubber surface for extra traction.

Moving belt — these are generally built with mesh metal belts or rubber walking surfaces

over metal rollers. The walking surface may have a solid feel or a "bouncy" feel.

Both types of moving walkway have a grooved surface to mesh with comb plates at the ends.

Also, nearly all moving walkways are built with moving handrails similar to those on escalators.

Pallet-types consists of one-piece, die-cast aluminium pallets. Example dimensions are: widths

(between balustrades): between 32 inches (800 mm) and 56 inches (1200 mm), with a speed of

100 feet per minute (.5 meters per second), powered by an AC induction motor.[4]

3.2.4 INCLINED MOVING WALKWAYS

An inclined moving walkway is used in airports and supermarkets to move people to

another floor with the convenience of an elevator (namely, that people can take along their

suitcase trolley or shopping cart, or baby carriage) and the capacity of an escalator.

The carts have either a brake that is automatically applied when the cart handle is

released, strong magnets in the wheels to stay adhered to the floor, or specially designed wheels

that secure the cart within the grooves of the ramp, so that wheeled items travel alongside the

riders and do not slip away.

The Central-Mid-levels escalator system on Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong also has

several inclined moving sidewalks. In Carlton, Victoria, Australia, another inclined moving

sidewalk can be found at Lygon Court.

Some department stores instead use Vermaport or Cartveyors—conveying systems that

move shopping carts in a similar fashion to an escalator—to transport passengers and their carts

between store levels simultaneously.

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3.3 ESCALATOR

An escalator is a moving staircase – a conveyor transport device for carrying people

between floors of a building. The device consists of amotor-driven chain of individual, linked

steps that move up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal.

Escalators are used around the world to move pedestrian traffic in places

where elevators would be impractical. Principal areas of usage include department

stores, shopping malls, airports, transit systems, convention centers, hotels, and public buildings.

The benefits of escalators are many. They have the capacity to move large numbers of people,

and they can be placed in the same physical space as one might install a staircase. They have no

waiting interval (except during very heavy traffic), they can be used to guide people toward main

exits or special exhibits, and they may be weatherproofed for outdoor use.

3.3.1 OPERATION AND LAYOUT

Escalators, like moving walkways, are powered by constant-speed alternating

current motors and move at approximately 1–2 feet (0.30–0.61 m) per second. The typical angle

of inclination of an escalator to the horizontal floor level is 30 degrees with a standard rise up to

about 60 feet (18 m). Modern escalators have single piece aluminium or steel steps that move on

a system of tracks in a continuous loop.

Escalators have three typical configuration options: parallel (up and down escalators

"side by side or separated by a distance", seen often in metro stations and multilevel motion

picture theaters), crisscross (minimizes structural space requirements by "stacking" escalators

that go in one direction, frequently used in department stores or shopping centers), and multiple

parallel (two or more escalators together that travel in one direction next to one or two escalators

in the same bank that travel in the other direction).

Escalators are required to have moving handrails that keep pace with the movement of

the steps. The direction of movement (up or down) can be permanently the same, or be

controlled by personnel according to the time of day, or automatically be controlled by whoever

arrives first, whether at the bottom or at the top (the system is programmed so that the direction

is not reversed while a passenger is on the escalator).

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Crisscross layout "Multiple parallel" layout

“Parallel” layout

3.3.2 DESIGN AND LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS

A number of factors affect escalator design, including physical requirements, location,

traffic patterns, safety considerations, and aesthetic preferences. Foremost, physical factors like

the vertical and horizontal distance to be spanned must be considered. These factors will

determine the pitch of the escalator and its actual length. The ability of the building infrastructure

to support the heavy components is also a critical physical concern. Location is important

because escalators should be situated where they can be easily seen by the general public. In

department stores, customers should be able to view the merchandise easily. Furthermore, up and

down escalator traffic should be physically separated and should not lead into confined spaces.

Traffic patterns must also be anticipated in escalator design. In some buildings, the objective is

simply to move people from one floor to another, but in others there may be a more specific

requirement, such as funneling visitors towards a main exit or exhibit. The number of passengers

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is important because escalators are designed to carry a certain maximum number of people. For

example, a single-width escalator traveling at about 1.5 feet (0.46 m) per second can move an

estimated 170 persons per five minute period. The carrying capacity of an escalator system must

match the expected peak traffic demand, presuming that passengers ride single file. This is

crucial for applications in which there are sudden increases in the number of riders. For example,

escalators at stations must be designed to cater for the peak traffic flow discharged from a train,

without causing excessive bunching at the escalator entrance.

In this regard, escalators help in controlling traffic flow of people. For example, an

escalator to an exit effectively discourages most people from using it as an entrance, and may

reduce security concerns. Similarly, escalators often are used as the exit of airport security

checkpoints. Such an egress point would generally be staffed to prevent its use as an entrance, as

well.

It is preferred that staircases be located adjacent to the escalator if the escalator is the

primary means of transport between floors. It may also be necessary to provide an elevator lift

adjacent to an escalator for wheelchairs and disabled persons. Finally, consideration should be

given to the aesthetics of the escalator. The architects and designers can choose from a wide

range of styles and colors for the handrails and balustrades.

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4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

As a conclusion horizontal and vertical transportation is a one of the most important

transportation nowadays in order to transfer people or goods between floors or structure. It is to

ease our life beside save energy and work. For horizontal transportation is travelator is a slow

moving conveyor mechanism that transports people, across a horizontal or inclined plane, over a

short distance. For vertical transportation are elevator and escalator. Elevator is a transport that

moves vertically while escalator move inclined between the floors.

As for recommendation, these transportations must be maintain and have a regular check

on their function to avoid any unpleasant event. Other than that, in order to build these

transportations, a consideration about the building and the area must be taken to avoid any

problems. A warning must be put near the escalator as it is dangerous to children any may result

to accident. A high rise building is not suitable to apply a hydraulic elevator as it will cost a lot to

install it and roped elevator is much more suitable for it.

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6.0 REFERENCES

http://science.howstuffworks.com/travelator

http://answers.yahoo.com/question/travelator

http://www.theelevatormuseum.org/

http://greenbuildings-in-the-world.blogspot.com

http://www.topmachinebiz.com/product/72985/Moving-Walks-Travelator

http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/elevator.htm

Walter T. Grondzik, Alison G. Kwok, Benjamin Stein, John S. Reynolds , Mechanical

and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, John Wiley and Sons, 2009

George R. Strakosch, Robert S. Caporale,The Vertical Transportation Handbook ,John

Wiley and Sons, 2010

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7,0 APPENDICES

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Escalator Travelator

Elevator Escalator system