HooligansHooligansFootball violencesFootball violences

SummarySummary

HistoryHistory Cross-national variationsCross-national variations RacismRacism Alcohol and football violenceAlcohol and football violence Solutions against hooligansSolutions against hooligans

I - HistoryI - History The game of football has The game of football has

been associated with violence been associated with violence since its beginnings in 13th since its beginnings in 13th century England. century England.

The much more disciplined The much more disciplined game introduced to game introduced to continental Europe in 1900s continental Europe in 1900s was the reformed pastime of was the reformed pastime of the British aristocracy. the British aristocracy.

The behaviour now known as The behaviour now known as 'football hooliganism' 'football hooliganism' originated in England in the originated in England in the early 1960s, and has been early 1960s, and has been linked with the televising of linked with the televising of matches matches

In other European countries, In other European countries, similar patterns of behaviour similar patterns of behaviour emerged about 10 years emerged about 10 years later, in the early 1970s later, in the early 1970s

II - Cross-national II - Cross-national variations variations

EnglandEngland

Country where Country where hooliganism appearedhooliganism appeared

Social class has been a Social class has been a significantfactor in significantfactor in England,England,

The national teamThe national team

More controled fans in More controled fans in EuropeEurope

ItalyItalyUltrasUltras

Currently the country the Currently the country the more violent in europemore violent in europe

Violences against other Violences against other

teams and against policeteams and against police

France and France and other countries.other countries.Different fan style: Different fan style: italian, and english style italian, and english style in different citiesin different cities

10% of supporters 10% of supporters

classifiable as 'violent'classifiable as 'violent'

III - RacismIII - Racism In one survey, 20% of In one survey, 20% of

German fans reported German fans reported sympathies with the neo-sympathies with the neo-Nazi movement.Nazi movement. In many In many cases, however, Nazi cases, however, Nazi symbols and slogans may symbols and slogans may be used purely to shock and be used purely to shock and provoke, without any provoke, without any underlying political underlying political

conviction.conviction. In italy too, in particulary In italy too, in particulary

the Lazio Rome, where the Lazio Rome, where fascist symbols are showed fascist symbols are showed in the stadium and the star in the stadium and the star of the team DiCanio show of the team DiCanio show his fascist ideas.his fascist ideas.

IV - Alcohol and football IV - Alcohol and football violence violence

Football violence in Britain is often reported in the Football violence in Britain is often reported in the media as resulting from excessive alcohol media as resulting from excessive alcohol consumption.consumption.

Other groups of fans, such as the Italian Other groups of fans, such as the Italian UltrasUltras, rarely , rarely drink to excess when attending football matches and drink to excess when attending football matches and the role of alcohol in football violence in that country the role of alcohol in football violence in that country is thought to be completely insignificant. is thought to be completely insignificant.

Example of violance in stadum Example of violance in stadum against policeagainst police

(Paris, Parc des Princes) (Paris, Parc des Princes)

V - Solutions against V - Solutions against hooliganshooligans

Police Charges and Police Charges and

convictionsconvictions Containment and escort Inside the ground Stewards in stadium Closed-circuit Television Closed-circuit Television

and hand-held cameras and hand-held cameras Identity card and Identity card and

membership schemesmembership schemes