Honors English 12 FINAL EXAM REVIEW

Figurative Language

Similes and Metaphors

Metaphor – comparison of two unlike things without using like or as i.e. Mother’s embrace was my castle.

Simile – comparison of two using like or as i.e. The trees swayed in the wind like dancers on a

stage.

Personification

Personification – the attribution of human characteristics or qualities to a non-human object/inanimate object.

For example…The moon stared me down as I made my way back

into my house.

Sound – Literary Terms

Alliteration – repetition of initials sounds of wordsPeter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

Consonance – repetition of internal/ending sounds of words I dropped the locket in the thick mud.

Assonance – repetition of internal vowel sound I made my way to the lake.

More sound!

Onomatopoeia – a word that imitates the action or sound it means

For example… Crash! Swoosh! Bang! Buzz! Splash!

More figurative language!

Allusion – indirect reference to something The Hunger Games arena alludes to the

Greek Myth of Theseus Imagery – visually descriptive or figurative

language in writing

Archetype

Archetype – a typical model that seems to represent universal patterns of human nature In literature, specifically with character archetypes The Hero The Damsel in Distress The Femm fatale The Scapegoat Story Archetypes The Downfall The Journey Good Versus Evil

Literary & Rhetorical Terms

Literary/Rhetorical Terms

Theme – central idea(s) explored by a literary work

Irony – an expression that usually signifies the opposite or the unexpected

Foreshadowing – a hint or reference to what is ahead in the story

Literary/Rhetorical Terms cont.

Characterization – the way in which a writer portrays characters

Point of view – manner in which a story is narrated or depicted i.e. First, Second, Third, Third Person Limited,

Third Person Omniscient)

Literary/Rhetorical Terms cont..

Rhetorical Question – a question asked that effect that neither expects nor requires an answer

Colloquialism – a word of phrase that is used in ordinary or familiar conversation

Stream of Consciousness – a person’s thoughts, feelings, and reactions depicted in a continuous flow

Literary/Rhetorical Terms cont…

Juxtaposition – instance of placing close together or side by side

Parable – a short allegorical story designed to illustrate a moral or lesson i.e. The Boy who Cried Wolf

Existentialism – the philosophy on human nature and human existence

Surrealism – literary movement that experimented with abstract visuals from the subconscious

Structure / Form / Content

Structure / Form / Content

Word meaning in context i.e. In line 4, what is “ethereal” intended to

mean? Story unity – identifying the theme of a passage Function of passage in context – what is the

author’s purpose? What does the passage attempt to do?

Words and Speakers

Word choice and connotation – effect of words to meaning

Speaker – type, purpose, bias Identifying tone – identifying the author’s

attitude towards the subject i.e. tolerant, bitter, optimistic… https://www.irsc.edu/uploadedFiles/Studen

ts/AcademicSupportCenter/WritingLab/Tone-and-Purpose.pdf

Literary/Rhetorical Terms

Effect/function of phrases – what’s the purpose?

Effect/function of words – what’s the purpose? Author’s purpose – reason the author talks

about the topic Inform, entertainment, persuadehttps://www.irsc.edu/uploadedFiles/Students/Ac

ademicSupportCenter/WritingLab/Tone-and-Purpose.pdf

Audience and speaker topic

Audience – the group that the speaker targets about a specific topic

Defining group or idea a speaker addresses or refers to – similar to audience, but more along the lines of topic

GRAMMAR!

Sentence Forms and Voice Tenses

Parallel structure – balanced expression of thoughts using same syntactical (grammatical) form

Example of parallelism

The lion’s best qualities were its agility, stealth, and being ferocious

The lion’s best qualities were its agility, stealth, and ferocity.

Active Voice Versus Passive Voice

Active Voice – the subject does the actionThe dog chased the cat.

Passive Voice – the object does the actionThe cat was chased by the dog.

Generally, in academic writing you want to steer away from passive voice. Active voice is more ACTIVE and more clear.

The Semicolon

Semicolon – a punctuation mark that separates major sentence elements

Most commonly, a semicolon is used to separated two independent clauses. i.e. We pronounce it wah-ter; they call it wuh-

ter.

Smoothly embedding a quotation from a source / Correction Citation

The dynamic duo faces obstacles that “challenge [their] sense of trust and force [them] to rethink what it means to be a team” (Jenkin 142).

Subject-Verb Agreement

SV-Agreement – Make sure that your subject and your verb agree (aka the same singular/plural type)

i.e. The unity of the nations is important.

Pronoun-antecedent agreement

PA-Agreement – The pronoun and antecedent must agree

i.e. Somebody left their bag in the room. Somebody is singular, while their is

plural.. Somebody left his or her bag in the

room.

Word choice: their, there, they’re

Their car is parked outside. – possession There is a car parked outside. – Reference

noun They’re parked outside of house. –

contraction

Proper Nouns

Proper noun – a noun that is used to denote a particular person, place, or thing

i.e. Pennsylvania i.e. June i.e. George Washington

Misplaced Modifiers

A Misplaced Modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated from the word it modifies or describes

On her way home, Jan found a gold man’s watch.

On her way home, Jan found a man’s gold watch.

Comma usage

Comma – a punctuation mark indicating a pause between parts of a sentence; used to separate items in a list

Between two independent clauses

The bear was big, and I was scared.

Introductory clause

In the last seven years, I have seen many bears.

List

We saw a bear, a coyote, and a groundhog.

ANY QUESTIONS?