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Physical Science Semester 2 Exam Review Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___

Unit 1: Chemistry in the Environment: Water

Essential questions: What properties of water make it essential for life on Earth? How is clean, fresh water produced in nature? What percentage of the Earth’s water is fresh water available for use by living organisms? How has human activity negatively impacted the world’s water supply? What is being done to reverse this impact? What will be the impact of continued water pollution and overuse on humans, and natural ecosystems? What are some ways that salt water can be used to create freshwater for human use? How is the environment affected by

this technology?

Key vocabulary: Cohesion Adhesion Solvent Hydrologic cycle Biotechnology Desalination

Practice:1) What is the purpose of the hydrologic cycle? ___________________________________________________________________

2) Describe what happens during each of these steps in the hydrologic cycle:Evaporation Condensation Precipitation Runoff

3) How are Earth’s water resources distributed? -------------% liquid (lakes, rivers, aquifers, etc..)

________% saltwater; -------------% freshwater ________% solid (ice caps and glaciers)

4) Explain the special property of water that enables fish to survive in lakes that freeze in the winter.

5) Describe the effect large bodies of water have on the temperature of their surroundings.

6) Identify sources of groundwater and surface water pollution.Groundwater Surface water

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7) Describe some methods used to clean polluted water, including the use of BIOTECHNOLOGY.

8) Describe the process of desalination and list some of the environmental impacts associated with it.

Unit 2: Chemistry in the Environment: Atmosphere

Essential questions: What are the natural components of our atmosphere? What are ways that human activity has negatively affected the atmosphere? What are ways that human activity has contributed to the pollution that causes smog and acid rain? What are some effects of smog and acid rain on the environment? What has been done or is being done to reduce the pollution that causes smog and acid rain? What are ways that human activity has affected the balance of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere? What are some effects of increased greenhouse gas concentrations on the environment? What has been done or is being done to reduce the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere? What are ways that human activity has contributed to the reduction of the ozone layer? What are some effects of the reduced ozone layer on the environment? What has been done or is being done to repair the ozone layer?

Key vocabulary: Greenhouse gas Acid rain

Fossil fuels Ozone

Smog Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)

Practice:1. Identify the primary components of the atmosphere and their relative amounts:

_____________________________________ ___________% _____________________________________ ___________%

_____________________________________ ___________% _____________________________________ ___________%

2. Complete the chart below:Causes Effects How to reduce / repair

Acid rain

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Greenhouse gasses

Ozone layer depletion

Unit 3: Alternative Energy Sources

Essential questions: What are some alternatives to using fossil fuels for energy? What are the costs and benefits of each, including environmental impacts?

Key vocabulary: Renewable resource Nonrenewable resource Hydroelectric Geothermal

Practice:1. Compare and contrast the energy sources listed below:

Description / Source Benefits Drawbacks Environmental ImpactFossil fuels

Renewable ornonrenewable?

WindRenewable or

nonrenewable?

SolarRenewable or

nonrenewable?

TidalRenewable or

nonrenewable?

HydroelectricRenewable or

nonrenewable?

GeothermalRenewable or

nonrenewable?

Hydrogen cellsRenewable or

nonrenewable?

Unit 4: Kinematics - Motion

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Essential questions: What is a frame of reference? How is a frame of reference used in measuring motion? What are scalar and vector quantities? What are position, distance, and displacement and how do they relate? What are speed and velocity and how do they compare? What is acceleration and how does it relate to velocity and time?

Key vocabulary: Reference frame Vector quantity Speed Reference point Distance Velocity Origin Displacement Acceleration Scalar quantity

Practice:1. The table below contains a list of quantities. Complete the table by filling in each empty cell with the appropriate symbol, unit,

or example. I the last column indicate the type of quantity by writing vector or scalar. One cell in each column has been filled out as an example.

Quantity Symbol Unit Example Type of Quantity

distance meterdisplacement

speed vvelocity 15 m/s Eastacceleration vector

2. An athlete runs half way around a circular track in the clockwise direction as shown at right.a. Using a highlighter, first highlight the word “distance” in the diagram and then,

using the same highlighter, draw a line showing the distance traveled by the athlete.

b. Using a different color highlighter, first highlight the word “displacement” in the diagram and then, using the new highlighter, draw an arrow showing the displacement of the athlete.

3. If a car travels 200 m to the east in 8.0 s what is the cars average velocity?

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Use the information below with questions 4 – 6.A man is jogging at a speed of 1.0 m/s along a straight level path when a dog traveling at 5.0 m/s passes him.

4. How far along the path will the man jog in the 20 seconds after the dog passes him?

5. How far along the path will the dog run in the same 20 seconds?

6. How much farther than the man does the dog travel in the 20 seconds after it passes him?

Use the information below with question 7 - 9.A car starting from rest accelerates to a velocity of 25 m/s west in 15 s.

7. What is the initial velocity of the car? _______________

8. What is the cars change in velocity? _______________

9. What is the acceleration of the car? _______________

Use the information below to answer question 8.The graphs below represent the motion of three different objects traveling along a straight path over a ten second period of time.

Object A Object B Object C

10. What is the velocity of each of the objects?

Object A _______________ Object B _______________ Object C _______________

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11. Sketch a position vs. time graph and a velocity vs. time graph for each of the following objects.a. A motorcycle moving at constant speed in the positive direction.

b. A motorcycle speeding up in the positive direction.

c. A motorcycle decreasing in velocity while moving in the positive direction.

d. A motorcycle at rest.

Unit 5: Speed of Light

Essential questions: What is the fastest speed with which anything can move?

Key vocabulary: vacuum

Practice:1. Electromagnetic waves, including light, travel the fastest through ______________. Nothing travels ____________ than this.

2. A person moving at one third the speed of light (0.33C) turns on a flashlight. The person measures the speed of the light to be C. What would an observer who is not moving measure the speed of the light from the flashlight to be?

Unit 6: Dynamics - Forces

Essential questions:

What forces exist in nature? Over what range do they act? How do they relate to one another in terms of relative strength? What is a force? What are examples of balanced and unbalanced forces? What is inertia? How does inertia relate to mass?

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What does Newton’s first law of motion tell us about bodies with no unbalanced force acting upon them? Why is Newton’s first law called the law of inertia? What does Newton’s second law of motion tell us about bodies with unbalanced force acting upon them? What are resistive forces? What are fluid resistive forces and how do they work? What is friction and how does it work? What does Newton’s third law of motion tell us about the forces acting on a body? How do mass & distance affect the gravitational force between 2 objects? What is free fall? What is free fall acceleration near the surface of the earth? How are weight and gravitational force related? What is the relationship between mass and weight?

Key vocabulary: force weight unbalanced forces inertia free fall friction mass balanced forces

Practice:1. List the four fundamental forces from weakest to strongest.

2. State the range over which each of the four fundamental forces acts.

3. State Newton’s First Law.

4. Newton’s first law is also known as the “Law of _________________”.

5. Provide three examples of balanced forces acting on an object. Remember that an object will not accelerate under the influence of balanced forces.

6. According to Newton’s first law if there are no unbalanced forces on an object it will either be at _____________ or moving in a

________________ line at _____________________ speed.

7. State Newton’s second law.

8. Newton’s second law is known as the formulae _________________.

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9. Describe the relationship between force (F) and acceleration (a) as it is represented in the formula a= Fm .

10. If the force causing a mass to accelerate is multiplied by a number while keeping the mass the same, what happens to the acceleration of the object?

11. Describe the relationship between mass (m) and acceleration (a) as it is represented in the formula a= Fm .

12. Provide three examples of unbalanced forces acting on an object. Remember that an object will accelerate under the influence of an unbalanced force.

Use the information below with questions 13 - 16.

If an object of mass, m, is pushed by a force, F, it accelerates at a rate of 6.0 m/s

13. What would the acceleration of the object be if the force was tripled while keeping the mass the same? _______________

14. What would the acceleration of the object be if the force was halved while keeping the mass the same? _______________

15. What would the acceleration of the object be if the mass was tripled while keeping the force the same? _______________

16. What would the acceleration of the object be if the mass was halved while keeping the force the same? _______________

17. What force must be applied to cause a 2.0 kg object to accelerate across a level, frictionless surface at 4.0 m/s2?

18. State Newton’s third law.

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19. Explain how Newton’s laws are involved in each of the following situations.a. A book at rest on a table (Newton’s first and third laws).

b. A skydiver falling at constant velocity after opening her parachute (Newton’s first and third laws).

c. A cart being accelerated from rest by a person pushing on it (Newton’s second and third laws).

d. The space shuttle during launch (Newton’s second and third laws)

20. Which of the situations in the previous question involve balanced forces and which involved unbalanced forces?

21. Two masses M and m are separated by a distance d. Describe what would happen to the force due to gravity between the two masses in each of the following situations.a. Mass m is increased.

b. Mass M is decreased.

c. Distance d is increased.

d. Distance d is decreased.

22. What determines the mass of an object?

23. What determines the weight of an object?

24. An object of mass m and weight W on Earth is moved to a planet where the acceleration due to gravity is twice what it is on Earth.a. What would happen to the mass of the object? (Explain your answer.)

b. What would happen to the weight of the object? (Explain your answer.)

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Unit 7: Work, Power, Energy

Essential questions: How is the term “work” defined in the physical sciences? How is the amount of work done by a force calculated? What is power? How is power calculated? What is energy? What are the forms of energy? What is potential energy? What is kinetic energy? How is mechanical energy defined? What is the connection between the three forms of mechanical energy? What determines whether a system is open or closed? What is an isolated system? How does the law of conservation of energy apply to energy transformations?

Key vocabulary: work potential energy open system power gravitational potential energy closed system energy elastic potential energy isolated system kinetic energy mechanical energy

Practice:1. State whether any work is being done by the force in each of the following situations and explain your answer. Note: The angle

between the force, F, and the distance, d, in situation c. is 90.

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

2. A man pushes his car with a force of 100.0 N through a distance of 20 .0 m, how much work does the man do on his car?

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3. Write the formulae for gravitational potential energy and describe what each variable stands for. PEG = ___________________

4. Calculate the gravitational potential energy of each of the following objects.a. A 5.0 kg object 5.0 meters above the ground.

b. A 5.0 kg object 10.0 meters above the ground.

c. A 10.0 kg object 5.0 meters above the ground.

5. Write the formulae for kinetic energy and describe what each variable stands for. KE = ___________________

6. Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the following objects.a. A 5.0 kg object moving at 5.0 m/s.

b. A 10.0 kg object moving at 5.0 m/s.

c. A 5.0 kg object moving at 10.0 m/s.

7. In the previous problem what caused a bigger change in the kinetic energy of the object, doubling the mass or doubling the speed? Explain your answer.

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8. An object of mass m is released from rest at position A in the diagram at right. Assume that there is no air resistance or friction.

a. Where does the object have the most potential energy? Explain your answer.

b. Where does the object have the most kinetic energy? Explain your answer.

c. Where is the kinetic energy of the object equal to its potential energy? Explain your answer.

d. If the object loses no energy to its surrounding as it moves from A to E how does its mechanical energy at point A compare to its mechanical energy at positions B – E.

9. Is the object falling to Earth in the previous problem part of an open, closed, or isolated system? Explain your answer.

10. Considering open, closed, and isolated systems, most systems in the real world are ________________ systems. Explain why this is the most common type of system.

Unit 8: Waves

Essential questions: What is a wave? What kinds of waves exist in nature? How is one type of wave distinguished from another? What are the characteristics of waves? How are frequency and period related? What determines the speed of a wave? How does relative motion between the source of a wave and an observer effect the observation of the wave?

Key vocabulary: wave wavelength electromagnetic wave crest frequency transverse wave trough period longitudinal wave amplitude mechanical wave surface wave

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Practice:1. On the axis provided below draw a diagram of a wave. Label your diagram with the crest (c), trough (t), amplitude (A), and

wavelength (λ).

2. Compare and contrast mechanical and electromagnetic waves.

3. What determines the frequency of a wave?

4. What determines the speed of a wave?

5. What determines the wavelength of a wave?

6. The table below shows the frequency (f) and the wavelength (λ) for three different waves. Determine the speed (v) and period (T) of the waves. Show your work and use appropriate units.

f = 10.0 Hz

λ = 10.0 m

v = ___________

T = ___________

f = 2.0 Hz

λ = 0.10 m

v = ___________

T = ___________

f = 1000 Hz

λ = 2.0 m

v = ___________

T = ___________

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7. An object making noise such as a train blowing its horn or an ambulance using its siren approaches, passes, and then moves away from you. Describe what you would hear in each of the following situations in terms of the pitch of the sound you would hear if the object were at rest next to you.a. The object is approaching you.

b. The object is passing you.

c. The object is moving away from you.

8. the effect described in the previous question is known as the ________________________ effectUnit 9: Electricity

Essential questions: What types of materials allow electricity to flow and what types do not? Why are some materials classified as semiconductors? What are some uses of semiconductors? What are the factors that affect the flow of electricity through a conductor? What is electrical power?

Key vocabulary: Conductor Semiconductor Insulator Diode Transistor Current Voltage Resistance Electrical power

Practice:1. Compare and contrast conductors, insulators, and semiconductors and list examples of each

Examples: Conductor Insulator

Semiconductor

Examples:

Examples:

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2. Solve these electrical problems for current using the equation: (current equals voltage divided by resistance).

a. What is the current through a system with a 9-volt battery and 3Ω of resistance?

b. What is the current through a system with a 6-volt battery and 1.2Ω of resistance?

3. Solve these electrical problems for resistance using the equation: (resistance equals voltage divided by current).a. What resistance is applied by a light bulb if 3 volts in the system creates 4 amps of current?

b. What is the resistance of a wire if 12 volts in the system creates 4 amps of current?

4. Solve these electrical problems for resistance using the equation: P = VI (power equals potential difference times current).

a. What is the power through an appliance if a 9-volt battery creates 2.5 amps of current?

b. How much power is created by a 12-volt battery that creates 3 amps of current?

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Documents

Honors Chemistry Semester 1 Exam Review - …secondary.mysdhc.org/science/documents/FOV1-00196EAE/FOV1... · Web viewSemester 1 Exam Review Name_____ Date_____ Per___ 1 6 3 12 15

Honors Chemistry Semester 1 Exam Review - …secondary.mysdhc.org/science/documents/FOV1-00196EAE/FOV1... · Web viewSemester 1 Exam Review Name___ Date_ Per_ 1 6 3 12 15