Honors Chemistry Jersey Shore Chemistry Department · PDF fileHonors Chemistry Jersey Shore Chemistry Department ... a framework for investigating the physical ... You predicted that

Honors Chemistry Jersey Shore Chemistry Department

NAME_______________________________________________PERIOD____________

UNIT 1 – CHEMISTRY BASICS

UNIT BIG IDEAS

Chemistry is the study of matter and its changes.

Matter has measurable properties which can be physical or chemical and intrinsic or extrinsic in nature.

Science provides: a framework for investigating the physical world, a body of knowledge that is constantly expanding and changing, a uniform system of units for measuring.

UNIT ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

What are the differences between physical and chemical changes and properties?

How can the measureable properties of a sample of matter be used to gather information and make inferences.

How do chemists report answers when performing unit conversions and calculations with measured values?

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CORNELL NOTES Student_____________________________Subject:______________Chapter and Section: __________

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2. REFLECT: Write 1 or more

questions that can be answered from your notes. Questions must involve critical thinking, not 1 word answers.

1. TAKE NOTES HERE: Note headings and key words. Use bulleted lists, or outline format. Include

diagrams/charts/tables as needed.

3. SUMMARIZE: In your own words, summarize the main points of your notes in no more than 4 sentences. Write in the vocabulary here is they are not in

your notes already.

0.0 Expectations

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1.1 Introduction to Chemistry

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1.2 Process of Chemistry

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1.3 Laws and Theories

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1.4 Making Observations

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1.5 Measurement Systems

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1.6 S.I. Measurements

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1.7 Scientific Notation

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1.8 Significant Figures in Measurement

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1.9 Significant Figures in Calculations

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1.10 Conversions

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1.11 Evaluating Measurements

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Significant Figures (Sig.Fig.) and Dimensional Analysis (DA) Worksheet

From Bauck, ChemFiesta.com and ScienceSpot.net

SIG.FIGS.

PART 1: How many significant figures are in each of the following numbers?

1) 5.40 8) 1.2 x 103

2) 210 9) 0.00120

3) 801.5 10) 0.0102

4) 1000 11) 9.010 x 10-6

5) 101.0100 12) 2370.0

6) -311 13) 50

7) 50.0 14) 606

PART 2: Calculate the answer to the correct number of sig.figs., using the rules.

15) 13.9 + 98.08

16) 2.0987 x 2345

17) (2.897 x 103) + (2.09 x 10

4)

18) 12.09 / 12.8

19) 12.039 / 34.9

20) 12.098 + 13.09

21) 12.98 - 6.098

22) (2.5 x 1023

) x (2.45 x 1025

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23) 13.9 - 13.70

24) 13.98 x 24.09

PART 3: Short answers

25) Why are significant figures important when taking data in the laboratory?

26) Why are significant figures not important when solving problems in your math

class?

27) Using two different instruments, I measured the length of my foot to be 27

centimeters and 27.00 centimeters. Explain the difference between these two

measurements.

DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS on the other side �

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LONGMAN GCSE CHEMISTRY WORKSHEETS

6: Evaluating evidence during an investigation

Longman GCSE Chemistry © Pearson Education 2002 page 1 of 2

This exercise is to give you practice in evaluating your evidence and suggesting improvementsat the end of an investigation.

The investigation

You were asked to investigate the amount of heat givenout when acids and alkalis react with each other, andused the apparatus on the right. You mixed25 cm3 of acid with 25 cm3 of alkali and measured thetemperature change. You were told that all the acidsand alkalis had a concentration of 1.00 mol dm-3.

The volumes were measured using 100 cm3 measuringcylinders, and the thermometer covered the range -10 to110°C with markings at 1°C.

Summarising your prediction

You predicted that all mixtures of strong acids andstrong bases should produce the same amount of heatper mole of water formed. This is because the same reaction is taking place in each case. Theionic equation for these reactions is

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) Õ H2O(l)

You predicted that a reaction involving ethanoic acid (a weak acid) should produce less heat,because some energy has to be used to ionise the ethanoic acid to produce the hydrogen ions.

You predicted that a reaction involving ammonia (a weak base) would produce less heat for asimilar reason.

Summarising your results

acid alkali temperature rise (°C) Heat evolved per mole of water(kJ / mol)

Expt1

Expt2

Av experimentalresult

Data Bookvalue

HCl NaOH 6.0 7.0 6.5 54.3 57.1

HNO3 NaOH 5.5 7.0 6.25 52.3 57.3

CH3COOH NaOH 6.5 5.5 6.0 50.2 55.2

HCl KOH 6.5 6.5 6.5 54.3 57.2

HCl NH3 4.5 5.0 4.75 39.7 52.2

polystyrene cup

thermometer

reaction mixture

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Longman GCSE Chemistry © Pearson Education 2002 page 2 of 2

Evaluating the results

You can assume that all the calculations have been done correctly. The final column in thetable shows values taken from a chemistry data book.

1. Look carefully at the values for temperature rise in each experiment. Do you think these resultscan be counted as "reliable"? How could you improve the experimental design to make theresults more reliable?

2. Now look closely at the experimental results for heat evolved per mole of water. Ignore the DataBook values for now.

(a) Are the results for strong acid and base combinations consistent with your prediction,allowing for experimental error?

(b) Does the result for ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, and sodium hydroxide agree with yourprediction? Is this enough to be able to say with confidence that reactions involving weak acidsand bases give out less heat than those involving strong acids? If not, how would you modify orextend your investigation to give you more confidence in the result?

3. Compare the experimental values with the Data Book values (ignoring the hydrochloric acid /ammonia result for now). What pattern do you see? Can you account for this pattern?Suggest how you could modify your experiments so that the results were in better agreement.

4. Look at the results for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and ammonia. The individualtemperature rises are fairly consistent, but the final result is much lower than the Data Bookvalue. Can you suggest any possible reason for this? How might all the experiments beimproved to eliminate this possible source of error?

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Metric Conversion (B)Convert each measurement to the unit indicated.

5.406 m to cm 1.636 km to mm

7969 m to km 4.931 km to m

5.048 g to mg 3942 mm to cm

0.501 L to mL 1993 m to km

1686 m to km 2206 mg to g

8.661 kg to g 2759 cm to m

4020 mm to m 7946 mL to L

4942 mm to m 9.104 cm to mm

4.006 km to m 4.461 m to cm

343 cm to m 1.97 km to cm

Math-Drills.Com

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Metric Conversion (C)Convert each measurement to the unit indicated.

7672 m to km 4.206 kg to g

813 cm to m 9.363 kg to g

7.191 cm to mm 7.434 km to mm

4951 mm to cm 5.626 km to mm

4.198 m to cm 2076 mg to kg

2951 cm to km 1.934 kg to g

4.365 kg to g 4.869 m to cm

6.789 L to mL 8.06 m to mm

3216 mm to km 3746 m to km

1682 cm to m 5379 mg to kg

Math-Drills.Com

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Dimensional Analysis (DA):

PART 4: Practice Problems

28) What is dimensional analysis? What are “dimensions”?

29) What is a conversion factor?

30) How many feet are there in 341 centimeters? (exactly 2.54 cm = 1 in)

31) How many inches are there in 45.6 cm? (exactly 2.54 cm = 1 in)

32) How many cm are there in 1.23 x 10-6

km?

33) How many hours are there in 34.5 years?

34) How many inches are there in 355 millimeters? (exactly 2.54 cm = 1 in)

35) How many miles are there in 3.44 x 108 inches? (5280 ft = 1 mi)

36) Susanna has a pencil that is 19 cm long. How long the pencil in inches?

(exactly 2.54 cm = 1 in)

37) Macho Mel can lift 200.00 kilograms with ease. How much is this in pounds?

(2.2 lbs. = 1 kg)

38) The distance between Happyville and Sadville is 60.0 mi. How far is this in km?

(1.61 km = 1 mi.)

39) A can of Cheap-O soda holds 355 mL of soda. How many milliliters would be in

2 cans of soda?

40) A cookie recipe calls for exactly 1 pound of butter. How many grams of butter

would be needed for 3 batches? (28.3 g = 1 oz)

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Honors Chemistry Jersey Shore Chemistry Department · PDF fileHonors Chemistry Jersey Shore Chemistry Department ... a framework for investigating the physical ... You predicted that