HONORS BIOLOGY CHAPTER 10 TEST REVIEW

DNA, Protein Synthesis, Bacteria and Viruses

#1 Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles

• Which is lytic and which is lysogenic?

#1 Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles

• Which is lytic and which is lysogenic?

#1• Lytic Infection:

Virus injects its DNA into host to replicate the virus, kills the host

• EX: cold, influenza

• Lysogenic Infection:• Virus DNA becomes part of host DNA and

duplicates together forever. Goes into lytic bursting when conditions poor for host cell.

• EX: herpes(cold sores), HIV, chicken pox

#2 Which Scientist(s)

• HINT 1: worked with Neurospora crassa

• HINT 2: worked as a team

• HINT 3: one-gene-one-enzyme or one-gene-one-protein

• ANSWER: Beadle and Tatum (F)

#2 Which Scientist(s)?

• HINT 1: worked on finding DNA structure

• HINT 2: stole the Photo 51

• HINT 3: also got Nobel Prize

• ANSWER: Maurice (the beast) Wilkins (G)

#2 Which Scientist(s)?

• HINT 1: worked with animal sperm

• HINT 2: a hottie

• HINT 3: found A-T and C-G amounts even

• ANSWER: Chargaff (D)

#2 Which Scientist(s)?

• HINT 1: 1920’s

• HINT 2: worked with Pneumococcus bacteria R and S strains

• HINT 3: Found hereditary transformation

• ANSWER: Frederick Griffith (B)

#2 Which Scientist(s)?

• HINT 1: worked on finding DNA structure

• HINT 2: used x-ray crystallography Photo 51

• HINT 3: a woman

• ANSWER: Rosalind Franklin (A)

#2 Which Scientist(s)?

• HINT 1: worked on finding DNA structure• HINT 2: first put bases on outside instead of

inside• HINT 3: won Nobel prize for finding DNA

structure

• ANSWER: Watson and Crick (E)

#2 Which Scientist(s)?

• HINT 1: Found DNA to be the genetic material

• HINT 2: used bacteriophages• HINT 3:used “hot” sulfur and

phosphorus

• ANSWER: Hershey and Chase (C)

#2 Which scientist(s)?

• HINT 1: found DNA was genetic material

• HINT 2: separated bacteria into: carbos, DNA, protein, RNA by a centrifuge

• HINT 3: bald

• ANSWER: (H) Avery, MacLeod, McCarty

#3 Name ways RNA is different from DNA:

• 1. RNA = Ribose sugar instead of Deoxyribose in DNA

• 2. DNA A-T C-G RNA A-U C-G• 3. RNA= Single stranded instead of

Double in DNA• 4. RNA can go in and out of nucleus,

DNA must stay in nucleus• 5. DNA can repair itself, RNA cannot

#4

#4 What three parts of DNA make up one nucleotide?

• ANSWER:–sugar

–Phosphate

–Nitrogenous base

(remember the song)

EXTRA: What is the complementary side of this DNA strand? (DNA –

DNA)

• G - A - T - T - G - A - C - C - T - C - G – G• ANSWER:• C - T - A - A - C - T - G - G - A - G - C- C

What is the complementary mRNA strand? (DNA – mRNA)

• G - A - T - T - G - A - C - C - T - C - G – G• ANSWER:• C - U - A - A - C - U - G - G - A - G - C- C

#4 Identify the DNA parts:

A

B

C

D

#4 Identify the DNA parts

A PHOSPHATE

B Deoxyribose Sugar

C Nitrogenous Bases (A-T-C-G)

D Hydrogen Bond

Nucleotide = sugar, phosphate, base

#4 How can you recognize…

• Pyrimidines? And what bases?• One ring

• CUT

• Purines? And what bases?• Two rings

• AG

#5 Which process?

• Does DNA copy itself?

• ANSWER: Replication (A)

• Is the movement of tRNA from A to P site on the ribosome?

• ANSWER: Translocation (B)

#5 Which process?

• Codes DNA to mRNA?

• ANSWER? Transcription (C)

• Codes mRNA to tRNA and protein?

• ANSWER: Translation (D)

#5 What happens at the P A E sites of a ribosome during

translation?

• A = amino acid is dropped off

• P = polypeptide builds

• E = tRNA exits after dropping off amino acid

• Process is translocation (B)

#6 What does it mean for DNA

• To be semi-conservative?

• When it replicates one parental strand and one new strand goes to each daughter cell.

#6 What does it mean for DNA…

• To be anti-parallel?

• The two strands run side by side in opposite directions (one has 5’ at top and the other has 3’ at top)

#7 Which enzyme?

• Topoisomerase

• I. Unwinds DNA from its spiral

#7 Which enzyme?

• LIGASE

• A. Binds Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand

#7 Which enzyme?

• PRIMASE

• E. Adds RNA nucleotide primers

#7 Which enzyme?

• DNA Polymerase III

• C. Adds nucleotides to DNA for elongation and also for proofreading

#7 Which enzyme?

• HELICASE

• D. Separates the 2 DNA strands (breaks H bonds for replication)

#7 Which enzyme?

• RNA POLYMERASE

• B. Joins RNA nucleotides in making mRNA’s

#7 Which enzyme?

• DNA POLYMERASE I• H. Proofreads, removes RNA primers, and

replaces them with DNA nucleotides

DNA Polymerase III: leading strand

DNA Polymerase I: lagging strand

#8 A. Which is a physical or chemical agent that causes

mutations?• mutagen

• mutagenesis

• mutation

• reading frame

• ANSWER: mutagen

#8 B. What mutation…

• Is a substitution that causes no change in the protein product?

• . nonsense

• . silent

• . missense

• ANSWER: silent

#8C. Which is any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA?

• Mutagenesis

• Mutation

• mutagen

• reading frame

• ANSWER: mutagen

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis

Uncontrolled HPV infections result in the growth of scaly macules and papules

Tree Man Pictures

• Before and After Images : Tree Man : Discovery Health

#8 D. What mutation…

• Causes a substitution that does change the amino acid coding?

• Missense

• silent

• nonsense

• ANSWER: Missense

#8 E. What mutation

• Is a substitution that changes an amino acid into a STOP codon?

• A. silent

• B. missense

• C. nonsense

• ANSWER: nonsense

#8F Which is the triplet grouping (a mutation can alter it to shift)

• mutation

• mutagenesis

• mutagen

• reading frame

• ANSWER: reading shift

#9 What are some examples of mutagens?

X-rays

UV Rays

pesticides

cigarettes

#10

• How does the leading strand behave differently from the lagging strand?

• ANSWER: leading strand adds nucleotides 5’ to 3’ toward the replication fork continuously

• Lagging strand adds nucleotides 5’ to 3’ away from the replication fork discontinuously (in fragments)

#11 What is the central dogma?

• A. DNA – RNA – protein

• B. protein – RNA – DNA

• C. DNA – protein – RNA

• D. RNA – protein – DNA

• ANSWER: A

#11 Who first proposed the central dogma?

• A. Crick

• B. Watson

• C. Nirenberg

• D. Avery

• ANSWER: *Crick and Nirenberg

#12 What amino acid is mRNA codon:

UGU AAC UAC CGU GGG CAC UGG

12. What amino acid is mRNA codon:

Cyst–Aspar –Tyros–Arg–Glyc-Hist-Trypt

#13 What codon is the START CODON?

13. What amino acid is START codon:

AUG

#13 What are the three STOP CODONS?

• ANSWER? UAA, UAG, UGA

• (you could also figure this out by looking at the chart)

What amino acid is mRNA codon:UGG

tryptophan

# 13 How many?

• Different amino acids are there?

• ANSWER: 20

#14 How many subunits make up a ribosome?

• A. one

• B. two

• C. Three

• D. Four

• ANSWER: 2

14. ANSWER: Ribosome = two subunits

Made of rRNA (ribosomal) + protein

#15 What are the 3 bases?

• A. Codon

• B. Anticodon

• C. Triplet

• For mRNA

• For tRNA

• For DNA

What does a tRNA carry?

• A. codon

• B. triplet

• C. amino acid

• D. ribosome

• ANSWER: amino acid

#16 What is the purpose of these?

• Introns

• Exons

• Are cut and discarded from the primary mRNA

• Leave the nucleus to be coded with tRNA

16. What will the mature mRNA look like?

What will the mRNA look like?

1 2 3

HINT: introns discarded

exons kept and coded

= mature mRNA

#16 What’s the difference?

• Between Primary mRNA and mature mRNA?

• Primary mRNA = introns + exons

• Mature mRNA = only exons

#17 MATCH

• A. structural and functional core of a ribosome

• B. template to carry code to ribosome from DNA

• C. transporting amino acid

• B mRNA

• C. tRNA

• A. rRNA

#17 What are the 3 types of RNA?

• a) tRNA (transfer RNA-brings amino acids)

• b) mRNA (messenger RNA-codes from DNA), and

• c) rRNA (ribosomal RNA-structural part of ribosome)

#18

• PROCESS:• Transcription

• Translation

B

C

C

D

E

F

#18 What are the structures?

What bond joins the amino acids?PEPTIDE

#19 What type of mutation is this?

• ORIGINAL: AACGTAGG

• MUTATION: AAACGTAGG

• ANSWER: insertion (A)

or addition

#19 What type of mutation is this?

• ORIGINAL: AACGTAGG

• MUTATION: AACGAGG

• ANSWER: Deletion (T)

#19 What type of mutation is this?

• ORIGINAL: AACGTAGG

• MUTATION: AACGGGAT

• ANSWER: Inversion (TAGG flipped)

#19 What type of mutation is this?

• ORIGINAL 2 chromosomes• AACGTAGG• ATCGGGTCGGA

• MUTATION: AACGTATCGGG• TCGGAAGG

• ANSWER: Translocation (two nonhomologous chromosomes exchanged)

#19

• Which are frameshift mutations?

• ALL –moved the bases up or back

#20 Matching

• A. Transcription terminator

• B. transcription promotor

• C. RNA splicing• D. translation initiation• E. Translation

elongation• F.translation

termination

• RNA polymerase reaches bases that signals the end of the gene and releases to leave the nucleus

• ANSWER: A

#20 Matching

• A. Transcription terminator

• B. transcription promotor

• C. RNA splicing• D. translation initiation• E. Translation

elongation• F.translation

termination

• Ribosome recognizes a STOP codon and releases the polypeptide

• ANSWER: F

#20 Matching

• A. Transcription terminator

• B. transcription promotor

• C. RNA splicing• D. translation initiation• E. Translation

elongation• F.translation

termination

• Successive tRNA’s add their amino acids to the polypeptide chain at the ribosome

• ANSWER: E

#20 Matching

• A. Transcription terminator

• B. transcription promotor

• C. RNA splicing• D. translation initiation• E. Translation

elongation• F.translation

termination

• Cutting and pasting of the exons and introns to form a mature mRNA

• ANSWER: C

#20 Matching

• A. Transcription terminator

• B. transcription promotor

• C. RNA splicing• D. translation initiation• E. Translation

elongation• F.translation

termination

• The “start transcribing” signal in a nucleotide sequence + binding site for RNA polymerase

• ANSWER: B

#20 Matching

• A. Transcription terminator

• B. transcription promotor

• C. RNA splicing• D. translation initiation• E. Translation

elongation• F.translation

termination

• The mRNA and the first tRNA and the ribosomal unit come together

• ANSWER: D

#21 MATCH

• A. Viroids• B. Virions• C. Prions• D. emerging virus• E. capsid

• Misfolded proteins that destroy the brain (one cause is Mad Cow Disease)

• ANSWER: C

#21 MATCH

• A. Viroids• B. Virions• C. Prions• D. emerging virus• E. capsid

• Small circular RNA molecules that infect plants

• ANSWER: A

#21 MATCH

• A. Viroids• B. Virions• C. Prions• D. emerging virus• E. capsid

• Outer protein coat of a virus

• ANSWER: E

#21 MATCH

• A. Viroids• B. Virions• C. Prions• D. emerging virus• E. capsid

• Suddenly appears or is new virus

• ANSWER: E

#21 MATCH

• A. Viroids• B. Virions• C. Prions• D. emerging virus• E. capsid

• Pieces of the virus

• ANSWER: E

#22 What is a retrovirus?

• Transcribes from RNA to DNA

• Reverse transcriptase is the enzyme that synthesizes DNA from RNA

• The virus that causes AIDS is HIV

#23 What are the APE sites?

#23

• A- amino acid attaches to the ribosome

• P- polypeptide forms as the amino acids join

• E- polypeptide exits the ribosome

#24

• Uptake of foreign DNA from the surrounding environment

• Transformation

• Circular DNA in bacteria separate from its other DNA

• plasmid

#24• Physical union of two

bacterial cells in which DNA transfers

• Conjugation• Transfer of bacterial

genes by a phage • transduction

#24

• Carries genes for sex pili and its origin or replication

• F factor

• Caries genes that destroy antibiotics

• R plasmid

EXTENDED RESPONSEDNA: ATT CGG ACT TGA

• mRNAsequence?

• tRNAsequence?

• Amino acid sequence?

• (use mRNA codons on chart)

• UAA GCC UGA ACU

• AUU CGG ACU UGA

• Stop alan stop threo