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HomonymsLecture # 8
Grigoryeva M.
Homonymy
Definition of Homonymy
Diachronic Study of Homonymy and Sources of Homonyms
Homonyms treated synchronically
Classification of homonyms
Definition of Homonymy
Greek homonymous – homos “the same”
onoma “name”
Two or more words identical in sound form and spelling,
or in one of these aspects, but different in meaning,
distribution and (in many cases) in origin
Classification of homonymsby Walter Skeat
• identical in sound form and spelling but
different in meaning
Perfect homonyms
BallAny spherical body
A large dancing party
• identical in sound form but
different in spelling and meaning
Homophones
PiecePart separated from smth
PeaceA situation without war conflicts
• words different in sound-form and in
meaning but identical in spelling
Homographs
Lead [li:d]The first position at a particular time during competition
Lead [led]A soft heavy grey metal
Classification of homonymsby A.I. Smirnitsky
• full homonyms
• partial homonyms
Full homonyms
words which represent the same category of parts of speech and have the same paradigm
have the same spelling an pronunciation
match, n.a game, a contest
match, n.a short piece of wood for producing fire
Partial homonyms
• Simple lexico-grammatical
• Complex lexico-grammatical
• Partial lexical
Partial homonyms1. simple lexico- grammatical belong to the same part of speech their paradigms have
only one identical form it is never the same form
to found, verb
found, verb
(Past Ind., Past. Part. of to find)
Partial homonyms
2. Complex lexico-grammatical belong to different parts of speech and have one identical form in their paradigms
rose, nounrose, verb (Pat Ind. of to rise)
one, numeralwon, verb (Past Ind., Past Part. of to win)
Partial homonyms
3. Partial lexical homonymsbelong to the same part of speech but identical only in corresponding forms of their paradigms
to lie (lay, lain), verb to lie (lied, lied), verb
to can (canned, canned) can (could)
Classification of homonymsby I.V. Arnold
Only one group of homonyms-
Perfect homonyms
4 criteria for their classification:
• Lexical meaning
• Grammatical meaning
• Basic form
• Paradigm
Classification of homonymsby I.V. Arnold• Homonyms identical in their grammatical meanings, basic forms and paradigms but
different in lexical meaning
Board - a piece of wood \ a council
• Homonyms identical in their grammatical meanings and basic forms but different in lexical meaning and paradigms
To lie- lied- lied (ЛГАТЬ) To lie- lay- lain (ЛЕЖАТЬ)
• Homonyms different in in their grammatical meanings, lexical meaning and paradigms but identical in basic forms
Light (lights) Light (lighter, the lightest)
• Homonyms different in in their grammatical meanings, lexical meaning, basic forms and paradigms (but coinciding in one of the forms of their paradigms)
A bit Bit (to bite)
•
Classification of homonyms according to their meaning
lexical homonyms – words that differ in their lexical meaning but identical in their grammatical meaning
e.g. a seal (тюлень) – a seal (печать)
Synonyms and antonyms are regarded as the
treasure of the language’s expressive resources.
They are created by the vocabulary system with a
particular purpose
Homonyms are of no interest in this respect.
They are accidental creations, and therefore
purposeless.
In the process of communication they lead
sometimes to confusion and misunderstanding
Classification of homonyms according to their meaning
grammatical homonyms – different word-forms of one and the same word are identical
e.g. a seal – seals – seal’s – seals’
“Waiter!”
“Yes, sir!”
“What’s this?”
“It’s bean soup, sir!”
“Never mind what it has been. I want to
know what it is now.”
Bean – been (homophones)
Reasons for intense development of homonyms in English
monosyllabic character of the language
analytic structure of English
predominance of free forms in English
high-developed polysemy
Sources of Homonyms
• Phonetic changes• Borrowing• Conversion• Shortening• Split polysemy
Convergent development of sound form (phonetic changes) two or more words which were pronounced differently at
an earlier date may develop identical sound forms
OE
knight [knait] [nait] night [nait]
Divergent semantic development (split polysemy)
different meanings of the same word move so far away from each other that they come to be regarded as two separate units
(a long thing piece of wood) 1.a table
e.g. OE board (food served at the table) 2.daily meals
ople discussing their business at the table) 3.officials who direct some activity
Sources of Homonymy
shortening
Fan (Lat.)
“an implement for waving lightly to produce a cool current of air”
Fan “ an enthusiastic admirer of sport or celebrity” shortening
Fanatic
Sources of Homonymy
borrowings
Bank bank – “a shore”
a native word
bank – “a financial institution”
an Italian borrowing
Sources of Homonymy
sound-imitation
mew
‘the sound a cat makes’
‘a sea gull’
‘small terraced houses in London’
Synchronic Approach to Homonymy
1. the criteria distinguishing homonymy from polysemy
2. the formulation of rules for recognizing different meanings of homonyms in terms of their distribution
Homonymy and Polysemy
Semantic criterion of related and unrelated meanings
connections between the various meanings
are apprehended by speakers or not
apprehended
Homonymy and Polysemy
radiation - primary meaning stands in the center, secondary meanings proceed out of it like rays
polysemy
Homonymy and Polysemy
concatenation – secondary meanings develop like a chain. It is difficult to trace some meanings to the primary one.
homonymy
Distribution Criterion
homonyms differ in their syntactic function
e.g. I think that this “that” is a conjunction but that “that” that that man used was a pronoun.
Classification of homonyms according to their meaning
lexical homonyms – words that differ in their lexical meaning but identical in their grammatical meaning
a seal (тюлень)
a seal (печать)
Classification of homonyms according to their meaning
grammatical homonyms – different word-forms of one and the same word are identical
a seal – seals – seal’s – seals’
PRACTICE1.Define the given words into Homonyms proper Homophones Homographs
2.Give meanings of these words
Made (A) - maid (N), row (N) – row (N),
seal (N) - seal (N), band (N) – band (N),
desert (V) – desert (N)
Made (A) - maid (N)Past make A female servant HOMOPHONES
row (N) – row (N)People in a line A quarrel HOMOGRAPHS
seal (N) - seal (N)A sea animal The official mark HOMONYMS de’sert (V) – ‘desert (N) To leave empty A sandy land HOMOGRAPHS
hare (N) – hair (N)An animal Strands growing from the skin HOMOPHONES
PRACTICE Fill in the blanks choosing the right word. Translate your sentences
No (sweet \ suite) without sweat.
All is (fare \ fair) in love and war.
Out of (site \ sight) out of mind.
It never rains, but it (pours \ paws).
PracticeClassify the homonyms using Professor Smirnitsky’s classification
• He should give a ball in your honor.—He is playing with a ball.
Full homonyms
• What’s happened with your left ear? – He ‘s left us.
Complex lexico-grammatical partial
• Turn off the light! – He is wearing light summer trousers.
Complex lexico-grammatical
• He couldn’t bear the pain.- catch the bear before you sell the skin.
Complex lexico-grammatical partial
• ‘To can’ means to make preservation. – Birds can fly
Lexical partial
Practice
• Find the homophones to the following words, give the spelling (if they are different) and explain the difference in meanings
Dye
Tale
Week
Sun
Meet
Write
Hare