ROLE OF INDIAN INDUSTRIALIST SWADESHI MOVMENT

IN

SUBMITTED TO: Prof Jayanta Dasgupta

SUBMITTED BY: Husain H. Lokhandwala

SWADESHI MOVEMENT (A Revolutionary Movement)The concept of Swadeshi as explained by Mahatma Gandhi is employment of unemployed or semi-employed people by encouraging village industries and in general trial was towards building a non-violent society. It is significant events in the History of Freedom Movement in India. It was started in 1905 as an agitation against the partition of Bengal. The presidency of Bengal was the most populous province in British India. It included not only the western and eastern parts, but also Bihar, Assam and most part of Orissa. In regarding to population distribution of this huge administrative unit, the eastern part of Bengal was dominated by the Muslim population whereas the western part was by the Hindus. In the central part of Bengal the two communities balanced each other. As the Bengal presidency as an administrative unit was increasing in size as a result of conquest and annexations, it was thought difficult to administer. Therefore, the idea of reorganizing Bengal presidency had been an issue that came for discussions among the British officials. Head planners of Swadeshi Movement were Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal, Aurobindo Ghose and Veer Savarkar. The writings and speeches of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and his associate had done much to prepare the way. Tilak reached out to the masses through popular festivals. He transformed the traditional Ganapati Utsav into a public celebration where patriotic ideas could be spread. Later he inaugurated a Shivaji festival for the same purpose. The proposal to transform Chittagong division to Assam came out in 1892 and in 1896 again the proposal to transform the districts of Dacca and Mymensingh, so that the Assam could become a Lieutenant Governors province. But both these proposal did not materialize. Up to this point, the considerations of the official regarding the partition of Bengal were only administrative. But things began to change by the time of Lord Curzon. He planned a programme first in 1903, which proposed to transfer the Chittagong division, Dacca, Mymensingh districts to Assam and Chota Nagpur to the Central Provinces; Bengal would receive in return Sambalpur and the feudatory states from Central Provinces etc. However, the final scheme of partition of Bengal was brought out in July 19, 1905, with some modifications over the previous plan. As for this plan, a new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam was constituted with all districts of Chittangong, Dacca and Rajshahi divisions as well as Tippera, Malda and Assam.The sale of English goods fell dramatically as `Bombay mills` worked overtime to meet the demand for Swadeshi textiles. It became a matter of pride to wear coarse dhotis woven on local handlooms rather than fashionable Manchester cottons. Student volunteers encouraged people to use Indian products. Popular enthusiasm was sustained by songs written by Rabindranath Tagore and others. Vande Mataram by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee became the national anthem. Further, the Swadeshi movement gave tremendous inputs to Indian industries. Beginnings were made in the manufacturer of Swadeshi salt, sugar matches and other products. On a larger scale, the movement gave a stimulus to Prafulla Chandra Roy`s Bengal chemical works. This action encouraged Jamshedji Tata to open his famous steel plant in Bihar. At the same time, Indian

labour took its first real steps towards organisation. A series of strikes in Kolkata and other places demonstrated that the workingman was growing weary of exploitation.

INDIAN INDUSTRIES PARTICIPATE IN SWADESHI MOVEMENTThere were almost all industries and companies who were well established that time became a significant part of swadeshi movement. All Indian manufacturer do marketing their goods as Swadeshi and became a recognized brand image. Swadeshi industries arose in many places. Badami was one of the places where a weaving factory was setup. Cloth made here was sent even to Bengal. Reporting about the progress of swadeshi movement Karnataka Vritt wrote in its issue of 18.8.1908. The swadeshi movement and boycott of foreign goods are going on well in Bagalkot. On 8th August, there was a public meeting. Sri Jayarao Naragund, Jorapur, Yalagund Rao Dharwadkar and others addressed the gathering. It was proposed to establish a Swadeshi Vyaparottejaka Samsthe, swadeshi shops and swaraj samsthas were established in Bagalkot. There was also emergence of large scale organization like The Tata Steel & Iron Company as well as the development of indigenous company like glass factories etc. And this contribution was not only by the political heroes but also a significant contribution was done by many of the renowed industrialist of India namely P.C Ray, J.N.Tata, V.O.C. Pillia were the significant pillars for the growth of industries during the Swadeshi movement.Kappal Oottiya Tamilzhan, was an Indian freedom fighter born on 5 September 1872 in Ottapidaram, Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu State of India. He was a prominent lawyer, and a trade union leader. He gets credit for launching the first indigenous Indian shipping service between Turicorin and Colombo with the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company, competing against British ships.

ROLE OF INDUSTRIALIST IN SWADESHI MOVEMENTTo oppose the partition of Bengal, it was decided to promote Swadeshi and boycott British goods. On 7th August, it was decided to boycott British goods at Townhall, Calcutta (now Kolkata). On 28th September 1905, this resolution of boycott was repeated at Kalighat temple. Some of the other Industrialist were.

1) Jamshedji Nusserwanji Tata :- The Tata Iron & Steel CompanyJamshedji idea of endowing his country with its own iron and steel industry gained support within the government and in 1907, when the Swadeshi Movement was at its height, the Tata Iron and Steel Company Ltd. was incorporated. The Swadeshi Movement encouraged him to set up Asias first ever privately-owned integrated iron and steel plant. His interest in iron making was triggered in 1882 when he came across an official report on the Chanda district which identified large deposits of high-quality iron ore but also noted a lack of suitable coal in the region. In 1901, Tata turned his attention to the Indian iron industry, which at the time iron was produced on a very small, local scale, He employed English and American surveyors, most notably American Charles Page Perin, who spent years examining the Indian geology for iron deposits. In addition, he traveled to Europe and the United States to get technical advice on the process of making steel. Tata wanted to refine iron ore on a large, factory-based scale, and he invested large sums in the project. Although he would die before this scheme was realized, on August 26, 1907, his sons registered the Tata Iron and Steel Company, sited in Sakchi, about 150 miles west of Calcutta. The manufacturing process drew on coalfields in Bengal, which had rich ore as well as plentiful supplies of water necessary for processing it. The company grew rapidly, and by 1911 included railways connecting the factory to the iron and coal beds, and was producing about 70,000 tons of iron per year. According to the Dictionary of National Biography, the entire industry would support 60,000 workers and their dependents. Tata was noted for his suggestion that India make use of the extremely heavy seasonal rainfall that occurred each year in parts of the country to create hydroelectric power that would fuel factories in Bombay. On February 8, 1911, the Governor of Bombay laid the foundation for this project, which involved the creation of several dams to hold the water. Tata also built the Taj Mahal Hotel in Bombay, which cost a quarter of a million dollars, a huge sum at the time; the hotel was considered the best in India. Tata was not interested in running the hotel; he built it solely to attract visitors to India. On his far-ranging travels, Tata bought many of the hotel's furnishings himself, including the latest European amenities. The hotel, which opened in 1903, was the first building in Bombay to be lit by electricity.

2) Lokmanya Tilak :The Industrial or paisa Fund can be defined as a central reserve made up of contributions of one paise and above from all classes of society. People paying a reasonable minimum could have a voice in its administration which was in the hands of an elected body. At one of the public meetings, held for the collection of the Fund, Lokamanya Tilak said come all, join and subscribe; I do not want one man to contribute thousand rupees to the paise Fund, but I want a thousand contributors each giving one rupee and making up a thousand. Such a spirit of contribution will show me that there are more men who take real interest in the welfare of their country. It will demonstrate an organised effort. A man who contributes a thousand at a stroke has nothing further in his head, nothing higher in his mind than a looming fact dividend. The thousand poor contributors have a nobler aim. So rally round all men and subscribe your humble paisa. Such was the ideal of the Tilak. The Paisa Fund Glass Works factory was founded by Antaji Damodar Kale, on 16th October, 1905 at Talegaon, Bombay. This Glass works factory had the Karnataka members and workers in plenty of numbers. Some of them were V. N. Jog, a well known pleader and Member of Legislative Council of Karnataka (Later period), Dharwad, V. G. Pandit, one of the patrons of Paisa Fund Glass Works Factory; Talegaon was from Belgaum, G. D. Deshpande of Dharwad and others. Even such the paise Fund National Industries have been celebrated the centenary recent years (1905-2005).

The life of the paisa Fund can be divided into seven well marked periods (1905-1935) each marking a different phase of its career. Excluding the years 1898 to 1905 which were spent in preparing the ground and popularising the idea with propaganda. The Paise Fund begin with the year 1905-06 when the Fund was formally registered at the office of The Registrar of Joint Stock Companies, under Act XXI of 1860. Its constitution decided upon, propaganda set afoot and force of volunteers mobilised for collection. The constitution of the paisa Fund provided for four classes of members. Village committees were recognised when there were in the village at least ten people each paying eight annas per year. Members of these were eligible for election into the Central Committee as were members of the first three classes shown above. The central committee was the executive body vested with full powers for the proper utilisation of the Fund. The purpose of the paisa Fund was to collect money in any amounts down to paise one from all classes of society and to use it strictly according to the rules of the institution, towards the revival of agriculture, trade and crafts of this country and the improvement of the economic condition of the people. Once Tilak sponsored the cause, he took it upon himself to give wide publicity to the Fund through the columns of his papers, and public opinion gradually brought round.

3) Kasturbhai Lalbhai :- Arvind MillsDuring the intensifying Swadeshi movement the second company Raipur Mills was established in 1905. Due to untimely death Lalbhai Dalpatbhai the reins of his businesses were handed over to his young sons including a seventeen-year-old Kasturbhai Lalbhai. Kasturbhai started the first large scale textile mill under the name of Asoka Mills in 1920 with a capital of Rs.12 Lakh at a time when the largest mills in the region were built with not more than Rs. 5 Lakh. 1930-31 saw the resurgence of second Swadeshi movement coinciding with the great depression. 1930 was a year the world suffered a traumatic depression. Companies across the globe began closing down. In UK and in India the textile industry in particular was in trouble. At about this time, Mahatma Gandhi championed the Swadeshi Movement and at his call, people from all India began boycotting fine and superfine fabrics, which had so far been imported from England. In the midst of this depression one family saw opportunity. The Lalbhais reasoned that the demand for fine and superfine fabrics still existed. And any Indian company that met this demand would surely prosper. The three brothers, Kasturbhai, Narottambhai and Chimanbhai decided to put up a mill to produce this superfine fabric. Next they looked around for state-of-the-art machinery that could produce such high quality fabric. Their search ended in England. The best technology of that time was acquired at a most attractive price. And a company called Arvind Mills was born. While different entrepreneurs reacted to the situation differently Kasturbhai saw this as the decade of prosperity and growth and established the flagship Arvind Limited in 1931 with an authorized capital of Rs. 25.25 Lakh. Kasturbhai had also floated mills for families of his three sisters under the name of Aruna Mills in 1928 and Nutan Mills in 1931 and Ahmedabad New Cotton Mills in 1938. Apart from the field of business the Lalbhais over generations have contributed to education, social and religious causes. Their contribution to education starting from Gujarat Vernacular Society in late 1800s to the formation of Ahmedabad Education Society, (1936), which governs 11 leading colleges and 6 schools, and 4 other educational programs. Kasturbhai Lalbhai played a key role in establishing the Physical Research Laboratory (1948), ATIRA (1947) and the famed IIM Ahmedabad (1961). The Lalbhai family has been closely associated with the Jain trust called Anandji Kalyanji Trust, which is involved in propagating and maintaining Jain temples in western India. Shri Kasturbhai Lalbhai headed the trust for 50 years, followed by Shrenik Lalbhai for 30 years, and now, Samveg Lalbhai heads the trust. Sanjay Lalbhai heads Sharda Trust Arvinds CSR vehicle. Arvind is committed to upgrading the standard of municipal schools in Ahmedabad and work towards building a pool of bright employable youth.

4) V. O. Chidambaran Pillai- Swadeshi Steam Navigation CompanyDuring the intensifying Swadeshi movement the second company Raipur Mills was established in 1905. Due to untimely death Lalbhai Dalpatbhai the reins of his businesses were handed over to his young sons including a seventeen-year-old Kasturbhai Lalbhai. Kasturbhai started the first large scale textile mill under the name of Asoka Mills in 1920 with a capital of Rs.12 Lakh at a time when the largest mills in the region were built with not more than Rs. 5 Lakh. 1930-31 saw the resurgence of second Swadeshi movement coinciding with the great depression. 1930 was a year the world suffered a traumatic depression. Companies across the globe began closing down. In UK and in India the textile industry in particular was in trouble. At about this time, Mahatma Gandhi championed the Swadeshi Movement and at his call, people from all India began boycotting fine and superfine fabrics, which had so far been imported from England. In the midst of this depression one family saw opportunity. The Lalbhais reasoned that the demand for fine and superfine fabrics still existed. And any Indian company that met this demand would surely prosper. The three brothers, Kasturbhai, Narottambhai and Chimanbhai decided to put up a mill to produce this superfine fabric. Next they looked around for state-of-the-art machinery that could produce such high quality fabric. Their search ended in England. The best technology of that time was acquired at a most attractive price. And a company called Arvind Mills was born.

While different entrepreneurs reacted to the situation differently Kasturbhai saw this as the decade of prosperity and growth and established the flagship Arvind Limited in 1931 with an authorized capital of Rs. 25.25 Lakh. Kasturbhai had also floated mills for families of his three sisters under the name of Aruna Mills in 1928 and Nutan Mills in 1931 and Ahmedabad New Cotton Mills in 1938.

5) Prafulla Chandra Roy:Nationwide call for Swadeshi movement involved boycotting British products and use only domestic products that were only manufactured in India, produce fertile ground for Indian Industry. During that period Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy (Noted Bengali Scientist In Chemistry, Writer, Industrialist) took a rented house at 91 Upper Circular Road, Calcutta and started a business named Bengal Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals Ltd (BCPL) with a meager capital of Rs 700.00 (Seven Hundreds only). Since inception of the Company he was very much quality conscious and produced various products of British Pharmacopoeia standard. Eminent Doctors with nationalistic feeling like Dr R G Kar, Dr N R Sarkar, Dr S P Sarbadhikari, Dr Amulya Charan Bose, etc. came forward and patronized the products. The reputation of the Company grew rapidly, and Acharya P C Ray added funds to the Company to increase the scale of production. Soon this business was converted into a Limited Company and on 12 April 1901 the name of the Company became Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works Ltd. (BCPW), retaining the same premises at 91 Upper Circular Road, Calcutta for production of quality Drugs & Pharmaceuticals and Chemicals with indigenous technology to cater for the needs of millions of common people, foster growth of Indian Industries, compete with imported goods and to become self-sufficient. Incidentally, it may be noted here that some of the products, namely Fire Extinguisher, Surgical & Hospital Instruments, Talcum Powder, Tooth Paste, Glycerin Soap, Carbolic Soap, etc. , which were very popular during that period, were discarded subsequently, considering that products were not remunerative based on prevailing market scenario. From humble beginning with one Factory in Maniktala (Kolkata) in 1905, three more Factories were established one in Panihati (North 24 Pargana, West Bengal) in 1920, one in Mumbai in 1938 and one in Kanpur in 1949 with its Registered Office at 6 Ganesh Chunder Avenue, Kolkata 700 013. Besides, the Company is having 9 (Nine) Sales Outlets and 2 (two) C & F Agencies spread all over India. Now This company also manufactured such household Indian products as "Hospitol", "naphthalene balls", and "Pheneol". The company is headquartered in Kolkata and reported aggregated revenues of 6,199 lakh (US$124 million) in fiscal 2006.

Evolution in India.Mahatma Gandhi started Swadeshi movement which was a popular strategy for removing the British rule and improving the economic condition of the country. The concept of Swadeshi as explained by Gandhi is employment of unemployed or semi employed peoples by encouraging cottage industries. He described the Swadeshi movements as soul of self rule in the country. Gandhi realized that India was the country with flourishing economy but Britains policies had destroyed India. Britain was the cause of poverty in India. He felt that Britain had made Indian economic condition very bad. East India Company which was started by the British had spread its branches all over the country. Company exploited the country at its maximum extent. The raw material of various categories was sent to England at cheaper rates, and after making finished goods from that raw material it was again imported in India by the British at higher rates. Therefore unemployment increased in the country. Gandhi realized that the British were exploiting the country and that was the main reason of the countrys worse condition. Thus the main policies of Swadeshi movement included boycotting all types of British goods and restoration of all types of domestic products. Further Swadeshi movement gave tremendous inputs to Indian industries. It started with the manufacturing of Swadeshi salt, sugar and other products on large scale. This movement gave birth to Indian industries like Bengal chemical works, famous steel plant in Bihar by Jamshedji Tata. Furthermore industries were started and Indian capital became accelerated and funds mobilized in various sectors of the country by stopping outsourcing of Indian raw material and capital to Britain. Gandhian thoughts encouraged that Indian capital should be remained in India and it must be used for the welfare of the country men. Indian buying Indian products will make Indian economy strong and global. Indian capital was helpful in establishing industries which led to the high levels of production and availability of commodities at lesser rates to all citizens of every sections of society. Employment opportunities increased which improved purchasing capacity of general public. Per capital income also increased. More establishments of industries made India self-sufficient to some extent and made the country capable for export to various countries. All of these activities helped India become global. Gandhi started the Non-Cooperation movement which was the important phase of Indian structure for freedom from British rule. This movement Lasted from 1920 to 1922 and was led by Mahatma Gandhi and supported by Indian National Congress. It was the revolutionary step of direct action. It aimed to resist British occupation of India through non violent means. Protestors refused to buy British made goods, adopt the use of local handicrafts like cotton thread, jute and salt, Sugar tea etc and tried to uphold the values of Indian honor and integrity. The Gandhian idea of non violence was first time seen on large scale when thousands of common citizens started non-cooperation for Indian independence. Non cooperators started resigning from respectable post. Countrymen refused to attend any kind of govt. function with

the passage of time people withdraw their children from schools which were run by British government. They refused to buy foreign made goods. Swadeshi products were continuously purchased by country men, non cooperation movement became popular among general public. Foreign goods were burnt, student left schools and collages which were owned by the British. Now the indigenous educational institutions like Kashi Vidyapith and Jamia Millia were initiated to provide educational facilities to the Indians interested in getting education. About 20000 charkhas were manufactured. It was start of self sufficiency by non-cooperation to the British Non-cooperation movement challenged the colonial economy and power structure of the British goods. Besides that Gandhi also started Quit India movement. This was Gandhis and congress party most definitive revolt aimed at securing the British exit from India on 8th August 1942. Indian movement became most powerful in the history of the struggle. Gandhi and his supporter made it clear that they would not support the war efforts unless India was granted immediate independence because the presence of the British and their policies destroyed Indian economy and exploited the country. Mr. Gandhi thought about condition of the country. He emphasized on making India self sustained and capable of managing its affairs boycotting the British Quit India movement was non- violent civil movement to force the British to leave India. Gandhi gave the slogan Do or Die. He said Congress is at stake. It will either be victorious or will finish. The free trade policy of the govt. of India stood in the way of development of the country when the British were exploiting the country by sending raw material to England and by making some modifications and making final touch, importing back in India at higher rates. Globalization gave to the countrys trade, a new shape and the country become global. It has started trading with various countries. Volume of foreign trade also increased. In 1947, the volume of foreign trade was Rs.792 crore, in 1951 it increased to Rs.1250 crore there is significant industrial development of foreign trade. By Globalization total economic and trading environment has changed. In 1951 it increased to Rs.1250 crore there is significant industrial development of foreign trade. By Globalization total economic and trading environment has changed.

History of the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal:Lord Curzon's sole motive behind the Partition of Bengal was to weaken Bengal by sowing the seeds of dissension between the Hindus and the Muslims. The people of Bengal had been opposing the partition since the time when the proposal for partitioning Bengal was officially announced. But when the Partition was finally affected to utter disregard to the popular sentiment, the people of Bengal launched a powerful movement against it. 'Boycott' Movement: In order to put pressure upon the government, they thought, some practical demonstration of their feeling was necessary. At this juncture a new weapon was found which could be effectively used against the British. This was the famous Boycott, that is to say, a policy of refusal-refusal to buy foreign goods. In the programme of movement against Partition greatest emphasis was laid upon the boycott. People of Bengal unitedly took the vow that so long as the Partition was not undone they would eschew all foreign articles. The conception of boycott was mainly an economic one, though it had other aspects too. It aimed at pressurising the British government through the textile merchants of Manchester who would suffer financial loss by the boycott of British goods in Fungal and India. Along with the boycott of foreign goods measures were taken for the growth of indigenous industry. This was the famous 'Swadeshi' (i.e., manufacture and use of indigenous goods). Swadeshi Movement : Boycott of foreign articles necessitated their supplementation by indigenous goods. It was out of this necessity that Swadeshi was born. Along with the bonfire of the foreign cloth the weavers in villages as well as the Indian millowners were encouraged to produce cloth. In fact, the boycott seemed to be a suitable opportunity for reviving indigenous industry. And cloth-mill, sugar-mill, match and soap industries were established all over India by the native industrialists.

Relevance of Boycott and Swadeshi Movements

The Swadeshi and Boycott Movements were powerful instruments directed against British rule. It was launched on August 7, 1905 to oppose the partition of Bengal. Swadeshi, literally meaning 'of one's own country' aimed at promotion of indigenous industries. Along with Swadeshi, Boycott of British goods was also organised. The boycott struck at the root of the prestige of British Government. In the annual sessions of the Congress id in Calcultta, the Swadeshi and Boycott movements were favoured as a means of resistance. This movement proved a great success. It drew millions of people in its fold and became very popular. It united people of India to fight against the British rule. Shops selling foreign goods were picketed. Meetings were held, associations were formed. The Government resorted to repressive measures. But it made the struggle for freedom more intense. This movement was thus instrumental in binding the Indian masses into a common bond and unity.

Spread of the Swadeshi:Though the Partition of Bengal directly affected the people of Bengal yet the tidal wave of the boycott and Swadeshi swept away the country as a whole. Under the leadership of Bal Gangadhar Tilak the bonfire of British goods had taken place at Poona (present Pune). The people of Punjab joined the movement under the leadership of Lala Lajpat Rai. He personally came to Calcutta to offer his support and express solidarity with the people of Bengal.

Popular Support to the Swadeshi:Participation of the common people in the Swadeshi movement proved beyond doubt the popularity of the movement. The student community of Bengal played an active role in popularizing the Swadeshi. The womenfolk rendered moral support to the movement. The labour movement during the period also had a Swadeshi tone as the leaders of the Swadeshi rendered all support to the strikes organised by them. Despite British efforts the unity of the Hindus and Muslims of Bengal did not suffer any major set back

SWADESHI MOVEMENT IN CONTEXT WITH DIFFERENT-DIFFERENT STATES.ANTI-PARTITION AGITATION.

At first, the plan was opposed by the Moderates when the plan had been in the process of making. The Moderates opposed the plan through deploying moderate methods such as press campaign, meetings, petitions and conferences at the Calcutta Town Hall in March 1904. Scores of petitions were sent to the British government. However, their efforts went in vain and the partition was ultimately set in. The day of the partition of Bengal was observed by the Moderates as a day of mourning. The ceremony of Rakshabandhan was followed all over the Bengal. Hundreds of protest meetings were held, where people crowded to hear speeches by Surendranath Banerjea and other leaders. As their traditional techniques of petitioning had failed in stopping the partition, the Moderates went beyond their conventional political methods. Thus, Surendranath Banerjea gave a call for the boycott of British goods and institutions at a meeting in Calcutta 1905. A formal boycott resolution was passed on August 7 at Calcutta Town Hall in 1905, which marked the beginning of Swadeshi Movement. It was for the first time that the Moderates went beyond the literate sections; they also participated in national educational movement as well as in labourers strikes. Their goal was to achieve annulment of partition through deploying these unconventional methods. However, despite their shift away from their conventional methods, their philosophy remained same. The annual conference of the Indian National Congress (INC) was held at Banaras in 1905 and the call for Swadeshi was formally adopted under G. K. Gokhale. Here interesting thing was that being a moderate, Gokhale supported the Swadeshi and boycott movement for Bengal. In other words the Swadeshi Movement for Moderates was to be confined to Bengal only and they did not want to make it a national movement. But, the militant nationalists led by Tilak, Bepin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai and Aurobindo Ghosh advocated to extend the movement to the rest of India and to carry it beyond the programme of just Swadeshi and boycott to a full-fledged political mass struggle. Their aim was Swaraj and the abrogation of partition had taken a back seat. Though the Extremists goal was Swaraj it had different meaning with different leaders. For Tilak Swaraj meant Indian control over administration, but not a total severance of relations with Great Britain. Whereas Bepin Chandra Pal believed that no selfgovernment is possible under British paramountcy; so for him Swaraj was complete autonomy, absolutely free of British control. It meant an absolute political independence for Aurobindo Ghosh (Sekhar Bandyopadhyay, 2004). Thus, their goal of Swaraj had to be gained through more radical ways than that of the Moderates. Therefore the Extremists followed the method which was called as a passive resistance. It meant opposition to colonial rule through violation of unjust laws, boycott of the British goods and institutions and development of their alternatives Swadeshi, and national education. SWADESHI MOVEMENT IN BENGAL - TWO TRENDS The Swadeshi movement in Bengal had two trends. First trend was the constructive Swadeshi. The movement during this phase was not political. It gave more emphasis to

constructive programme which were taken as self-strengthening movement and therefore prepared the ground for the subsequent political agitation. In their way of self-strengthening programme, the importance was given to Hindu religion revivalism as it was thought a ground for imagining India as a nation. As a part of constructive programme, national schools as well as the indigenous industries were established. The other trend of Swadeshi movement in Bengal was political extremism. This trend was led by political extremists like Aurobindo Ghosh and Bepin Chandra Pal. They were critical of the non- political constructive programme and argued that the political freedom of India could be the pre-condition for the regeneration of national life. Therefore achieving complete independence or Swaraj became their goal. The programme at this stage was passive resistance. This programme needed the mass to be mobilized for the movement. For the same purpose the religion was used as a tool. The organization of samitis was another way which was used for the mass mobilization. Through samitis the programs like physical training, propagation of the Swadeshi message were carried out. The bureaucracy was determined to suppress the Swadeshi, boycott movement in Bengal. The Barisal conference showed the coercive techniques in the utter ruthlessness. The conference was held on April 14, 1906, where the procession led by Surendranath Banerjee, Motilal Ghose, and Bhupendranath Babu was attacked by the police for the cry of the Vande Matram. Kesari the Marathi news paper welcomed the move of the Bengal leaders who had agitated for obtaining the rights and shouted the slogan of Vande Matram (Kesari, May 15, 1906). SWADESHI MOVEMENT IN MAHARASHTRA The Swadeshi movement was not limited to the Bengal alone. It was spread to other parts of the country and many national leaders were taken an active part in the movement. Thus the waves of movement which were started in Bengal had touched the whole of India and the leaders from various parts of the country got involved into the movement; in Maharashtra, Tilak took direct part, in Punjab it was Lala Lapat Rai and in South India it was Subramaniam Bharati were among the prominent leaders. The present part of the article focuses on the Swadeshi movement in Maharashtra. Boycott was no longer a matter of interest to the Bengalis alone, it had became an issue of all-India importance and the Slogans of Swaraj, the concepts of Swadeshi, Boycott and National Education which were emerged during the anti-partition campaign and finally, the spirit of Swadeshi had spread from Bengal to Maharashtra along with other parts of country like Madras and other provinces. The Swadeshi Movement in Maharashtra should be looked at as was developing over the Swadeshi that was already there in Maharashtra. Therefore, it is informative to look at the history of the Swadeshi in the region before discussing the Swadeshi movement in Maharashtra. The Swadeshi was used for the first time in 1716 during the period of Peshwa by Goudpad Charya in Nasik (Kesari, January 30, 1906). On this subject, Subodh Patrika opines that the Swadeshi initiative was started by Shankar Shashtri Gokhale and Bhau Wadekar, the residents of Poona, in 1846. Shankar Shashtri Gokhale was of the view that unless and until the educated people of India use the Swadeshi goods, indigenous industrial development will not take place. Because of the same purpose they started looms at their homes and weaved Swadeshi

cloth. Gopal Hari Deshmukh (Gopal Hari Deshmukh was an Indian social activist in nineteenth century. He wrote hundred letters called Shatapatre in Prabhakar newspaper, to document Indian social scene. He was called as Lokhitwadi, one who strives for the peoples betterment) in the columns of the Prabhakar exhorted the people to use Swadeshi articles during 1849 (Bipan Chandra, 1966), however rough and coarse they might be. Later, the initiative was continued by the R. Joshi and R. B. Gavande in Poona in the year of 1871(Subodh Patrika, December 23, 1906). Ranade focused on creating public attention on Swadeshi through his lectures in 1872 and 1873 at Poona (N. G. Jog, 1962). In these lectures, he popularized the idea of Swadeshi and preferring the goods produced in ones own country even though they may prove to be dearer or less satisfactory than finer foreign product (Bipan Chandra, 1966). Swadeshi was kept alive by Ganesh Vasudev Joshi alias Sarvajanik Kaka (Ganesh Vasudev Joshi called Sarvajanik Kaka with affectionate humour and because of his great interest in public activities, was a social activist in Pune. He was a lawyer by profession) in Maharashtra by wearing the Khadi dhotis and shirt (Kesari, January 30, 1906). Moreover, he took a vow to use only Khadi spun and the cloth woven by him. (N. G. Jog, 1962). Though, the Swadeshi Movement was supported by the Moderates in Maharashtra but they were not in favour of the boycott of goods. Gokhale, for instance, observed that Swadeshi Movement was both a patriotic and economic movement and that boycott was a political weapon which should be reserved only for the certain occasions (J. C. Johari, ed., 1993). The Ganapati utsav was started in August 11, 1893 by Tilak for infusing sentiments of strength, cohesiveness and solidarity among the Hindus (Vishwanath Prasad Varma, 1978). He had transformed it into a public celebration where patriotic ideas could be spread. The couple of years later, the Shivaji festival was inaugurated in 1895 by Tilak at Raigad. It was started as a Maratha festival and later on assumed a national character (D. P. Karmarkar, 1956). The Ganapati festival was social in nature whereas the Shivaji festival had political overtones. The festivals actual purpose was to stimulate the spirits of the people by transforming them into public performances as well as help to popularize the Indian National Congress. The Swadeshi movement tried to bring the middle classes and the masses into political and economic action. The Swadeshi boycott movement was a mighty attempt at the vindication of the rights of the people to self-government, which used the various techniques of political agitation such as mass processions, public meetings, strikes, picketing, etc. The Swadeshi Movement became more popular in nature when the labourers were also encouraged to participate in the movement. Tilak spread the awareness about the Swadeshi Movement among the factory labourers. The main purpose of Swadeshi was to provide employment to the people, encourage the existing indigenous industries towards the prosperity and simultaneously work for the welfare of the people. The Bombay mill owners took advantages of the profits instead of the British officials during the Swadeshi movement in Maharashtra. This could be observed from the profit that was made by the Bombay mill owners during Swadeshi Movement. It was estimated to have been Rs. 3.25 crores in 1906, as compared to a wage bill of Rs. 1.68 crores (Sumit Sarkar, 1983). Because

of the movement the Bombay mill owners got the opportunity to produce and sell the articles in the market as well as hike the prices of the goods, when people started using Swadeshi goods. Thus, the industrialists became supporters of the movement but it was only for their self-interest that made them supporters. It will not be exaggeration if stated that, Swadeshi Movement of Maharashtra as that stood next to the Bengals Swadeshi movement. Kesari the Marathi news paper supports this when it writes that if there is Swadeshi anywhere after Bengal, it is only in Maharashtra (Kesari, January 30, 1906). Tilak says, Maharashtra is much better in supporting the Swadeshi Movement as Maharashtrian women wear Lugad (Lugad is the wearing garment of Maharashtrian women.) and even men do not give any boost to foreign cloth by using them which helped to the Swadeshi movement. The demand for National Education became an important part of the Swadeshi Movement. Its major objective was the establishment of a threedimensional system of education-literary, scientific and technical combined-conducted on national lines and under national control for the realization of the national destiny. The Swadeshi Movement supported a movement for India's cultural autarchy which took shape in the National Council of Education or the N.C. E. which was something like a National University established by the greatest men of our country on 11 March, 1906. The National Council of Education was set up in Calcutta the Bengal National College and School (Aug, 1906) with Aurobindo Ghosh as the Principal and Satis Mukherjee as the Superintendent. Vernacular was adopted as the medium of instruction from the lowest to the highest stages, while English was retained as a compulsory second language as an instrument of world culture. Provisions were made for the study of Hindi and Marathi languages as well as Sanskrit, Pali and Persian as sources for the firsthand historical researches. The influence of the National Council outstripped the limits of Bengal and forged ahead in Bombay and Madras Presidencies and the province of Berar. Outside Bengal, B.G. Tilak and Lajpat Rai were the most outstanding advocates of National Education (Haridas Mukherjee).

SWADESHI MOVEMENT IN ORISSA Indian National Congress Movement took a new turn with the Bengal Partition of 1905. It marked the beginning of Swadeshi Movement in Bengal. In due course it had its echo in Orissa. A mammoth public meeting was arranged in Cuttack on 20th August 1905 under the chairmanship of Janaki Nath Bose as a part of Partition agitation. It's main purpose was to propagate and popularize Swedeshi ideas. It was vitalized by Dhirendra Nath Choudhury and Biswanath Kar. In his fiery speech Madhusudan Das gave a clarion call to the Oriyas to boycott foreign goods and to take a vow to use the indigenous goods. He toured the entire province to popularize the idea of Swadeshi which was greatly supported by student community. It spread like wild fire to many parts of Orissa. Crowded meetings were organized at Balasore Town Hall and in Barabati School, Balasore under the presidentship of Abdus Sobhan Khan and Fakir Mohan Senapati respectively. A meeting was arranged at Puri on 9th September 1905 under the presidentship of Harish Chandra Ghose. Students started signature campaign and persuaded the shop keepers to sell only swedeshi goods. In village melas (Fair) Swedashi idea was also propagated. Swedeshi ideas also spread by Oriya news papers and periodicals like Prajabandhu, Manorama and Sambalpur Hitaishini, In his poems Fakir Mohan Senapati also highlighted the Swedeshi concept. By the Puri Branch of Utkal Union Conference a Swadeshi Sabha was arranged on 20th October 1905 in the Jagannath Ballav math. Mahanta Bhagban Ramanuja Das, Aswini Kumar Banarjee and Phanindra Kumar justified the utility of indigenous goods and called for boycott of foreign goods. They called on the people to take a solemn pledge in the name of Lord Jagannath to use only Swadeshi goods. Bone-fire on foreign cloths was also organized on the Grand Road, Puri. Rajas, Maharajas and the Zamindars of Orissa took keen interest in the Swadeshi enterprise. On the day of implementation of Bengal partition that was on 16th October 1905, People in Cuttack, particularly the students arranged processions shouting "Bande Mataram". They ties Rakhi on each others wrists as a symbol of botherhood and unity. This practice also followed in Balasore. During Puja swadeshi movement was geared up in Puri town with the arrival of students from Calcutta Students paraded the streets of Puri town with the arrival of students from Calcutta Students paraded the streets of Puri shouting Bande Mataram. There was also a door to door campaign to popularize Swadeshi goods. They not only patronized local weaving Industries but at the same time used indigenous goods. Being recharged with Swadeshi ideas a large number of delegates of Orissa attended the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress in 1906. To mark the anniversary of historic Swadeshi Sabha of Calcutta a Swadeshi Hat (exhibition) was also organized on 7th August 1907 in Cuttack Town Hall. Govt. took strong actions against the students to suppress the agitation but failed to a great extent in suppressing it. After the Congress split of 1907 the Swadeshi movement lost its force.

THE SWADESHI PROGRAMME IN KARNATAKA When Bengal started the agitation, it was taken up by other regions throughout India. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, the great Bengali novelist, took up the theme and wrote a novel called Anandamath, which has been translated into Kannada also. He had composed the famous national song Bande Mataram which gave a call to the sannyasins to serve the motherland and lay down their lives, if need be. The Anti-partition movement, or the swadeshi movement as it came to be called, was remarkable, in many respects and most of all in the active programme which is placed before the nation. The programme was fourfold: a) Boycott of foreign, especially of British goods; b) The exclusive use of swadeshi goods and the promotion of indigenous industries; c) National education as different from the soul less education which was meant only to manufacture intelligent clerks and finally; d) Demand for swaraj or self rule on the same pattern as England itself. This programme was placed before sessions of the Indian National Congress held in Calcutta in 1906. It was presided over by Dadabhai Naoroji, the grand old man of India. By that time the names of Lokamanya Tilak, Babu Aurovindo Ghose, Lala Lajpatarai, Bipin Chandra Pal, Surendranath Bannerji and other had already become household words throughout India as leaders of new militant nationalism which would not rest till swaraj was won. Karnataka was readily responded to the call of swadeshi and boycott, now chiefly influenced by the personality of Lokamanya Bal Gangadar Tilak. In 1905-1906 Tilak toured the North Karnataka area. His stirring speeches and writings in Kesari and Maratha had their impact on the state as elsewhere in the Deccan. His fearless articles in their original and in their Kannada translations were avidly read by the people. The gist of his message was saving the country from the alien bureaucracy and reviving its ancient glory is possible only through Swaraj or self-Government; swaraj can be achieved only through the boycott of foreign goods and dissemination of swadeshi; the importance of boycott and swadeshi must be clearly understood by the people of all classes; this understanding can come only through a system of national education not the English education, which only prepare young men to become obsequious clerks and petty officials, but an education which imparted true knowledge of the rich Indian heritage and infused an intense love of the motherland and an unfaltering determination to revive the splendour and glory of the past.The ripple of the anti-partition movement which is considered as the peak of success in course of the Indian nationalism touched the shores of Karnataka too. Gangadhar Rao Deshpande, Alur Venkatrao, Hardekar Manjappa, Srinivas Rao Kaujalgi, were the ardent admirers and close associates of Lokamanya Tilak, were attending the annual sessions of the Indian National Congress since 1904. Srinivas Rao Kaujalgi of Bijapur and Gangadhar Rao Deshpande of Belgaum assumed the charge of the command of the Karnataka Wing of the militant army of the Nationalist party organised by Lokamanya Tilak who by protesting the begging mentality of the moderates which was humble in nature and detrimental to self-respect had declared Swaraj is my birth right and I will have it as early as 1905. Lokamanya Tilak directed Gangadhar Rao

Deshpande to carry the message of the Nationalist party founded in Banaras in 1905. New leaders come into force in this movement as per the dictum New age produces new leaders. The four principles of the swadeshi movement adopted in the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress infused the new spirit among the youths of Karnataka. Srinivas Rao Kaujalgi at Bijapur, Jaya Rao Nargund, Krishna rao Jorapur, Patavardhan, Nargundanari and others at Bagalkot, Hardekar Manjappa and Karnad Sadashivarao at Mangalore (South Kanara), Gangadhar Rao Deshpande at Belgaum, Alur Venkatrao at Dharwad assumed the leadership of this movement. Similarly, Raghavendra Rao Desai from Hungund and Gundabhatt Joshi from Guledgud led this movement in their respective places. The Swadeshi movement was organised by students at Mudhol, Jamakhandi, Hubli, Dharwad, Belgaum, Sirsi, Mangalore and other places with a greater enthusiasm, under the dynamic leadership of the national school students in their respective places. Publishing the details of the Swadeshi movement the nationlist journal Karnataka Vaibhav published from Bijapur reported on 13.7.1907 as follows. A lecturer by name Barve came to this place and delivered a lecture on, The present times on Wednesday in front of Gokhales Swadeshi shop and lectured again on the Swadeshi movement at the Vibhudanand theatre on the 12th instant. We learnt that the police sub-inspector and one or two other police officials attended both the lectures. Under these circumstances we wonder what led the Head Master to issue such a circular? What was so long only hearsay at Bijapur has become an accomplished fact on account of the above circular? It is but proper that we should await further developments before commenting on the matter.Similarly, Chandrika the monthly magazine from Bagalkot published in its issue of 12.8.1908 the details of the movement as follows: A meeting was held at Bagalkot in the Ganesh Theatre in connection with the partition of Bengal. Messers Nargund and Dharwadker, two pleaders spoke at the meetings. Karnataka Vritta from Dharwar reported on 18.8.1908 the people they are busy in collecting subscriptions to erect a memorial in honour of Mr. Lokamanya Tilak and that the memory will take the form of a building to be known as the Tilak math with the statute of Tilak in it. A well known merchant named Ramdas is willing to make a free grant of a piece of land to serve as a site for the proposed building.The Tilak math has been established at Bagalkot to carry out the principles advocated by Mr. Tilak, and that Messers, Mudvedker, Pitre, Lingayya of Dharwar and Mr. Srinivas Rao Kaujalgi of Bijapur visited the math during the Ganapati Festival and delivered their political addresses.The princely State of Mysore was not stay back in Swadeshi movement,one of the ardent devotees fo Tilak, Hardekar Manjappa started the paper Dhanurdhari in 1906, at Davanagere. He read the speeches and articles of the luminous personalities of the Trio Lal, Bal, Pal with great enthusiasm, and without fail he had them published in his paper Dhanurdhari through his Sachidananda press. When the government arrested and sentenced Shivaram Mahadeva Paranj, the publisher of the Kala, Manjappa felt very grieved.

CONCLUSION:The Swadeshi Movement began in the early 1900s in India in order to encourage the boycott of the use of imported goods and stimulate the growth of demand for products made in India. The impact of this movement was unprecedented as Indians lead by the likes of Mahatma Gandhi, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Vinoba Bhave and many more, boosted the Indian economy in a very simple manner, by using indigenous products. We began manufacturing our own salt, sugar, matches, etc. this movement also led to the establishment of chemical and steel industries in India.The motive of this movement was to create employment for the unemployed, encouraging village industires and building a nation which can be self sufficient. A deeper look at the Directive Principles of State Policy will also tell us that the framers of the Constitution of India wanted to ensure that India would besides her international trade relations be self-sufficient in all areas. The Gandhian principles embedded in the Constitution direct the State to follow few simple measures to attain progress. The emphasis laid by the Mahatma on the growth and development of villages, agriculture and cottage industries under Part IV of the Constitution come back to us in the most daunting way possible today. I am no scholar on Mahatma Gandhi, but the very little that I have read about him reiterates the fact his foresight was not to be matched and cannot ever be matched. It cannot be denied that the Indian Government over the past 60 odd years has tried its best to ensure there is industrialization in India, but we cannot also deny the bleak future which holds for most agriculturists in our country. The progress of India is in the progress of her villages, this is one simple fact which has been reemphasized by the present recession. I fail to understand how we have missed this one very simple fact in today's hi-tech, stock market crashing, share scandal creating, communally violent society! How many of us are willing to even look at what is happening in a village closest to the vicinity of our city? I know for a fact that even I have not done so. We are forgetting the lessons of history again, let us take the example of Tata Steel, this industry was first established during the Swadeshi movement in India, today it is one of India's largest steel plants. We need to understand that we have resources in our country, they are not allocated and utilized efficiently. I'm sure Tommy Hilfiger or United Colors of Benetton are on their way to launch their new spring-summer collection, forgive me if I am outdated on this issue, what has that got to do with you or the Indian economy and recession you ask? If you are willing to forego your Tommy T Shirt (priced at Rs 1500 at the minimum) and are willing to buy a shirt made by the Khadi Bhandar (priced at Rs 300 at the maximum) or even a store which acquires apparell made by indegenous artisans in villages across the country, you are not only saving money but you are also contributing to the cotton industry by creating a demand for cotton apparell. And guess what these stores pack the clothes you buy in paper/cotton bags, an added bonus to the ecological system! Each cotton kurta/shirt you buy form one of these places will not only create a demand for manufacture, it will inturn create a demand for cultivation of cotton. It is not so wholly bad if u look at it, you are contributing to the economy in the simplest of ways while saving on at least 3/4 of the price at a Tommy store and you are also contributing to the ecological system because for demand creates a demand for agriculture.

Well this is the sort of "protectionism" that Gordon Brown requested the US Congress to give up in order to establish a stronger global economic community, while I feel that there is a need for that, it is not going to happen unless we are self-sufficient. But lets not get caught up in Gordonism on world economy and forget that "charity begins at home", we cannot overlook this extremely selfish yet extremely sensible quote devised by the Kannada author here. India must definitely help in the establishment of a global economic community, but only after she has fed her own and survived her share of the recession. I believe that the RBI's actions during the recession have been commendable, if it were not for the RBI's conservative outlook and approach India would be a sinking ship today, and you and I would be reconsidering the plate of idli at Veena Stores which would cost us Rs 10/-. I do hope that in the days to come more people realise the necessity of development of agriculture and animal husbandry in this country. It is not only the recession which is overbearing in the present times, we must not also forget the haunting food crisis which is likely to arise if there is further decline in agriculture. I hope the green revolution is called back into force, and not for hybrid seeds this time, but for the recall of agriculture as a profession and the backbone of the nation's economy. I believe that tehre is a need to recall the Swadeshi movement, not to boycott foreign goods but to create demand in our companies and our economic system. I pledge to switch to Khadi hereon, I hope many more do the same.

BIBLIOGRAPHY : Books:1. The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal is a modern classic. 2. The Concise Oxford History of Indian Business Tripathi & Jumani. Website:1. http://www.excellup.com/classten/ssten/ageindustrialisation.aspx. 2. http://www.indianetzone.com/26/the_swadeshi_movement_indian_history.htm 3. http://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/SWMGandhi.pdf 4. http://www.ccsindia.org/ccsindia/debroy.doc