Học tốt ngữ văn 10 (nâng cao), 2009

8/13/2019 Học tốt ngữ văn 10 (nâng cao), 2009

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)*+ oi t&oïng -ao ñoäng "aø ñöùc t!nh eàn / 0ieâng na1ng t&ong-ao ñoäng.

)2+ oi t&oïng coäng ñoàng noùi chung "aø caùc coâgn3 ñoàng giañ nh hoï haøng -aøng 5oùm noùi &ieâng.

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)4+ oi t&oïng thöïc cha%t hôn eà ngoaøi.:. ;haân t!ch ñaëc ñie$m ngheä thuaät cuûa caùc caâu t9c ngöõ.



a. (gheä thuaät taïo caùc h nh thöùc ño%i 5öùng< T&ong caùc "! duït&eân, coù the$ neâu -eân hai -oaïi ño%i 5öùng<

= 7o%i 5öùng giöõa hai "e%<> aâu 0o% 2 "aø 0o% 4, mo?i caâu coù hai meänh ñeà die?n ñaït

hai thaønh #haàn cuûa #haùn ñoaùn, taïo thaønh hai "e% coù 0o% töø

a@ng nhau.aùc ye%u to% taïo neân caùc h nh thöùc ño%i 5öùng &a%t #hong#huù, ña daïng. (goaøi ye%u to% ño%i 5öùng "eà 0o% töø, coøn caùcye%u to% ño%i 5öùng "eà ngh8a cuûa töø< caù caû A caâu daøi )caâu 2+,ñaøo A -aõ )caâu 4+.

. (gheä thuaät hieä# "aàn< ;haàn -ôùn -aø "aàn -öng, ôû nhöõng"9 t&! hoaëc -ieàn nhau )"aàn -ieàn+ hoaëc caùch nhau )"aàn caùch+moät töø, hai töø B CDuo%n a1n caù, #haûi thaû caâu daøi )caùchmoät töø+< CThuaän "ôï thuaän choàng, taùt e$ 7oâng cuõng caïnE)caùch hai töø+F CT nh thöông uaùn cuõng -aø nhaø, -eàu t&anh coùngh8a hôn toaø ngoùi caoE )caùch na1m töø+.

c. (gheä thuaät 0öû duïng caùc ieän #haù# tu töø< Tuïc ngöõ 0öûduïng &a%t #ho$ ie%n caùc ieän #haù# 0o 0aùnh, a$n duï, hoaùn duï,#huùng duï B aùc ieän #haù# tu töø a%y ñöôïc 5aây döïng a@ng 0öï-ieân töôûng t&eân cô 0ôû caùc mo%i uan heä töông ñoàng giöõa caùc0öï "aät, hieän töôïng. aùc em #haân t!ch caùc h nh töôïng gioït maùuñaøo, ao nöôùc -aõ, a1n caù caû, thaû caâu daøi B ñe$ tha%y taùcduïng cuûa caùc h nh töôïng a%y -aø cho nhöõng tö töôûng t&öøutöôïng, nhöõng khaùi uaùt "eà cuoäc 0o%ng khoâng khoâ khan, cöùngnhaGc maø gaGn chaët "ôùi hieän thöïc muoân maøu muoân "eû.

HIJKT 7IL(M MNJI TNOP; QJR(M (MIS( (M U

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ngöôøi "ôùi ngöôøi.7e$ giao tie%#, t&ong ñôøi 0o%ng 5aõ hoäi 5öa nay, con ngöôøi coù

the$ duøng nhieàu -oaïi #höông tieän khaùc nhau<= 7ieäu oä, cöû ch/ )gaät ñaàu, -aGc ñaàu, nheo maGt, nhuùn "ai,

"a?y tay B+= Daøu 0aGc, aùnh 0aùng )maøu ñen, maøu ñoû, maøu "aøng, maøu

5anh t&eân ao döôïc #ha$m, ñeøn hieäu giao thoâng B+= 7öôøng neùt, h nh "eõ ) ie$n ch/ ñöôøng B+= aùc -oaïi maät maõ= Hoäi hoaï = JSm nhaïcVuø coù -ieät keâ ñaày ñuû caùc #höông tieän giao tie%# khaùc

nhau nhö "öøa tha%y, th ngoân ngöõ "a?n -aø W#höông tieän giao tie%#uan t&oïng nha%t cuûa con ngöôøiE )Xeâ A nin+.

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= (haân "aät giao tie%#<> (göôøi "ie%t 0aùch giaùo khoa )caù nhaân hoaëc taä# the$+ khi

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= oâng cuï "aø ñöôøng keânh giao tie%#<> oâng cuï giao tie%#< Tie%ng 'ieät> 7öôøng keânh giao tie%#< 'a1n aûn t&eân gia%y )[M\+.

= (oäi dung giao tie%#<> Miôùi thieäu khaùi uaùt "eà "a1n hoïc 'ieät (am.

= Hoaøn caûnh giao tie%#<> Tie%t ñaàu tieân hoïc "eà moân ngöõ "a1n ôû -ôù# *].

2. T&ong giao tie%# ha@ng ngaøy, ngöôøi 'ieät (am &a%t chuù t&oïng

-öïa choïn caùc töø 5öng hoâ th!ch hôï#.a. Vo 0öï chi #ho%i cuûa mo%i töông uan giöõa a nhaân to% 0auñaây< ngöôøi noùi, ngöôøi nghe, ño%i töôïng ñöôïc -a%y -aøm noäi dunggiao tie%# )nha%t -aø khi ño%i töôïng ñoù -aø con ngöôøi+. (höõng mo%itöông uan ñoù thöôøng -aø<

= Töông uan "eà thöù aäc gia ñ nhF= Töông uan "eà tuo$i taùcF= Töông uan "eà "9 the% 5aõ hoäiF= Töông uan "eà ñoä thaân 0ôF= "."B

. Vo 0öï chi #ho%i cuûa hoaøn caûnh giao tie%#< hoaøn caûnh giao

tie%# coù t!nh -e? nghi )cha^ng haïn t&ong hoäi ngh9+, hoaøn caûnhgiao tie%# khoâng coù t!nh -e? nghi, thaân t nh. Töø ñoù, ta tha%y caùch 5öng hoâ giöõa nhaân "aät aûi "aø thaày

X! t&ong t&uyeän cöôøi C(höng noù #haûit a@ng hai maøyE<= (haân "aät giao tie%#< X! t&öôûng "aø aûi= oâng cuï "aø ñöôøng keânh giao tie%#< &a hieäu a@ng tay= (oäi dung "aø hoaøn caûnh giao tie%#< X! t&öôûng 5öû kieän.6. Doät 0o% caâu tuïc ngöõ khuyeân chuùng ta neân ca$n thaän,

ie%t -öïa choïn noùi na1ng cho #huø hôï#.= J_n coù nhai, noùi coù ngh8.= (oùi coù 0aùch, maùch coù chöùng.= Qie%t th thöa tho%t, khoâng ie%t th döïa coät maø ngheF "."B

`YJ( [J T THOb (MHNOLD 7 N [IP(M

\haùi nieäm uan 0aùt "aø the$ nghieäm< ùan 0aùt thieân "eàhöôùng ngoaïi, 0öû duïng giaùc uan "aø #höông #haù# ñe$ 5em 5eùt0öï "aät eân ngoaøi. ùan 0aùt -aø 5em coù muïc ñ!ch, -aø nh ncha1m chuù, coù #höông #haù#. '! duï, ai cuõng tha%y uaû ch!n,



uaû -ôùn, nhöng ñoïc aøi Cùûa 0a%u non t&eân caoE ta tha%y taøiuan 0aùt cuûa uaân Vieäu. The$ nghieäm thieân "eà höôùng noäi,

0öû duïng thaân the$ m nh ñe$ ne%m t&aûi )hai chöõ the$ nghieäm coùngh8a -aø t&aûi nghieäm a@ng thaân the$, giaùc uan+, -aGng nghenhöõng caûm 5uùc eân t&ong cuûa m nh.

Qaøi taä# *< T m hie$u caùc ñoaïn "a1n aûn cuûa (am ao "aøcaùch uan 0aùt, the$ nghieäm cuûa nhaø "a1n (guye?n Dinh haâu.a. 7oaïn * cuûa (am ao< 7oaïn naøy mieâu taû caùch huùt thuo%c

-aøo "ôùi caùc ñoäng taùc -ieân tie%# nhau &a%t ch!nh 5aùc. Töø huùtthuo%c ñe%n thôû khoùi &a cuõng coù moät uaù t& nh, ñuû ñe$ -aõoHaïc huùt "aø noùi. ung caùch huùt thuo%c cuûa hai ngöôøi cuõngkhaùc nhau< Doät ngöôøi coù taâm 0öï, muo%n nhôø "aû "aø moätngöôøi "oâ tö. (e%u khoâng uan 0aùt, nhaä# taâm khoâng mieâu taûñöôïc nhö the%. Doät ñieàu nöõa -aø ngöôøi ke$ chuyeän cuõng töï

uan 0aùt 0öï döûng döng cuûa m nh. Vo ie%t uan 0aùt, cho neânmieâu taû caùc chi tie%t cuõng &a%t chaân thöïc.

. 7oaïn 2 cuûa (guye?n Dinh haâu< 7oaïn naøy a%n töôïng ôûi0öï the$ nghieäm "aø mieâu taû caùc caûm giaùc "eà t&ôøi 0ao, "eà0öông khuya, ñe$ tha%y chaân t&ôøi "uøng ueâ tha%# ha^n 5uo%ng,&oài tie%ng & &aøo, & &aàm cuûa 0oùng ie$nB töø caûm giaùc maøchuye$n 0ang mieâu taû taâm t&aïng. 7oaïn naøy #haûi "aän duïngthe$ nghieäm, nhaø "a1n ñaït m nh "aøo nhaân "aät "aø mieâu taûtaâm t&aïng cuûa nhaân "aät.

c. T&ong caû hai ñoaïn "a1n, uan 0aùt "aø the$ nghieäm ñeàukhoâng taùch &ôøi nhau. Qôûi khi the$ nghieäm, nhaø "a1n töï uan0aùt m nh töø eân t&ong, coøn khi uan 0aùt nhaø "a1n mieâu taû 0öï"aät ua -a1ng k!nh taâm t&aïng nhaân "aät, ôû ñaây -aïi caàn the$

nghieäm.Qaøi taä# 2< Taä# #haùt ie$u hoaëc "ie%t ñoaïn "a1n ngaGn.a. ùan 0aùt mieâu taû maët t&ôøi moïc, "ie%t ñoaïn "a1n ngaGn.CQ nh minh t&eân ie$n ñeï# uaù. Qaàu t&ôøi ôû #h!a ñoâng ñang

hoàng -eân. The% &oài o?ng moät "aàng 0aùng maøu hoàng "aø moät"oøng t&oøn ñoû -öûng nhoâ -eân, ñoù -aø maët t&ôøi, to nhö caùi nongt&eo -ô -öûng t&oâng oai #hong, huøng duõng -aøm 0ao.

Theo em th coù -eõ maët t&ôøi moïc -aø moät caûnh ñeï# hôn a%tcöù caûnh ñeï# naøoE.

. T&a1ng möôøi 0aùu ñeï# -aï -uøng. J nh t&a1ng -aøm môø nhöõng" 0ao 0aùng nha%t. T&a1ng chie%u &oõ caû nhöõng oâng hoa öôûit&öôùc 0aân nhaø em. The% maø ch9 em cöù -aøm uaàn uaät, he%tuaït thoùc, &oài -aïi 0aøng gaïo. 7oâi tay chi thoa1n thoaGt. \hi 5ay-uùa th ñoâi tay cöùng caù# nhö noù a@ng 0aGt, ña$y chie%c uaïthoøm uay t!t ñi moät caùch nheï nhaøng. (höng khi ch9 0aøng gaïoth "a?n -aø ñoâi tay a%y 0ao maø noù meàm maïi deûo dai.

(h n ch9 -aøm "ieäc maø cöù nhö caùc em caàm -a%y caùi uùt"ie%t t&eân t&ang gia%y. Om ngh8a &a@ng coù -eõ ngöôøi ta ñeï# nha%t-aø khi -ao ñoäng.



c. Qaùc tö -aø thôï &eùn, aùc coù thaân h nh -öïc -öôõng nhöõngaG# th9t ôû "ai "aø tay cöù no$i -eân cuoàn cuoän. (h n aùc uaiuùa "aøo nhöõng mie%ng 0aGt nung ñoû tie%ng keâu chan chaùt ñinh

caû tai B The% maø ngaøy naøo aùc cuõng -aøm "ieäc töø 0aùng 0ôùm cho

ñe%n khi t&ôøi to%i môùi ngh/ tay. (h n aùc khi th duøng uùa taï khith caàm uùa con, -uoân -uoân -aøm cho caùi thoâi 0aGt t&ôû t&ôûthaønh con dao, caùi -ieàm , caùi haùi.

(höõng ngaøy muøa ñoâng giaù -aïnh "aø aùc "a?n toaùt moàhoâi coøn muøa heø th ngöôøi aùc -uùc naøo cuõng öôùt nhö taGmB(h n aùc &a%t th!ch maGt " ñoù -aø moät ngöôøi coù nöôùc da ñoûhoàng, caân ño%i giöõa thaân m nh "aø chaân tay.

Ta%t caû caùc ñoaïn "a1n t&eân ñaây em ñeàu uan 0aùt a@ngmaGt, em th!ch nh n nhöõng ñoäng taùc -ao ñoäng &oài the$ nghieäm,-aGng nghe nhöõng caûm 5uùc eân t&ong cuûa m nh.

YZ 'JS( MNJf VJKN= heøo -aø -oaïi h nh 0aân kha%u daân gian coù t!nh cha%t to$ng

hôï# #ho$ ie%n nha%t ôû noâng thoân ñoàng a@ng QaGc Qoä t&öôùcñaây.

= heøo -aø 0aûn #ha$m cuûa taàng -ôù# t&! thöùc nh daân neânthöôøng ñeà cao coâng danh, hoïc haønh ño$ ñaït -aøm uan maø caùct&! thöùc 5öa ñeo ñuo$i.

= C uyù 'aân giaû daïiE -aø t&!ch ñoaïn no$i aät nha%t t&ong "ôûcheøo C\im (hamE, taä# t&ung the$ hieän i k9ch t nh yeâu "aø noäitaâm ñaày maâu thua?n cuûa uyù 'aân.

= T&ong cuoäc 0o%ng 5aõ hoäi, no?i kho$ thöôøng coù giôùi haïn,no?i ñau thöôøng ua ñi theo na1m thaùng. The% nhöng coù nhöõngno?i ñau nhö ñoïng thaønh gioït ñaGng tha%m "aøo ngöôøi thaät teâtaùi 5oùt 5a.

C uyù 'aân giaû daïiE -aø moät maøn cheøo daân toäc ñaëc 0aGct&ong "ôû cheøo \im (ham.

H (M VJ ( HIK QJ N*. 7oaïn t&!ch -aø -ôøi haùt cuûa uyù 'aân khi giaû daïi. ' "aäy

khoâng #haûi ta%t caû -aø -ôøi ñieân daïi. (göôïc -aïi #haàn -ôùnnhöõng caâu noùi "aø haùt t&ong ñoaïn t&!ch -aø nhöõng caâu noùithaät. T&ong nhöõng -ôøi noùi khi ñieân daïi, khi oùng gioù oäc -oätaâm 0öï cuûa coâ.2. ùa nhöõng caâu haùt cuûa uyù 'aân ta tha%y coâ coù taâmt&aïng m nh ñaõ -ôõ -aøng, dôû dang oäc -oä ua caâu haùt< CToâicaøng chôø caøng daïi, caøng t&öa chuye%n ñoøE. C haû neân gia tha%tth "eà, ôû -aøm chi nöõa chuùng cheâ aïn cöôøiE.

7où -aø h nh aûnh coâ gaùi ñang ñôïi con ñoø, nhöng con ñoøkhoâng tôùi A -ôøi ca the$ hieän 0öï eõ aøng, -ôõ dôû cuûa coâ.



= Taâm t&aïng töï tha%y m nh -aïc -oõng "oâ ngh8a t&ong gia ñ nh.\im (ham ñöôïc the$ hieän ua h nh aûnh< Maø &öøng a1n -a?n "ôùicoâng, ñaGng cay cha^ng coù ch9u ñöôïc, öùcE.

= Taâm t&aïng tha%t "oïng giöõa öôùc mô gia ñ nh haïnh #huùcñaàm a%m Canh ñi gaët naøng mang cômE "ôùi thöïc taïi choàng maûi

meâ ñeøn 0aùc, thi cöû, oû maëc naøng "ôùi gaùnh naëng gia ñ nh.' "aäy -ôøi haùt CQoâng oâng daGt, oâng oâng d!u, 5a 5a -aGc, 5a5a -!uE ñöôïc -aë# ñi -aë# -aïi ma%y -aàn ñaõ #haûn aùnh cuï the$ taâmt&aïng ñoù.

= Taâm t&aïng a%m öùc, e% taGc, coâ ñôn cuûa uyù 'aân ñöôïcthe$ hieän ua h nh aûnh C on caù &oâ na@m "uõng chaân t&aâu, ñe$cho na1m aûy caàn caâu chaâu "aøoE.

(höõng caâu haùt ngöôïc cuo%i ñoaïn t&!ch "öøa the$ hieän t&aïngthaùi ñieân daïi cuûa uyù 'aân "öøa gôïi h nh aûnh ngöôïc ñôøi, t&ôùt&eâu, ñieân ñaûo, ñuùng 0ai, thöïc giaû -a?n -oän, ñoàng thôøi die?ntaû 0öï e% taGc ma%t #höông höôùng cuûa coâ.

6. (haân "aät uyù 'aân coù #haàn &a%t ñaùng thöông. 7ieàu ñoùthe$ hieän ua caùc chi tie%t<= uoäc hoân nhaân "ôùi \in (ham do cha meï 0aG# ñaët khoâng

coù t nh yeâu.= \hi môùi "eà nhaø choàng naøng muo%n -aøm ngöôøi "ôï to%t.

Daøn haùt muùa cho tha%y ñieàu ñoù, coâ muùa ñieäu uay tô, deätcöûi, "ôùt eøo, khaâu "aù B &a%t 0inh ñoäng, kheùo -eùo chöùng toû-aø ngöôøi con gaùi hay -aøm, ñaûm ñang, ñeï# ngöôøi ñeï# ne%t.

= Xaø coâ gaùi -ao ñoäng, mong öôùc cuûa uyù 'aân nhoû eù,nh thöôøng<7où -aø coù moät gia ñ nh coù choàng coù "ôï ñaàm a%m, choàng

caøy "ôï ca%y ñe%n muøa -uùa ch!n th choàng ñi gaët, "ôï mang côm.C hôø cho -uùa ch!n oâng "aøng7e$ anh ñi gaët, ñe$ naøng mang côm E

ôùc mô thaät giaûn d9, ch!nh ñaùng. (e%u coâ ñöôïc töï do -öïachoïn coù the$ coâ khoâng choïn keû Cdaøi -öng to%n "aûiE.

= Qi k9ch cuûa uyù 'aân -aø ñang khaùt khao yeâu ñöông th gaë# T&aàn ;höông CToâi khoâng t&a1ng gioù -aïi gaë# ngöôøi gioù t&a1ngE.

oâ khoâng #haûi -aø ngöôøi -a^ng -ô nhöng ñaõ "öôït ua -e? giaùodaùm chaïy theo tie%ng goïi cuûa t nh yeâu. (e%u t&aàn ;höôngkhoâng #haûi -aø keû -öøa gaït t&aùo t&ôû th ie%t ñaâu uyù 'aân ñaõt m ñöôïc haïnh #huùc. (höng #huï \im (ham, 0ay ñaGm T&aàn ;höôngth -aïi gaë# moät keû #huï t nh neân ñe%n no?i ñieân cuoàng, &oà daïi,da?n tôùi i k9ch thaûm haïi, ñaùng thöông.

4. ;haân t!ch ngheä thuaät die?n taû &a%t ñaït taâm t&aïng #höùctaï# cuûa uyù 'aân ua -ôøi haùt cuûa nhaân "aät.

7oaïn t&!ch ñaõ die?n ñaït &a%t ñaït taâm t&aïng &o%i ôøi, #höùc taï#cuûa uyù 'aân<

= Dôû ñaàu ñoaïn t&!ch -aø -ôøi goïi ñoø tha thie%t, ñuùng hôn, ñaây-aø -ôøi töï than Cñau thie%t, thieät "anBE H nh aûnh CToâi keâu ñoø,



ñoø noï khoâng thöaB aøng chôø caøng ñôïi, caøng t&öa chuye%nñoøE, cuøng -ôøi than ngay ñaàu ñoaïn t&!ch ñaõ die?n taû ch!nh 5aùchoaøn caûnh -ôõ -aøng, eõ aøng cuûa uyù 'aân.

= Ta%t caû caùc caâu haùt tie%# theo ñeàu &a%t giaøu h nh aûnhnhieàu nguï yù, the$ hieän taâm t&aïng &o%i ôøi "aø ñaày maâu

thua?n cuûa uyù 'aân< muo%n oû \im (haâm &a "eà theo tie%nggoïi cuûa t nh caûm &ieâng nhöng -aïi 0ôï moïi ngöôøi cheâ cöôøikhuyeân ngöôøi ta haõy Cgiöõ -a%y ñaïo ha@ngE nhöng töï ie%t m nh-aø ngöôøi Cgioù t&a1ngE. 7où -aø maâu thua?n giöõa t nh caûm thöïc,khaùt "oïng ñöôïc giaûi #hoùng "ôùi yù thöùc "eà ñaïo ñöùc cuûangöôøi #huï nöõ theo -uaät -eä #hong kie%n "aø dö -uaän 5aõ hoäi 5öa.

= Xo%i ñan caøi giöõa nhöõng caâu haùt Ct/nhE "ôùi nhöõng caâuhaùt CdaïiE, ñaëc ieät -aø nhöõng caâu haùt ngöôïc ôû cuo%i ñoaïnt&!ch cho ta tha%y 0o%ng ñoäng chaân dung moät uyù 'aân ñau kho$,

i k9ch.:. T&ong "ôû cheøo ùan JSm Th9 \!nh coù nhaân "aät Th9 \!nh 9

no?i oan gie%t choàng, #haûi giaû -aøm con t&ai "aøo chuøa ñi tu. Th9Daàu töôûng -aø t&ai thaät 0ay meâ ñaGm ñuo%i -uùc naøo cuõngmuo%n -eân chuøa gaë# Th9 \!nh, nhöng Th9 \!nh &ung ñoäng -aøm0ao ñöôïc )" -aø gaùi+ neân Th9 Daàu "eà "e "aõn anh (oâ -aø ngöôøi-aøm &oài chöûa hoang 9 -aøng aGt "aï.

(haân "aät Th9 Daàu, gaàn gio%ng "ôùi uyù 'aân, 9 ngöôøi tache% gie?u. (höng 0öï thaät Th9 Daàu -aø -a^ng -ô maø nguyeânnhaân coù the$ do cha naøng keùn choïn &e$ ñe$ naøng uaù -öùanhôõ th .

7IK A HNObY 'J_( QJf( 'J_( HIK

= 7oïc -aø hoaït ñoäng nha@m naGm aGt ngh8a "aø yù ngh8a töøngt&ang caùc k! hieäu "a1n töï. \haùc "ôùi nghe -aø hoaït ñoäng naGmaGt yù ngh8a töø t!n hieäu aâm thanh, ñoïc -aø hoaït ñoäng -a%y "a1naûn "ie%t, in, khaGc -aøm ño%i töôïng. \haùc "ôùi ñoïc cuûa ngöôøi

thoaùt naïn muø chöõ, -aø ie%t ñoïc chöõ, ñoïc ôû ñaây -aø ie$uhieän 0aâu noâi dung tö töôûng, t nh caûm caùi ñeï# cuûa "a1n aûn,-aø coù the$ 0öû duïng "a1n aûn "aøo ñôøi 0o%ng caù nhaân "aø 5aõhoäi.

= 7oïc ñoøi hoûi moät na1ng -öïc to$ng hôï# cuûa con ngöôøi duøngmaGt ñe$ 5em, duøng tai nghe, duøng t&! oùc ñe$ #haùn ñoaùn töôûngtöôïng, duøng mieäng ñe$ ngaâm nga khi th!ch thuù duøng tay ñe$giôû 0aùch hoaëc goõ #h!m maùy t!nh, duøng uùt ñe$ ghe cheù# ,duøng töï ñie$n ñe$ t&a cöùuB (hö the% ñoïc goù# #haàn giuù# conngöôøi #haùt t&ie$n toaøn dieän caùc na1ng -öïc tinh thaàn cuûa m nh)theo 0aùch M'+.

H (M VJ ( HIK QJ N A XYZOL( TJL;*. 7oïc -aø con ñöôøng chuû ye%u ñe$ ñi "aøo the% giôùi cuûa "a1n

hoïc. Vo ñoù, hoïc "a1n #haûi aGt ñaàu a@ng hoïc ñoïc "a1n. Daëcdaàu töø t&öôùc tôùi nay chöa ai #huû nhaän "ieäc ñoïc "a1n, nhöng



cuõng chöa khi naøo ñaët &oõ "a%n ñeà hoïc ñoïc A hie$u "a1n aûn"a1n hoïc -aø na%c thang thöù nha%t maøta #haûi öôùc ua t&eân conñöôøng daøi hoïc "a1n.

2. Duïc ñ!ch yeâu caàu "aø ñieàu kieän cuûa "ieäc ñoïc "a1n aûn"a1n hoïc<

= Duïc ñ!ch ñoïc -aø ñe$ giao tie%# "ôùi ñôøi 0o%ng 5aõ hoäi &oäng-ôùn, "öôït ua ngoaøi taàm hie$u ie%t t&öïc tie%# cuûa mo?i ngöôøi"aø ie%t höôûng thuï caùc giaù t&9 "a1n hoïc ke%t tinh t&ong "a1n

aûn. où ñoïc môùi naGm aGt ñöôïc caùc thoâng tin t&eân aùo ch!,t&ong 0aùch "ôû ñe$ naâng cao t& nh ñoä, môùi ie%t thöôûng thöùccaùi hay caùi ñeï# -aø -oaøi ngöôøi ñaõ ke%t tinh t&ong "a1n aûn,nha%t -aø "a1n aûn ngheä thuaät.

= Zeâu caàu cuûa "ieäc ñoïc "a1n aûn t&öôùc he%t -aø hie$u &oõngoân töø, h nh töôïng, tö töôûng, uan ñie$m cuûa "a1n aûn. [auñoù nhôù "aø noùi ñöôïc yù kie%n &ieâng cuûa m nh "ôùi "a1n aûn"aø "aän duïng ñöôïc nhöõng kie%n thöùc ôû "a1n aûn "aøo 0uy ngh8

"ie%t "a1n "aø haønh ñoäng.= Duo%n ñoïc "a1n aûn "a1n hoïc, t&öôùc he%t #haûi coù kie%nthöùc "eà o%i caûnh -9ch 0öû, hoaøn caûnh 0aùng taùc, t&uyeàntho%ng the$ hieän "a1n hoïc cuûa "a1n aûn. ;haân ieät töôûngtöôïng -aø &ung caûm, ñoàng caûm "ôùi "a1n aûn "a1n hoïc. Tie%#ñoù coù k8 na1ng #haân ieät, khaùi uat "aø die?n ñaït 0uy ngh8cuûa m nh.

6. The% naøo -aø ñoïc A hie$u ngoân töø '! duï minh hoaï.7oïc, hie$u "a1n aûn ngoân töø -aø ñe$ chua$n 9 cho ñoïc k8,

ñoïc 0aâu. 7oïc k8 -aø t m maïch yù, ñoïc 0aâu -aø ñoïc ñe$ #haùt hieän"a%n ñeà. aùch ñoïc naøy coù yù ngh8a ñaëc ieät "ôùi "ieäc "ie%t

"a1n ôûi " coù ñoïc k8 môùi ie%t caùch "aøo ñeà, caùch daGt da?nchuye$n yù cuûa "a1n aûn.7oïc aøi thô C hieàu hoâm nhôù nhaøE cuûa Qaø Huyeän Thanh

ùan tha%y maïch "a1n &a%t 5uoâi, yù töù aøi &a%t giaøu caûm 5uùc. Töø caâu ñaàu ñe%n caâu thöù 0aùu -aø moät öùc t&anh "eà caûnh

t&ôøi chieàu t&eân 0oâng nöôùc. Qöùc t&anh coù maây, coù nöôùc, coùngöôøi chôû thuyeàn, coù ngöôøi cha1n t&aâu, coù caùnh chim ayBta%t caû ñeàu ñang hoaït ñoäng.

(höng ñe%n hai caâu ke%t th taùc giaû môùi noùi caûm töôûngcuûa m nh khi nh n caûnh ñoùB

(hö the% aøi thô "öøa coù 5öông co%t "öøa coù taâm hoàn thaät-aø ñeï#.4. 7e$ ñoïc A hie$u h nh töôïng ngheä thuaät "a1n hoïc caàn #haûi-aøm nhöõng g (eâu "! duï< "eà h nh töôïng ngheä thuaät maø m nhtaâm ñaGc nha%t.

\hi ñoïc caàn ie%t Ccuï the$ hoaùE caùc h nh aûnh "aø chi tie%t ADuo%n Ccuï the$ hoaùj ñöôïc #haûi hie$u &oõ "a1n caûnh )ngöõ caûnh+.7oâi khi #haûi ñoïc nhieàu -aàn môùi Ccuï the$ hoaùE ñöôïc.



= aàn ie%t #haùt hieän maâu thua?n tieàm a$n "aø caùc chi tie%tñoäc ñaùo ñe$ t m &a caùi -! cuûa "a1n aûn. 7oïc hie$u h nh töôïngngheä thuaät ñoøi hoûi ngöôøi ñoïc #haûi giaûi ñaù# ñöôïc "a%n ñeàneâu &a ôû öôùc ñoïc A hie$u ngoân töø. Miaûi ñaù# "a%n ñeà cô aûncuûa aøi "a1n giuù# hie$u ñöôïc caùi -! "aø yù ngh8a cuûa aøi "a1n,

noùi &a ñöôïc caùi -! a%y. '! duï< T&ong ñoaïn t&!ch C hie%n thaGng DtaoD5aâyE, "ieäc oâng T&ôøi giuù# ñôõ 7am [a1n, caùc -oaøi "aät nhö-öôn, giun, &aGn, e%ch, nhaùi ñeàu "ui chie%n thaGng, caûnh con t&ai ñingöïc ñuïng ngöïc, caùc coâ gaùi ñi "uù ñuïng "uùB noùi -eân t!nhcha%t ñoâng ñuùc, naùo nhieät. T&ong cuoäc chie%n ña%u cuûa 7am[a1n, ñoù ch!nh -aø t!nh cha%t toaøn daân, toaøn "uõ t&uï cuûa haønhñoäng 0öû thi. Hoaëc "! duï, t&ong ñoaïn t&!ch CYy=-!t=5ô t&ôû "eàE, taïi0ao caùc nhaân "aät ;eâ=neâ=-oâ#, Yy=-!t=5ô, Teâ=-eâ=maùcñeàu thaänt&oïng 7où -aø " caùc nhaân "aät ;eâ=neâ=-oâ#, Yy=-!t=5ô ñeàu &a%tcoi t&oïng ñaïo ñöùc, t&aùnh nhöõng "ieäc -aøm, -ôøi noùi coù the$gaây hie$u -aàm "aø d9 ngh9 "eà #ha$m cha%t ñaïo ñöùc con ngöôøi.

;eâ=neâ=-oâ# khoâng "oà "aä# "ôùi Yy=-!t=5ô khi chöa tha$m t&a, Yy=-!t=5ô khoâng t&aùch ;eâ=neâ=-oâ# khi naøng "a?n ngoài 5a m nh. hi tie%tgaây cöôøi t&ong t&uyeän C(höng noù #haûi a@ng hai maøyE cuõngcoù moät maâu thua?n noäi taïi gaây cöôøi the$ hieän caùch 5aùc -aä#-eõ #haûi a@ng 0o% -öôïng.

:. (oùi ñoïc A hie$u tö töôûng, t nh caûm t&ong "a1n aûn -aø moät"ieäc 0aùng taïo. où the$ khaùi uaùt tö töôûng t nh caûm cuûa m nhñaõ hoïc.

Tö töôûng, t nh caûm cuûa taùc giaû, cuõng töùc -aø cuûa "a1naû, thöôøng ñöôïc hie$u -aø CtoaùtE &a h nh töôïng. 7où -aø " tö

töôûng, t nh caûm tha%m 0aâu "aøo t&ong "a1n aûn, the$ hieän ôû

t&ong -ôøi, ngoaøi -ôøi, ôû giöõa caùc caâu chöõ. 7ieàu naøy ñoøi hoûingöôøi ñoïc #haûi #haùn ñoaùn töø mo%i uan heä cuûa caùc nhaân"aät, ôû thaùi ñoä "aø caùch mieâu taû. (aGm aGt ñöôïc tö töôûng,t nh caûm cuûa taùc giaû -aø moät ie$u hieän cuûa ñoïc 0aùng taïo,

ôûi " caùc tö töôûng a%y noùi chung khoâng heà ñöôïc cung ca%#0a n t&ong "a1n aûn.

T&ong ñoaïn t&!ch CYy=-!t=5ô t&ôû "eàE la=ma uoäc toäi a@ngnhieàu caâu t&öïc tie%# the$ hieän tö töôûng cuûa taùc giaû. (höngmuo%n khaùm #haù tö töôûng )ñeà taøi, chuû ñeà, t&ie%t -!+, t nh caûm)caûm höùng+, hay "eû ñeï# )t!nh cha%t tha$m m8+ th #haûi döïa "aøonhaân "aät, chi tie%t, -ôøi "a1n maø 0uy ñoaùn &a. [uy ñoaùn &a "aøkhaùi uaùt ñoù -aø moät "ieäc -aøm 0aùng taïo.. Hie$u the% naøo -aø thöôûng thöùc "a1n hoïc.

\hi naøo th ngöôøi ñoïc caûm tha%y th!ch thuù "ôùi "a1n aûnm nh ñoïc 7où -aø khi ngöôøi ñoïc ñaõ ñoïc A hie$u, ñaõ #haùt hieänmoät ñieàu g môùi, goù# #haàn kha^ng ñ9nh tö töôûng, t nh caûmcuûa aûn thaân m nh. 7où -aø khi ngöôøi ñoïc nhaän tha%y ñöôïc t!nhcha%t the$, toaøn "eïn cuûa taùc #ha$m, caûm nhaän ñöôïc 0öï tho%ngnha%t noäi dung "aø h nh thöùc, -aøm chuû ñöôïc noäi dung "aø h nh



thöùc cuûa "a1n aûn, ie%n "a1n aûn cuûa taùc giaû thaønh "a1naûn cuûa ch!nh m nh. Xuùc ñoù ngöôøi ñoïc ñaït ñe%n nieàm khoaùi

caûm tha$m m8 cuûa "ieäc ñoïc.

7IK 7Ob T H XYZU \NOP( TH

= (guoàn -aøm "a1n coù yù môùi, yù hay, ngoaøi "ieäc uan 0aùtthe$ nghieäm, 0uy ngh8 t&öïc tie%#. aùc t&! thöùc "a1n hoaù -9ch 0öû,"a1n hoïc töï nhieân ñeàu -aø nguoàn gôïi yù khoâng the$ thie%u cho"ieäc -aøm "a1n.

= Xaøm "a1n thöïc &a -aø ño%i thoaïi, -aø -aøm "a1n aûn cho ngöôøikhaùc ñoïc. Vo "aäy caùc t&i thöùc ñaõ coù, t&ong t nh huo%ng nha%tñ9nh #haûi -aøm naûy 0inh yù môùi, hoaëc giuù# ngöôøi ta #haùt#haùt ie$u theâm, hoaëc k!ch th!ch ngöôøi ta noùi ngöôïc -aïi. (göôøiñi 0au maøi 0aGc yù kie%n cuûa m nh t&eân caùc yù kie%n cuûa ngöôøiñi t&öôùc. Vo ñoù "ieäc hoïc thuoäc , t!ch -uyõ caùi caâu "a1n hay,

caùc a%n töôïng, hie$u ie%t "eà "a1n hoaù coù yù ngh8a uan t&oïngño%i "ôùi "ieäc -aøm "a1n.

XYZOL( TJL;

Qaøi taä# *< 7oïc caùc ñoaïn "a1n t&eân 0aùch giaùo khoa<a. 7oaïn "a1n cuûa (guye?n Tuaân<

aùi môùi t&ong ñoaïn "a1n naøy ôû cho?, nhieàu ngöôøi hie$uC(gö,, tieàu, canh, muïcE -aø moät C0aùo ngöõE, moät coâng thöùccöùng nhaGc cuûa m8 hoïc t&ung ñaïi. (höng (guye?n Tuaân do -ieânheä "ôùi &öøng maø #haùt hieän &a yù ngh8a t&ong thöù töï cuûa ma%y

chuû ñeà. ISng cho &a@ng C(gö tieàuE ñaët t&öôùc -aø coù yù ngh8a"aø oâng #haân t!ch coù -! " 0öï 0o%ng 0öï thaät t&ong ñôøi 0o%ngñuùng ñaGn nhö coâng thöùc khoâ khan a%y. (hö "aäy muo%n -aøm"a1n hay moät maët #haûi t!ch -uyõ "aø #haûi ie%t 0uy ngh8.

. Taøi -ieäu naøo ñaõ gaây a%n töôïng 0aâu 0aGc cho nhaø "a1nXo? Ta%n<

T&ong ñoaïn "a1n, Xo? Ta%n döïa "aøo a%n töôïng thôøi thô a%u maøneâu &a moät yù môùi ngöôïc -aïi "ôùi taä# t&anh< C(h9 Thaä# töùhie%uE.

Z ch! uye%t taâm "aø ngh9 -öïc -ôùn -ao, caâu thô cuo%i na@mt&ong uan heä ñieàu kieän "ôùi caâu t&eân, ôûi " ch/ "ôùi 0öï co%gaGng cuûa moïi nhaø, cuûa moïi ngöôøi, cuûa daân toäc To$ uo%cmôùi "öõng t&aõi 0uo%t Cngaøn thuE.

Qaøi taä# 2< T m yù chung cuûa caùc caâu thô, #haùt ie$u hoaëc"ie%t ñoaïn "a1n ngaGn neâu 0uy ngh8 cuûa m nh "eà khaùt "oïnghoaø nh cuûa ngöôøi 5öa.

Xaøm aøi taä# naøy, yeâu caàu H[ neâu ñöôïc -uaän ñie$m töøma%y caâu thô ñaõ cho "aø -a%y -uaän ñie$m ñoù -aøm t&ung taâm,"ie%t thaønh ñoaïn "a1n ngaGn. H[ coù the$ neâu -uaän ñie$m< caùc



caâu thô a%y ñaõ the$ hieän khaùt "oïng tha thie%t nha%t cuûa nhaândaân ta ao ñôøi nay -aøñöôïc 0o%ng hoaø nh. Hoaëc ño%i "ôùi H[gioûi, coù the$ neâu -uaän ñie$m< aùc caâu thô a%y cho tha%y nhaândaân ta ao ñôøi ñeàu mong moûi caùc nhaø uaûn -! giöõ ñöôïc ñöùcnhaân, khoâng -aøm "ieäc t&aùi töï nhieân ñe$ 5aõ hoäi yeân o$n,

#haùt t&ie$n.Qa caë# caâu thô cuûa taùc giaû );haù# Thuaän, T&aàn ùang\haûi, (guye?n Q/nh \hieâm+ 0o%ng ôû caùc thôøi k -9ch 0öû khaùcnhau< moät ôû thôøi Tieàn Xeâ, moät ôû thôøi T&aàn, moät ôû thôøiDaïc, 0ong ñeàu neâu khaùt "oïng ñöôïc 0o%ng hoaø nh. Hoaø nh-aø khaùt "oïng muoân ñôøi cuûa nhaân daân.

Qaøi taä# 6< 7oïc aøi "a1n Cyeâu hoa 0enE cuûa taùc giaû ñôøi To%ng 0o 0aùnh "ôùi aøi CT&ong ñaàm g ñeï# a@ng 0enE ta tha%ycoù mo%i -ieân heä tö töôûng cuûa hai aøi a%y.

= aû hai aøi ñeàu t m &a nhöõng neùt chung cuûa [en< moïc ôûdöôùi nöôùc, ôû t&ong uøn maø khoâng "a%y uøn, hoâi muøi uøn.

= 7aây -aø -oaïi caây khoâng &aäm -aù, &aäm caønh, ch/ coù Cnh9"aøng oâng t&aGng -aù 5anhE ñeï# ñeõ uy nghi caønh 5a höông ñöacaøng ngaùt.

= Do%i -ieân heä tö töôûng cuûa hai aøi naøy -aø ca ngôïi 0öùc0o%ng, 0öï 0o%ng cuûa caây 0en. aùc taùc giaû ñaõ mieâu taû "eûñeï# cuûa töøng oä #haän cuï the$.

H nh töôïng caây 0en t&ong ñaàm ñöôïc giôùi thieäu mieâu taû ch!nh5aùc "öøa chaân thöïc 0o%ng ñoäng "öøa mang t!nh töôïng t&öng "aøkhaùi uaùt &a%t cao, 5aây döïng cho ngöôøi ñoïc moät t nh caûm tötöôûng yeâu caây 0en, hoa 0enB f ñaây coù caû noäi dung tha$mm8 "aø yù ngh8a t&ie%t -! nhaân 0inh gaGn -ieàn "ôùi noäi dung 0inh

"aät hoïc, taïo &a 0öï ña daïng, #hong #huù "aø "eû ñeï# tuyeät t&aàncuûa moät -oaïi caây A caây 0en.\HJ N `YJ T 'J_( HIK 'NOLT (JD T THOP \ 7OP( THOP \ N

f nöôùc ta, -9ch 0öû "a1n hoïc "ie%t &a ñôøi "aøo the% k/ thöù ñe%n he%t the% k/ N thöôøng ñöôïc goïi -aø "a1n hoïc t&ung ñaïi "aøcoù o%n giai ñoaïn #haùt t&ie$n<

= Töø the% k/ thöù ñe%n the% k/ N'.= Töø the% k/ thöù ' ñe%n the% k/ thöù 'NN.= Töø the% k/ thöù 'NNN ñe%n nöûa ñaàu the% k/ N .= (öûa cuo%i the% k/ N .H (M VJ ( HIK QJ N*. 'a1n hoïc t&ung ñaïi 'ieät (am coù "9 t&! cöïc k uan t&oïng "

noù khoâng ch/ coù t!nh cha%t môû ñaàu cho toaøn oä neàn "a1nhoïc 0au naøy maø coøn -aø 0öï h nh thaønh, ke%t tinh nhöõng t&uyeàntho%ng uyù aùu cuûa neàn "a1n hoïc ñoù.

2. 'a1n hoïc 'ieät (am #haùt t&ie$n ua o%n giai ñoaïn. 7aëcñie$m noäi dung "aø thaønh töïu cuûa "a1n hoïc töøng giai ñoaïn



0aùch giaùo khoa ñaõ noùi k8. f ñaây ch/ 5in toùm taGt "aøi yùch!nh.

a. 'a1n hoïc 'ieät (am töø the% k/ A N'<= 'eà -9ch 0öû< Veï# caùc 5u höôùng caùt cöù, ñaùnh aïi caùc

cuoäc 5aâm -a1ng 5aây döïng neàn "a1n hie%n nöôùc nhaø.

= 'eà "a1n hoïc< -aø thôøi k ñaët neàn moùng "öõng chaGc choneàn "a1n hoïc.= 'eà "a1n töï< 0öû duïng tie%ng Haùn "a1n ngoân, ñoïc theo aâm

Haùn A 'ieät.= Thaønh töïu "a1n hoïc< coù caùc the$ -oaïi< chie%u, h9ch, ie$u,

ta%u, "a1n ia. hie%u dôøi ñoâ cuûa X! Thaùi To$, H9ch töôùng 08cuûa T&aàn Höng 7aïo. Tie%# ñe%n caùc the$ "a1n 5uoâi "ie%t "eà -9ch0öû nhö 'ieät ñieän u -inh taä# )X! Te% uyeân+ X8nh (am t&!ch uaùi-uïc )T&aàn The% ;haù#+, 7aïi 'ieät 0öû k! )Xeâ 'a1n Höu A ;han ;hu

Tieân+, "aø caùc taùc #ha$m khuye%t danh< 7aïi 'ieät 0öû -öôïc, Thieànuye$n taä# anh ngöõ -uïc, To$ gia thöïc -uïcB (goaøi &a chuùng coøn

tie%# thu caùc the$ thô #huù cuûa T&ung ùo%c ñe$ ie$u hieän taâmtö t nh caûm cuûa ngöôøi 'ieät nhö ;haù# Thuaän, X! (haân Toâng, T&aàn Thaùnh Toâng, T&aàn ùang \haûi, ;haïm (guõ Xaõo, T&öôngHaùn [ieâu, 7aëng VungB

= (goaøi &a caùc aäc t&! thöùc coøn 0aùng taïo &a chöõ (oâm )moätthöù chöõ ghi aâm tie%ng 'ieät+. (höõng ngöôøi ñi tieân #hong t&ong-8nh "öïc naøy -aø (guye?n Thuyeân, (guye?n [8 o%, T&aàn (haân

Toâng, Huyeàn T&ang, hu 'a1n Jn, Hoà ùùi Xi.. 'a1n hoïc 'ieät (am töø the% k/ ' A 'NNN<

= 'eà -9ch 0öû< T&ieàu Xeâ ñöôïc thie%t -aä# 0au chie%n thaGng giaëcDinh. (haø Xeâ -a%y (ho giaùo -aøm uo%c giaùo, toàn taïi ñöôïc *]]

na1m. [au ñoù -aø noäi chie%n Xeâ A Daïc, tie%# theo -aø noäi chie%n7aøng T&ong A 7aøng (goaøi.= 'eà "a1n hoïc< 5ua%t hieän taùc giaû -ôùn nhö (guye?n T&aõi.

Xaàn ñaàu tieân coù nhöõng taùc #ha$m &ieâng nhö ùo%c JSm thitaä#, Qaïch 'aân uo%c ngöõ thi taä#. Xaàn ñaàu tieân coù taùc #ha$mchöõ (oâm daøi ñe%n p]]] caâu -uïc aùt.

= Qa the$ thô daân toäc &a ñôøi< thô -uïc aùt, thô 0ong tha%t -uïcaùt "aø thô haùt noùi )caâu daøi ngaGn khaùc nhau+.

= 'eà "a1n 5uoâi th "a1n ch!nh -uaän, töï 0öï #haùt t&ie$n.c. 'a1n hoïc 'ieät (am töø the% k/ 'NNN A ñe%n nöûa ñaàu the% k/

N <= 'eà -9ch 0öû< che% ñoä #hong kie%n khuûng hoaûng da?n ñe%ncaùc t&ieàu ñaïi -ieân tie%# thay nhau 0uï# ño$. (haø Xeâ 0uy thoaùi,

chuùa (guye?n, chuùa T&9nh ñaùnh nhau -ieân mieân, t&ieàu ñaïi Taây[ôn -eân "aø 0au ñoù T&ieàu (guye?n thay the%.

> ;hong t&aøo nhaân daân no$ &a khaG# nôi, ñaëc ieät töø *p6pt&ôû ñi "aø ke%t tinh -aø #hong t&aøo Taây [ôn cuøng moät -uùc ñaä#"ôõ caùc taä# ñoaøn< (guye?n, T&9nH, Xeâ "aø ñaä# tan caùc cuoäc



5aâm -öôïc töø hai #h! uaân ieâm "aø uaân Thanh nhöng cuo%icuøng nhaø Taây [ôn cuõng 0uï# ño?.

= 'eà "a1n hoïc< T&ong cuoäc ña%u t&anh, con ngöôøi yù thöùc ñöôïc"ai t&oø cuûa m nh, do ñoù taïo ñöôïc t&aøo -öu ñoøi giaûi #hoùng conngöôøi, giaûi #hoùng t nh caûm, töï do yeâu ñöông.

> (goân ngöõ t&öôûng thaønh "öôït aäc, ñaëc ieät ngoân ngöõdaân toäc.> aùc -oaïi h nh "a1n hoïc nôû &oä< t&uyeän (oâm, ngaâm khuùc,

thô haùt noùi, thô (oâm 7öôøng -uaät, tie$u thuye%t chöông hoàia@ng chöõ Haùn ñaït nhieàu thaønh töïu 5ua%t 0aGc.

> T&uyeän ngaGn t&uyeàn k #haùt t&ie$n &öïc &ôõ nha%t, ñaùnhda%u öôùc t&öôûng thaønh toaøn dieän cuûa "a1n hoïc t&ung ñaïi caûchöõ Haùn -a?n chöõ (oâm.

d. 'a1n hoïc 'ieät (am nöûa cuo%i the% k/ N <= 'eà -9ch 0öû< he% ñoä #hong kie%n 'ieät (am 0uy taøn. ;haù#

5aâm -öôïc, ma%t daàn ña%t nöôùc "aøo tay ;haù#. Doät che% ñoä 5aõ

hoäi môùi nöûa #hong kie%n nöûa thöïc daân öôùc ñaàu h nh thaønhôû (am Qoä.= 'eà "a1n hoïc<

> Vo haïn che% "eà maët "a1n töï, "a1n hoïc t&ung ñaïi &ôi "aøoe% taGc.

> 'a1n hoïc yeâu nöôùc #haùt t&ie$n. (goaøi thô ca, "a1n ch!nh-uaän #haùt t&ie$n, ñaëc ieät -aø -oaïi "a1n ñieàu t&aàn.

> höõ uo%c ngöõ "ôùi "a1n 5uoâi uo%c ngöõ aGt ñaàu 5ua%thieän ôû (am Qoä.

6. 7aëc ñie$m cô aûn cuûa "a1n hoïc t&ung ñaïi 'ieät (am<a. MaGn où "ôùi "aän meänh cuûa ña%t nöôùc "aø 0o% #haän con

ngöôøi7aây -aø ñaëc ñie$m no$i aät cuûa "a1n hoïc t&ung ñaïi. aùcaøi hie%u dôøi ñoâ, H9ch töôùng 08, 7aïi caùo nh (goâ, thô

(guye?n T&aõi, (guye?n Q/nh \hieâm, t&uyeän ngaGn cuûa Hoà(guyeân T&öøng "aø caùc taùc #ha$m cuûa (guye?n Vu, hinh #huïngaâm ) aûn die?n (oâm+, thô (guye?n \huye%n, Tuù öôngB -uoân

aùm 0aùt -9ch 0öûdaân toäc, #haûn aùnh nhöõng 0öï kieän t&oïng ñaïi-ieân uan ñe%n "aän meänh ña%t nöôùc "aø #haûn aùnh 0o% #haäncon ngöôøi 'ieät (am.

. 'a1n hoïc T&ung ñaïi 'ieät (am -uoân ha%# thuï nguoàn maïch"a1n hoïc daân gian.

> Qa%t cöù neàn "a1n hoïc cuûa daân toäc naøo cuõng #haûi ha%#thuï maïch nguoàn "a1n hoïc daân gian.> (eàn "a1n hoïc ch!nh thöùc cuûa nöôùc ta ñöôïc h nh thaønh 0au

ngaøn na1m 9 #hong kie%n T&ung Hoa ñoâ hoä. Vo "aäy 'HVMkhoâng ch/ cung ca%# ñeà taøi, co%t t&uyeän, kinh nghieäm, ngheäthuaät maø coøn ñ9nh höôùng aûo toàn aûn 0aGc daân toäc, 0onghaønh "ôùi "a1n hoïc "ie%t.



c. 'a1n hoïc t&ung ñaïi ha%# thuï tinh hoa "a1n hoïc T&ung ùo%ct&eân tinh thaàn 'ieät hoaù taïo neân nhöõng giaù t&9 "a1n hoïc ñaämñaø aûn 0aGc daân toäc.

> 7aây -aø ñaëc ñie$m he%t 0öùc uan t&oïng t&ong "a1n hoïc t&ungñaïi 'ieät (am. (göôøi 'ieät (am ñaõ tie%# thu khaù 0ôùm neàn "a1n

hoïc T&ung ùo%c. Hôn nöõa, 0uo%t ngaøn na1m QaGc thuoäc, ngöôøi T&ung ùo%c ñaõ ñem "a1n hoaù Haùn t&uyeàn aù "aøo 'ieät (am. Thôøi QaGc thuoäc coù moät 0o% ngöôøi 'ieät (am hoïc haønh thi cöûño? ñaït "aø -aøm uan ôû T&ung ùo%c. ' the% aûnh höôûng cuûaneàn "a1n hoïc T&ung ùo%c ño%i "ôùi 'ieät (am -aø hie$n nhieân.

(höng oâng cha ta tie%# thu theo tinh thaàn daân toäc, khoâng&aä# khuoân< thô 7öôøng "ie%t a@ng chöõ 'ieät )chöõ (oâm+, t&uyeänngaGn t&uyeàn k ñaäm cha%t hieän thöïc "aø t&öõ t nh, !t cha%t ma

uaùi, tie$u thuye%t chöông hoài "ie%t a@ng chöõ Haùn, tie$u thuye%tthe% 0öï "ie%t a@ng chöõ 'ieät "aø thô daân toäc. [öï 0aùng taïo &athô -uïc aùt "aø 0ong tha%t -uïc aùt ñaõ ñöa "a1n hoïc 'ieät (am

#haùt t&ie$n -eân moät öôùc môùi.d. T&ong khuoân kho$ thi #haù# t&ung ñaïi, "a1n hoïc t&ung ñaïi-uoân -uoân "aän ñoäng theo höôùng daân toäc hoaù, daân chuû hoaù.

uõng nhö "a1n hoïc t&ung ñaïi caùc nöôùc t&eân the% giôùi, "a1nhoïc T&ung ñaïi 'ieät (am na@m t&ong khuoân kho$ cuûa thi #haù#"a1n hoïc T&ung ñaïi noùi chung. (höng "a1n hoïc T&ung ñaïi 'ieät(am -uoân ñöôïc 0öï ño$i môùi noäi dung a@ng caùch #haûn aùnhcuoäc 0o%ng -uoân ie%n ño$i -aøm cho caùi uy #haïm cuûa thi #haù#"a1n hoïc t&ung ñaïi -oûng -eûo daàn "aø ñöa "a1n hoïc t&ung ñaïi tie%ntôùi "a1n hoïc caän hieän ñaïi.

Toùm -aïi, "a1n hoïc t&ung ñaïi 'ieät (am #haùt t&ie$n ua o%n giai

ñoaïnF mo?i giai ñoaïn tuy coù ñaëc ñie$m khaùc nhau nhöng chuùngñeàu coù chung moät ñieàu -aø khoâng ngöøng 0aùng taïo, khoângngöøng tie%# thu thöøa ke% tinh hoa "a1n hoïc caùc nöôùc -aân caän,ñaëc ieät -aø T&ung ùo%c.

7e%n he%t the% k/ N "a1n hoïc t&ung ñaïi ke%t thuùc "ai t&oø -9ch0öû cuûa m nh, nhöng ke$ -aïi cho chuùng ta moät kho taøng uyùgiaù t&eân hai nh dieän noäi dung "aø ngheä thuaät. 'eà noäi dung,noù #haûn aùnh moät caùch chaân thöïc "aø 0inh ñoäng ñôøi 0o%ngtaâm -inh cuûa ngöôøi 'ieät (am t&ong möôøi the% k/ t&ung ñaïi. 'eàh nh thöùc, noù ñe$ -aïi nhöõng kinh nghieäm 0aùng taùc uyù giaùñaëc ieät -aø taùc #ha$m 'a1n hoïc (oâm.



TIf XI (M)Thuaät Hoaøi+

;haïm (guõ Xaõo;haïm (guõ Xaõo cuõng -aø moät nhaân "aät -9ch 0öû coù coâng

-ôùn t&ong cuoäc khaùng chie%n cho%ng (guyeân A Doâng, coù ñ9a "9

cao ôû ñôøi T&aàn, ñöôïc coi -aø ngöôøi "a1n "oõ toaøn taøi. 'a1n thôoâng tuy coøn ñe$ -aïi &a%t !t, nhöng ch/ moät aøi Thuaät Hoaøi ñaõñuû ñöa oâng -eân "9 t&! caùc taùc giaû danh tie%ng t&ong "a1n hoïcdaân toäc.

;haïm (guõ Xaõo "ie%t Thuaät hoaøi t&ong khoâng kh! uye%tchie%n uye%t thaGng cuûa uaân daân ñôøi T&aàn khi giaëc (guyeân5aâm -öôïc ña%t nöôùc. a1n cöù "aøo noäi dung cuûa aøi thô coùthe$ tha%y ñoù -aø khi -öïc -öôïng khaùng chie%n cuûa daân toäc ta ñaõ-ôùn maïnh nhöng chöa ñi tôùi chie%n thaGng cuo%i cuøng.

H (M VJ ( HIK QJ N*. aâu môû ñaàu -aø öùc t&anh thaät hoaønh t&aùng "eà h nh

aûnh moät t&ang nam nhi ñôøi T&aàn "aø !t nhieàu ñoù cuõng ch!nh -aøh nh oùng cuûa taùc giaû. Xôøi d9ch chöa thaät ch!nh 5aùc "Choaønh 0oùcE ngh8a -aø CcaG# ngang ngoïn giaùoE chöù khoâng #haûimuùa giaùo. H nh aûnh ngöôøi t&aùng 08 CcaG# ngang ngoïn giaùoEcho tha%y moät tö the% thaät huøng duõng, tö the% 0a n 0aùng chie%nña%u aûo "eä to$ uo%c, -aä# neân nhöõng chie%n coâng "ang doäi.H nh aûnh a%y caøng haøo huøng hôn t&ong moät o%i caûnh &oäng-ôùn "eà caû khoâng gian "aø thôøi gia. \hoâng gian -aø non 0oâng,-aø giang 0ôn To$ uo%c muoân ñôøi. 7aët t&ong 0öï töông öùng "ôùinon 0oâng a%y, taàm "oùc ngöôøi t&aùng 08 "uït -ôùn cao -eân, aùnhngang "ôùi taàm "oùc huøng "8 cuûa ña%t nöôùc. oøn thôøi gian -aø

Cñaõ ma%y t&aâuE A ñaõ ao ao nhieâu muøa thu, cuõng ngh8a -aøao na1m ñaõ t&oâi ua. où the$ hie$u< ngöôøi t&aùng 08 a%y ñi cöùunöôùc &oøng &aõ ñaõ ao na1m t&ôøi maø chöa heà maûy may meätmoûi, t&aùi -aïi "a?n öøng öøng moät kh! the% maïnh meõ kieâncöôøng, moät tö the% hieân ngang a%t khua%t.

2. aâu thô CQa uaân huøng kh! aùt 0ao (göuE caøng toân theâm"eû ñeï# duõng maõnh cuûa ngöôøi t&aùng 08. f ñaây C a uaânEtheo ngh8a heï# -aø toaøn oä uaân ñoäi, coøn theo ngh8a &oäng -aøh nh aûnh caû daân toäc ñöùng -eân chie%n ña%u. aâu thô ñöôïcta1ng cöôøng "eà yù ngh8a a@ng ieän #haù# cöôøng ñieäu< caûdaân toäc 5oâng -eân gie%t giaëc 5aâm -a1ng "ôùi kh! the% "oâ cuønghaøo huøng maïnh meõ aùt caû 0ao (göu, töùc -aø aùt caû t&ôøi cao,caû "uõ t&uï ao -a. 7aët t&ong 0öï töông öùng nhö the%, taàm "oùcdaân toäc cuõng "uït -ôùn cao -eân, 0aùnh ngang "ôùi taàm "oùc cuûa"uõ t&uï.

(höõng h nh aûnh t&ong hai caâu thô ñaàu gaGn où haøi hoaø "ôùinhau ôûi haøo kh! cuûa a uaân ie$u hieän cuï the$ t&ong tö the%cuûa ngöôøi chie%n 08, cuûa töøng caù nhaân, ngöôïc -aïi tö the% oaihuøng cuûa ngöôøi t&aùng 08, cuûa töøng caù nhaân -aïi -aøm ta1ng





ñaGng, t&öôùc caûnh nöôùc ma%t, nhaân daân -aàm than, uye%tchie%n ña%u #huïc thuø &öûa haän cho daân toäc.

H (M VJ ( HIK QJ N*. Hai caâu ñaàu #haûn aùnh CThe% 0öïE nöôùc ta "aøo nhöõng

na1m *4]q, *4]p, *4]rB khi uaân C uoàng DinhE nhö 0oùng giöõ

ngaä# t&aøn non 0oâng 7aïi 'ieät. (hö moät tie%ng than khi ñöùngnh n thôøi cuoäc C'ieäc ñôøi th da@n daët maø ta ñaõ giaø &oài, ie%t-aøm the% naøoBE. 7uùng -aø -oøng daï o%i &o%i. 'aø ñoù -aø i k9chcuûa ngöôøi anh huøng.

CThe% 0öï du du naïi -aõo haø'oâ cuøng thieân ñ9a nhaä# haøm caE.

(oùi &a@ng Cthieân ñ9a nhaä# haøm caE -aø ie$u -oä moät thaùiñoä "eà 0öï ñaûo ñieân t&ong cuoäc ñôøi. aâu * "aø caâu 2 töông#haûn "eà maët yù ngh8a ñaõ noùi -eân C(o?i -oøngE caûm hoaøi cuûanhaø thô.

2. Hai caâu t&ong #haàn CThöïcE ño%i nhau neâu aät Cgaë# thôøiE

"aø Ctha%t the%E ño%i "ôùi ngöôøi anh huøng. (hö moät chieâmnghieäm -9ch 0öû ñaày cay ñaGng<CThôøi -ai ñoà ñie%u thaønh coâng d9,'aän khöù anh huøng a$m haän ñaE.

7oà ñie%u< ñoà -aø ñoà te$, mo$ th9t, ñie%u< caâu caù. Maë# thôøi,nhöõng keû Cñoà ñie%uE aàn tieän cuõng de? daøng -aøm neân coângt&aïng, 0öï nghieä# -ôùn. aâu thô gôïi nhôù ñe%n nhöõng nhaân "aätnhö ;haøn \hoaùi, aùn th9t choù, Haøn T!n caâu caù "eà 0au giuù#Xöu Qan maø -aøm neân 0öï nghieä# -ôùn. T&aùi -aïi nhieàu anh huøngtha%t the% )"aän khöù+ #haûi ne%m, #haûi uo%ng nhieàu haän )a$mhaän ña+. X9ch 0öû töø ao ñôøi nay ñaõ cho ta tha%y &oõ ñieàu nhaø

thô caûm hoaøi. T&ong "a1n thô nhö coù nhieàu -eä. 7aây -aø -ôøi thôd9ch khaù hay cuûa ;han \e% Q!nh.CQaàn tieän gaë# thôøi, neân cuõng de?Jnh huøng -ôõ öôùc, nga?m caøng hayE.

T&eân ñöôøng möu ñoà nghieä# -ôùn, cha 9 T&a?n (go?i gie%t oan.ISng ñaët uyeàn -ôïi daân toäc -eân t&eân he%t, "a?n daõi gioù daàm0öông, 5oâng #ha t&aän maïc, ñe$ #hoø chuùa, cöùu nöôùc, mong ñem-aïi thaùi nh cho daân toäc. C;huø ñ9a t&uïcE )naâng t&uïc ña%t+,C"aõn thieân haøE )-oâi 0oâng (gaân Haø 5uo%ng+ -aø hai h nh aûnh k"8 mang k!ch thöôùc "aø taàm "oùc "uõ t&uï, noùi -eân ch! kh! "aøkhaùt "oïng anh huøng t&ong thôøi -oaïn. Hai caâu thô hoâ öùng, ño%ichoïi nhau, taïo neân gioïng ñieäu anh huøng ca ñaày a%n töôïng.aâu thô d9ch khaù hay, -oät taû ñöôïc yù "9 co$ ñie$n, t&angt&oïng cuûa "a1n thô t&aùng -eä.

C'ai khieâng t&aùi ña%t mong #huø chuùaMiaù# goät 0oâng t&ôøi khoù "aïch maâyE.

4. H nh aûnh ngöôøi anh huøng maøi göôm döôùi aùnh t&a1ng ñaõCma%y ñoäE, t&aûi ua nhieàu na1m thaùng, maùi toùc nay ñaõ aïc



gôïi neân maøu 0aGc i t&aùng. T&a1ng ñaõ taøn. Tuo$i ñaõ giaø. The%maø C uo%c thuøE "a?n ñeø naëng taâm hoàn nhaø thô.

Cùo%c thuø "9 aùo ñaàu tieân aïch,\8 ñoä -ong tuyeàn ñaùi nguyeät maE.

CXong tuyeànE -aø göôm aùu, thanh göôm ñe$ gie%t giaëc, t&aû

mo%i thuø nöôùc, ñem -aïi thaùi nh cho ña%t nöôùc "aø nhaân daân.7aây -aø hai caâu thô ñeï# nha%t t&ong thô "a1n X! =T&aàn, choùi 0aùngChaøo kh! 7oâng JE. 7uùng nhö Xyù Töû Ta%n, moät danh 08 ñaàuthôøi Xeâ, ñaõ "ie%t< C;hi haøo kieät chi 08 a%t na1ngE. )khoâng #haûi-aø keû 08 haøo kieät th khoâng the$ -aøm no$i+.

\hoâng the$ -a%y 0öï thaønh, aïi ñeû -uaän anh huøng. 7aëngVung -aø moät anh huøng, haøo kieät. Qaøi thô tha%m ñöôïm moät t nhcaûm yeâu nöôùc, nhöùc nho%i no?i ñau cuûa ngöôøi anh huøng -ôõ

öôùc. o%t caùch thi 08 -oàng t&ong co%t caùch anh huøng. 7où -aø töcaùch hieân ngang -a?m -ieät, cho ñe%n che%t "a?n mang naëng mo%ithuø nöôùc khoân nguoâi.

7aëng Vung ñaõ Ca$m haän ñaE, 0öï nghieä# C uo%c thuø "9 aùoEkhoâng thöïc hieän ñöôïc. (höng kh! #haùch -a?m -ieät, -oøng yeâunöôùc tha thie%t cuûa ngöôøi anh huøng maõi maõi t&öôøng toàncuøng 0oâng nuùi 7aïi 'ieät. Qaøi thô C aûm hoaøiE cuøng "ôùi teântuo$i 7aëng Vung maõi maõi -aø ai ca yeâu nöôùc cho%ng 5aâm-a1ng.

ùo%c thuø chöa t&aû giaø 0ao "oäiVöôùi nguyeät maøi göôm ñaõ a%y chaøy.

7où -aø Cdi haänE cuûa ngöôøi anh huøng "aän khöù A -ôõ "aän.(öûa the% k/ 0au (guye?n T&aõi t&ong aøi thô Cùan haûiE cuõngnoùi "eà mo%i Cdi haänE a%y. 7où -aø no?i ñau muoân thuôû.

CHoaï #huùc höõu moâi #hi nha%t nhaät,Jnh huøng di haän k/ thieân nhieânE

)Hoaï #huùc coù manh mo%i, ñau #haûi moätngaøy,

Jnh huøng ñe$ mo%i haän ma%y ngh n na1m0au+.

C aûm hoaøiE -aø aøi ca yeâu nöôùc i t&aùng, -aø tie%ng "oïng0oâng nuùi ngh n na1m.

Jf(H (MJ Z HO)T&ong Qaûo k!nh caûnh giôùi+ (guye?n T&aõi

Töø CloàiE môû ñaàu aøi thô ch!nh -aø 0öï ie$u hieän thaùi ñoäcuûa (guye?n T&aõi ño%i "ôùi thôøi cuoäc ñöông thôøi, "ôùi t&ieàu ñaïi-uùc a%y giôø. ISng ñaõ ma%t nieàm tin "aøo t&ieàu ñaïi ñoù. Doätt&ieàu ñaïi khôûi ñaàu &a%t oanh -ieät, nhöng aây giôø ch/ toaøn -aø

oïn -oäng thaàn 5ieâm n9nh, ganh gheùt, möu haïi nhöõng ngöôøit&ung thöïc. (hö "aäy C&oàiE -aø moät thaùi ñoä a%t ñaGc ch! cuûa



(guye?n T&aõi. Qôûi (guye?n T&aõi coøn muo%n co%ng hie%n nhieàuhôn nöõa cho t&ieàu ñaïi, oâng muo%n ñem ta%t caû taøi C\inh angte% the%E cuûa m nh ñe$ giuù# "ua t&9 nöôùc an daân nhöng khoângñöôïc. ' "aäy oâng môùi Cloàij.

(höng t&ôû "eà "ôùi nhaân daân, "ôùi -aøng ueâ, "ôùi thieân

nhieân oâng tha%y cuoäc 0o%ng nhö môùi aGt ñaàu. (hö "aäy Cloàij-aø thaùi ñoä "öøa cha%# nhaän "öøa khoâng cha%# nhaän hieän thöïc.H (M VJ ( HIK QJ N*. Qaøi thô môû ñaàu a@ng moät caâu -uïc ngoân, chia -aøm a

nh9#<loàishoùng maùts thuôû ngaøy t&öôøng.Voøng chöõ Cloàij ñaët ôû ñaàu caâu, taùch &a thaønh moät nh9#,

taùc giaû muo%n noùi -eân hieän t&aïng chaùn ngaùn t&ong caûnh0o%ng cuûa m nh. 7où -aø t&aïng thaùi ngoài khoâng. CloàiE t&ong caâunaøy -aø töø co$, coù ngh8a Ct&aïng thaùi ôû khoângE Ct&aïng thaùingoài khoângE. Töø naøy coøn -öu -aïi t&ong thaønh ngöõ CJ_n khoâng

ngoài &oàiE, C'oâ coâng &o?i ngheàE.\hoâng coù "ieäc g ñe$ -aøm caû, ch/ mo?i C"ieäcE -aø Choùngmaùt thuôû ngaøy t&öôøngE. Thuôû ngaøy t&öôøng -aø Cthuôû ngaøydaøij, neâu caûm giaùc "eà thôøi gian cuûa ngöôøi 0o%ng t&ong caûnhkhoâng. )(höng cuõng coù the$ hie$u -aø ngaøy heø daøi. '! duï, aoQieàn ñôøi 7öôøng t&ong aøi thô [ôn ñ nh haï nhaät coù caâu< CXuïcthuï aâm noàng haï nhaät t&öôøngE, ngh8a -aø< aây 5anh oùng &ôï#ngaøy heø daøi. Vo ñoù, caâu thô * ie$u hieän moät t&aïng thaùitaâm hoàn thanh thaûn. h!nh -uùc ñoù nhaø thô thaû hoàn 0o%ng "ôùithieân nhieân.

2. aùch 0öû duïng t!nh töø, ñoäng töø t&ong caùc caâu thô the$

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Học tốt ngữ văn 10 (nâng cao), 2009