History of the motorcycle

The history of the motorcycle begins in the second halfof the 19th century. Motorcycles are descended from the"safety bicycle,” a bicycle with front and rear wheels ofthe same size and a pedal crank mechanism to drive therear wheel.[1] Despite some early landmarks in its devel-opment, the motorcycle lacks a rigid pedigree that canbe traced back to a single idea or machine. Instead, theidea seems to have occurred to numerous engineers andinventors around Europe at around the same time.

1 Early steam-powered cycles

Lucius Copeland 1894

In the 1860s Pierre Michaux, a blacksmith in Paris,founded 'Michaux et Cie' (“Michaux and company”), thefirst company to construct bicycles with pedals calleda velocipede at the time, or “Michauline”.[2] The firststeam powered motorcycle, the Michaux-Perreaux steamvelocipede, can be traced to 1867, when Pierre’s sonErnest Michaux fitted a small steam engine to one of the'velocipedes’.[3]

The design went to America when Pierre Lallement, aMichaux employee who also claimed to have developedthe prototype in 1863, filed for the first bicycle patent withthe US patent office in 1866.[4] In 1868 an American,

Sylvester H. Roper of Roxbury, Massachusetts developeda twin-cylinder steam velocipede, with a coal-fired boilerbetween the wheels. Roper’s contribution to motorcycledevelopment ended suddenly when he died demonstrat-ing one of his machines in Cambridge, Massachusetts onJune 1, 1896.[3]

Also in 1868, a French engineer Louis-Guillaume Per-reaux patented a similar steam powered single cylindermachine, the Michaux-Perreaux steam velocipede, withan alcohol burner and twin belt drives, which was pos-sibly invented independently of Roper’s. Although thepatent is dated 1868, nothing indicates the invention hadbeen operable before 1871.[3]

In 1881, Lucius Copeland of Phoenix, Arizona designeda much smaller steam boiler which could drive the largerear wheel of an American Star high-wheeler at 12 mph.In 1887 Copeland formed the Northrop ManufacturingCo. to produce the first successful 'Moto-Cycle' (actuallya three-wheeler).[3]

2 Experimentation and invention

Butler’s Patent Velocycle

The very first commercial design for a self-propelledbicycle was a three-wheel design called the Butler PetrolCycle, conceived of and built by Edward Butler inEngland in 1884.[5] He exhibited his plans for the vehicleat the Stanley Cycle Show in London in 1884, two yearsearlier than Karl Benz invented his first automobile whois generally recognized as the inventor of the modern au-tomobile. Butler’s vehicle was also the first design to beshown at the 1885 International Inventions Exhibition inLondon.

1

2 3 FIRST COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS

The vehicle was built by the Merryweather Fire Enginecompany in Greenwich, in 1888.[6] the Butler Petrol Cy-cle (first recorded use of the term)[6] It was a three-wheeled vehicle, with the rear wheel directly driven bya 5/8hp (466W) 600 cc (40 in3; 2¼×5-inch {57×127-mm})[6] flat twin four stroke engine (with magneto ig-nition replaced by coil and battery),[6] equipped withrotary valves and a float-fed carburettor (five years be-foreMaybach),[6] andAckermann steering,[7] all of whichwere state of the art at the time. Starting was bycompressed air.[6] The engine was liquid-cooled, with aradiator over the rear drivingwheel. Speedwas controlledby means of a throttle valve lever. No braking systemwas fitted; the vehicle was stopped by raising and low-ering the rear driving wheel using a foot-operated lever;the weight of the machine was then borne by two smallcastor wheels. The driver was seated between the frontwheels.[6] It wasn't, however, a commercial success, asButler failed to find sufficient financial backing.

Replica of the 1885 Daimler-Maybach Reitwagen

Another early internal combustion, petroleum fueled mo-torcycle was the Petroleum Reitwagen. It was designedand built by the German inventors Gottlieb Daimler andWilhelmMaybach in Bad Cannstatt, Germany in 1885.[8]This vehicle was unlike either the safety bicycles or theboneshaker bicycles of the era in that it had zero degreesof steering axis angle and no fork offset, and thus didnot use the principles of bicycle and motorcycle dynam-ics developed nearly 70 years earlier. Instead, it relied ontwo outrigger wheels to remain upright while turning.[9]The inventors called their invention the Reitwagen (“rid-ing car”). It was designed as an expedient testbed for theirnew engine, rather than a true prototype vehicle.[10][11]

3 First commercial products

In the decade from the late 1880s, dozens of designs andmachines emerged, particularly in Germany and England,and soon spread to America.[12] During this early periodof motorcycle history, there were many manufacturerssince bicycle makers were adapting their designs for thenew internal combustion engine.

Diagram of 1894 Hildebrand & Wolfmüller.

In 1894, Hildebrand&Wolfmüller became the first seriesproduction motorcycle, and the first to be called a motor-cycle (German: Motorrad).[10][11][13][14] However, only afew hundred examples of this motorcycle were ever built.The first instance of the term “motor cycle” also appearsin English the same year in materials promoting machinesdeveloped by E.J. Pennington,[15] although Pennington’smotorcycles never progress past the prototype stage.[16]

Excelsior Motor Company, originally a bicycle manufac-turing company based in Coventry, England, began pro-duction of their first motorcycle model in 1896, availablefor purchase by the public. The first production motorcy-cle in the US was the Orient-Aster, built by Charles Metzin 1898 at his factory in Waltham, Massachusetts.In the early period of motorcycle history, many produc-ers of bicycles adapted their designs to accommodate thenew internal combustion engine. As the engines becamemore powerful and designs outgrew the bicycle origins,the number of motorcycle producers increased. Manyof the nineteenth century inventors who worked on earlymotorcycles often moved on to other inventions. Daimlerand Roper, for example, both went on to develop automo-biles.At the turn of the century the first major mass-productionfirms were set up.In 1901 English quadricycle and bicycle maker Royal En-field introduced its first motorcycle, with a 239 cc enginemounted in the front and driving the rear wheel througha belt. In 1898, English bicycle maker Triumph decidedto extend its focus to include motorcycles, and by 1902,the company had produced its first motorcycle—a bicyclefitted with a Belgian-built engine. A year later, it was the

3

A 1913 FN (Fabrique National), Belgium, 4cylinders and shaftdrive

largest motorcycle manufacturer with an annual produc-tion of over 500 units. Other British firms were Nortonand Birmingham Small Arms Company who began mo-torbike production in 1902 and 1910, respectively.[17]

In 1901, the Indian Motocycle Manufacturing Company,which had been founded by two former bicycle racers,designed the so-called “diamond framed” Indian Single,whose engine was built by the Aurora Firm in Illinois perIndian’s specifications. The Single was made available inthe deep blue. Indian’s production was up to over 500bikes by 1902, and would rise to 32,000, its best ever,in 1913.[18][19] producing over 20,000 bikes per year.[20]The American company Harley-Davidson started pro-ducing motorcycles in 1903.During this period, experimentation and innovation weredriven by the popular new sport of motorcycle racing,with its powerful incentive to produce tough, fast, reli-able machines. These enhancements quickly found theirway to the public’s machines.[12]

Chief August Vollmer of the Berkeley, California PoliceDepartment is credited with organizing the first officialpolice motorcycle patrol in the United States in 1911.[21]By 1914, motorcycles were no longer just bicycles withengines; they had their own technologies, although manystill maintained bicycle elements, like the seats and sus-pension.

4 The First World War

During the First World War, motorbike production wasgreatly ramped up for the war effort to supply effectivecommunications with front line troops. Messengers onhorses were replaced with despatch riders on motorcy-cles carrying messages, performing reconnaissance per-sonnel and acting as a military police. American com-pany Harley-Davidson was devoting over 50% of its fac-tory output towardmilitary contract by the end of the war.The British company Triumph Motorcycles sold morethan 30,000 of its Triumph Type Hmodel to allied forcesduring the war. With the rear wheel driven by a belt, the

Triumph Motorcycles Model H, was mass-produced for the wareffort and notable for its reliability.

Model H was fitted with a 499 cc air-cooled four-strokesingle-cylinder engine. It was also the first Triumph notto be fitted with pedals, so was a true motorcycle.[22]

The Model H in particular, is regarded by many as hav-ing been the first “modern motorcycle”.[23] Introduced in1915 it had a 550cc side-valve four-stroke engine witha three-speed gearbox and belt transmission. It was sopopular with its users that it was nicknamed the “TrustyTriumph.”[24]

5 Postwar

A pre-war Polish Sokół 1000

5.1 Postwar

By 1920, Harley-Davidson became the largestmanufacturer,[25] with their motorcycles being soldby dealers in 67 countries.[26][27] By the late 1920s orearly 1930s, DKW in Germany took over as the largestmanufacturer.[28][29][30] BMW motorcycles came on thescene in 1923 with a shaft drive and an opposed-twin or

4 5 POSTWAR

An historic V-twin American motorcycle — a 1941 Crocker

“boxer” engine enclosed with the transmission in a singlealuminum housing.By 1931, Indian and Harley-Davidson were the onlytwo American manufacturers producing commercialmotorcycles.[31] This two-company rivalry in the UnitedStates remained until 1953, when the Indian Motorcy-cle factory in Springfield, Massachusetts closed and RoyalEnfield took over the Indian name.[32]

There were over 80 different makes of motorcycle avail-able in Britain in the 1930s, from the familiar marqueslike Norton, Triumph andAJS to the obscure, with nameslike New Gerrard, NUT, SOS, Chell and Whitwood,[33]about twice as many motorcycle makes competing in theworld market during the early 21st century.In 1937, Joe Petrali set a new land speed record of136.183 mph (219.165 km/h) on a modified Harley-Davidson 61 cubic inch (1,000 cc) overhead valve-drivenmotorcycle.[31] The same day, Petrali also broke the speedrecord for 45 cubic inch (737 cc) engine motorcycles.In Europe, production demands, driven by the buildupto World War II, included motorcycles for military use,and BSA supplied 126,000 BSA M20 motorcycles to theBritish armed forces, starting in 1937 and continuing un-til 1950. Royal Enfield also produced motorcycles for themilitary, including a 125 cc lightweight motorcycle thatcould be dropped (in a parachute-fitted tube cage) froman aircraft.

5.2 After World War II

After the World War II, some American veterans found areplacement for the camaraderie, excitement, danger andspeed of life at war in motorcycles. Grouped into looselyorganized clubs, motorcycle riders in the US created anew social institution—the motorcyclists or “bikers”—which was later skewed by the “outlaw” persona MarlonBrando portrayed in the 1954 film The Wild One.[34]

In Europe, on the other hand, post-war motorcycle pro-ducers were more concerned with designing practical,economical transportation than the social aspects, or“biker” image.[34] Italian designer Piaggio introducedthe Vespa in 1946, which experienced immediate and

An original Vespa with sidecar

widespread popularity. Imports from the UK, Italy andGermany, thus found a niche in US markets that Ameri-can bikes did not fill.The BSA Group purchased Triumph Motorcycles in1951 to become the largest producer of motorcycles inthe world claiming “one in four”. The German NSUwas the largest manufacturer from 1955 until 1959 whenHonda became the largest manufacturer.[35][36]

A 1962 Triumph Bonneville represents the popularity of Britishmotorcycles at that time

British manufacturers Triumph, BSA, and Norton re-tained a dominant position in some markets until the riseof the Japanese manufacturers, led by Honda, in the late1960s and early 1970s. The role of themotorcycle shiftedin the 1960s, from the tool of a life to a toy of a lifestyle.It became part of an image, of status, a cultural icon forindividualism, a prop in Hollywood B-movies.[12]

The motorcycle also became a recreational machine forsport and leisure, a vehicle for carefree youth, not essen-tial transportation for the mature family man or woman,and the Japanese were able to produce modern designsmore quickly, more cheaply, and of better quality thantheir competitors. Their motorbikes were more stylishand more reliable, so the British manufacturers fell be-hind as mass-market producers.Honda, which was officially founded in Japan on Septem-

5

ber 24, 1948, introduced their SOHC inline-four engineCB750 in 1969, which was inexpensive and immediatelysuccessful. It established the across-the-frame-four en-gine configuration as a design with huge potential forpower and performance. Shortly after the introduction ofthe SOHC, Kawasaki demonstrated the potential of thefour-stroke four-cylinder engine with the introduction ofthe KZ900.Suzuki, Kawasaki and the Yamaha each started produc-ing motorcycles in the 1950s. Meanwhile, the sun wassetting on British dominion over the big-displacementmotorbike market.

5.3 Japanese dominance

The Honda CB750 revolutionized motorcycle marketing and wasemblematic of Japanese dominance

The excellence of Japanese motorcycles caused similareffects in all Western markets: many Italian bike firmseither went bust or only just managed to survive. As aresult, BMW’s worldwide sales sagged in the 1960s, butcame back strongly with the introduction of a completelyredesigned “slash-5” series for model year 1970.From the 1960s through the 1990s, small two-stroke mo-torcycles were popular worldwide, partly as a result ofthe pioneering work of the East German Daniel Zim-mermann (rotary disc valve) and MZ's Walter Kaadenwho developed the two-stroke expansion chamber in the1950s. These ideas were taken up by Suzuki when ErnstDegner, the MZ engineer and rider, defected to the Weston 13 September 1961 after retiring from the 125ccSwedish Grand Prix at Kristianstad. Degner, an excellentengineer, immediately joined Suzuki and his knowledgebecame their technology springboard.Harley-Davidson in the US at the time suffered fromthe same problems as the European firms, but its uniqueproduct range, American tariff laws and nationalism-driven customer loyalty allowed it to survive. One allegedflaw, however, was retaining the characteristic Harley-Davidson 45° engine vee-angle, which causes excess vi-bration as well as the loping Harley-Davidson sound.

A factory full fairing was introduced by BMW motorcy-cle in the R100RS of 1977, the first factory fairing pro-duced in quantity.[37] In 1980, BMW stimulated the “ad-venture touring” category of motorcycling with its dual-sport model, the R80G/S. In 1988, BMW was the firstmotorcycle manufacturer to introduce anti-lock-brakes(ABS) on its sporting K100RS-SE and K1 models.

6 The present

A 2004 Kawasaki ZX-7RR

Today the Japanese manufacturers, Honda, Kawasaki,Suzuki, and Yamaha dominate the large motorcycle in-dustry, although Harley-Davidson still maintains a highdegree of popularity, particularly in the United States.Recent years have seen a resurgence in the popularityaround the world of many other motorcycle brands, in-cluding BMW, Triumph and Ducati, and the emergenceof Victory as a second successful mass-builder of big-twin American cruisers.In November 2006, the Dutch company E.V.A. ProductsBV Holland announced that the first commercially avail-able diesel-powered motorcycle, its Track T-800CDI,achieved production status.[38] The Track T-800CDI usesan 800 cc three-cylinder Daimler Chrysler diesel engine.However, other manufacturers, including Royal Enfield,had been producing diesel-powered bikes since at least1965.[39]

6.1 In the developing world

There is a large demand for small, cheap motorcycles inthe developing world, and many of the firms meeting thatdemand now also compete in mature markets, such asChina’s Hongdou which makes a version of Honda’s ven-erable CG125.[40]

Motorcycle taxis are commonplace in the developingworld. Scooters, mopeds and motorcycles offer a fast,cheap and risky way around snarled traffic and scarce

6 8 FURTHER READING

Motorcycle traffic in Bangkok

mass transit, as they can easily squeeze through jams.[41]

The first ethanol flex fuel motorcycle in the world waslaunched to the Brazilian market by Honda in March2009, the CG 150 Titan Mix.[42][43][44] During the firsteight months after its market launch the CG 150 Ti-tan Mix had captured a 10.6% market share, and rank-ing second in sales of new motorcycles in the Brazilianmarket in 2009.[45] In September 2009, Honda launcheda second flexible-fuel motorcycle,[46] and by December2010 both Honda flexible-fuel motorcycles had reachedcumulative production of 515,726 units, representing an18.1%market share of the Brazilian newmotorcycle salesin that year.[47][48] As of January 2011 there were fourflex-fuel motorcycle models available in the market,[49]and production reached the one million milestone in June2011.[47][48][50]

7 See also

• List of motorcycle manufacturers

• Motorcycle land-speed record

• List of fastest production motorcycles

• Electric motorcycles and scooters

• Outline of motorcycles and motorcycling

8 Further reading

8.1 Early history and use in the UnitedKingdom

• Pennell, Joseph (February 8, 1901). “Some Experi-ences Of Motor Bicycles”. Journal of the Society ofArts. XLIX (2,516). Retrieved 2009-08-15.

• Hiscox, Gardner Dexter (1902). The Automobile:A Practical Treatise On The Construction Of Mod-ern Motor Cars Steam, Petrol, Electric And Petrol-Electric: Chapter XXI. Motor Bicycles (1903 ed.).London: Cassell And Company, Limited. pp. 751–763. Retrieved 2009-08-15.

• Lavergne, Gerard (1902). The Automobile: Its Con-struction AndManagement (Various Chapters). Lon-don: Cassell And Company, Limited. Retrieved2009-08-15.

• Wilson, A. J. (1903). Motor Cycles And How ToManage Them, 6th ed. London: Iliffe & Sons Lim-ited. Retrieved 2009-08-15.

8.2 Early history and use in the UnitedStates

• Lockert, Louis (1899). Petroleum Motor-Cars:Chapter VIII “Motor Bicycles” . New York: D. VanNostrand Company. pp. 64–75. Retrieved 2009-08-15.

• “The Automobile Bicycle”. The Literary Digest.XIX (16): 463–464. October 14, 1899. Retrieved2009-08-15.

• Hiscox, Gardner Dexter (1900). Horseless Vehi-cles, Automobiles, Motor Cycles Operated By Steam,Petrol, Electric And Petrol-Electric: Chapter XI. Au-tomobile Bicycles And Tricycles. New York: Munn& COmpany. pp. 175–215. Retrieved 2009-08-15.

• “Interesting Notes. Single Motor Bicycles”. TheSchool Journal. LX (22): 632. June 2, 1900. Re-trieved 2009-08-15.

• Krarup, M.C. (November 1900). “The FieldFor Motorcycles: Motorcycling Vs. Motoring”.XXXVII (2): 207–212. Retrieved 2009-08-15.

• Bill, L. H. (August 1902). “The Poor Man’s Auto-mobile”. Overland Monthly, and Out West Maga-zine. XL (2): 197–198. Retrieved 2009-08-15.

• Burr, H. Walter (December 1902). “Up MountHamilton On A Motor Cycle”. XL (6): 556–561.

• “Possibilities of the Motorcycle”. The Automobile.XIII (4): 123. July 27, 1903. Retrieved 2009-08-15.

• Hiscox, Gardner Dexter (1904). Mechanical Ap-pliances, Mechanical Movements And Novelties OfConstruction: Road And Vehicle Devices, Types OfMotor Bicycles. New York: The Norman W. Hen-ley Publishing Company. pp. 215–216. Retrieved2009-08-15.

7

• “Motor Bicycles for Medical Men”. The MedicalWorld. XXIII (10). October 1905. Retrieved 2009-08-15.

• Cummings, C. E. (February 1906). “An Idyl Of TheTireless Bike”. Recreation. XXIV (2): 127–130.Retrieved 2009-08-15.

• Bashore, S. D. (July 1906). “The Motor Cycle ForPhysicians”. The Texas State Journal of Medicine.II (3): 92–93. Retrieved 2009-08-15.

• “Mail Collection By Motor Van”. The CommercialVehicle. III (7). July 1908. Retrieved 2009-08-15. An experiment is being conducted by the Post-office ... with the use of a motorcycle van ... of the“Indian” type

• “Development Of The Motor Cycle Van: IncreasingUse Of This Type Of Light Package DeliveryMotorVehicle Noted Both Here And Abroad”. The Com-mercial Vehicle. III (10): 227–228. October 1908.Retrieved 2009-08-15.

9 References[1] “The Past - 1800s: First motorcycle”. The History and

Future of Motorcycles and motorcycling - From 1885 to theFuture, Total Motorcycle Website. Retrieved 2007-06-28.

[2] Michauline

[3] Burgess Wise, David. Historic Motor Cycles. HamlynPublishing Group Limited. ISBN 0-600-34407-X.

[4] Fiedler, David. “The Boneshaker - Invented by Michauxand Lallement”. About.com. Retrieved 23 September2010.

[5] “motorcycle (vehicle)". Encyclopedia Britannica.

[6] G.N. Georgano (2002). Early and Vintage Years, 1885-1930: The Golden Era of Coachbuilding. Mason CrestPublishers. p. 22.

[7] G.N. Georgano, p.20 cap.

[8] “The Past – 1800s: First motorcycle”. The History andFuture of Motorcycles and motorcycling – From 1885 tothe Future, Total Motorcycle Website. Retrieved 28 June2007.

[9] Lienhard, JohnH. (2005). InventingModern: Growing Upwith X-Rays, Skyscrapers, and Tailfins. Oxford UniversityPress US. pp. 120–121. ISBN 0-19-518951-5.

[10] Setright, L.J.K. (1979). The Guinness book of motorcy-cling facts and feats. Guinness Superlatives. pp. 8–18.ISBN 978-0-85112-200-7.

[11] Falco, Charles M.; Guggenheim Museum Staff (1998).“Issues in the Evolution of the Motorcycle”. In Krens,Thomas; Drutt, Matthew. The Art of the Motorcycle.Harry N. Abrams. pp. 24–31. ISBN 0-89207-207-5.

[12] Ian Chadwick (June 30, 2001). “An overview of theBritish motorcycle industry and its collapse”. British Mo-torcycle Manufacturers. Retrieved 2007-06-28.

[13] Kresnak, Bill (2008). Motorcycling for Dummies.Hoboken, New Jersey: For Dummies, Wiley Publishing.ISBN 0-470-24587-5.

[14] “Brief History of theMarque: Hildebrand&Wolfmuller”.Hildebrand & Wolfmuller Motorad, European MotorcycleUniverse. Retrieved 28 June 2007.

[15] Wagner,Herbert “The World’s First Motorcycle Origin ofthe Word and Device”

[16] Chadwick, Ian. “Pennington” (in list of) British motorcy-cle manufacturers P:, June 6, 2003, retrieved March 18,2014.

[17] “History of Motorbikes”.

[18] Walker, Mick (2006). Motorcycle: Evolution, Design, Pas-sion. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8530-3.

[19] George Hendee. The AMAMotorcycle Hall of FameMu-seum. Archived from the original on September 10, 2009.Retrieved 8 August 2009.

[20] Youngblood, Ed (June 2001). “The Rise and Fall”. Amer-ican Motorcyclist. 55 (6). American Motorcyclist Assoc.

[21] “Our History”. Berkeley Police Department Online, City ofBerkeley, CA. Retrieved 2007-06-28.

[22] “Triumph history”. Archived from the original onDecem-ber 29, 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-20.

[23] “Triumph Motorcycle History”.

[24] “Triumph Motorcycles timeline”.

[25] “History of Harley-Davidson Motor Company”.

[26] Prashad, Sharda (16 April 2006). “HOG WILD; U of Tprofessor Brendan Calder is one of the legions of babyboomers who have helped to ensure the success of theHarley-Davidson brand name, not to mention its bottomline.”. Toronto Star. Toronto, Ont. p. A.16.

[27] Cato, Jeremy (8August 2003). “Harley-Davidson at 100”.The Vancouver Sun. Vancouver, B.C. p. E.1.Fro.

[28] Vance, Bill (24 April 2009). “Motoring Memories:DKW/Auto Union, 1928–1966”. Canadian Driver.

[29] de Cet, Mirco (2002). The illustrated directory of motor-cycles. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company. p. 128.ISBN 978-0-7603-1417-3.

[30] Walker, Mick (1999). Mick Walker’s German Racing Mo-torcycles. Redline Books. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-9531311-2-9.

[31] “HD History: Timeline - 1930s”. Harley-Davidson USA(2001-2007 H-D). Archived from the original on Septem-ber 28, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-28.

[32] “Post 1953 Indian Motorcycle History”.www.cycletownusa.com. Archived from the origi-nal on July 4, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-28.

8 9 REFERENCES

[33] “British Motorcycles of the 1930s”. www.webBikeWorld.com, webWorld International, LLC (2001-2007). Re-trieved 2007-06-28.

[34] “Freedom and Postwar Mobility: 1946-1958”. The Artof the Motorcycle, Guggenheim Museum. Retrieved 2014-06-25.

[35] Grant, Robert M.; Neupert, Kent E. (2003). Cases in con-temporary strategy analysis (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.ISBN 1-4051-1180-1. Retrieved 2010-11-12

[36] Johnson, Richard Alan (2005). Six men who built the mod-ern auto industry. MotorBooks International. ISBN 0-7603-1958-8. Retrieved 2010-11-12

[37] Bill Stermer (January–February 2008). “1977 BMWR100RS”. Motorcycle Classics. Retrieved 2009-08-10.

[38] “The first commercially-available diesel motorcycle”.www.Gizmag.com (November 20, 2006). Retrieved 2007-06-28.

[39] “Diesel motorbikes”. Journey to Forever. Retrieved 2007-06-28.

[40] “Hongdou Group: Manufacturer & Exporter . . .”. Inter-national Department, Hongdou Motorcycle Co. Ltd. Re-trieved 2007-06-28.

[41] Daniel Michaels. “Two-Wheel Taxis Tap Upscale Mar-ket in Paris”. Startup Journal - Enterprise, The Wall StreetJournal - Center for Entrepreneurs (2007 Dow Jones &Company, Inc.). Archived from the original on 2006-03-23. Retrieved 2007-06-28.

[42] “Honda lança primeira moto bicombustível do mundo” (inPortuguese). G1 Portal de Notícias da Globo. 2003-03-11. Retrieved 2003-03-11.

[43] Agencia EFE (2003-03-11). “Honda lançará moto flexainda neste mês no Brasil” (in Portuguese). Folha Online.Retrieved 2003-03-11.

[44] “Honda lança no Brasil primeira moto flex do mundo” (inPortuguese). UNICA. 2003-03-11. Retrieved 2003-03-11.

[45] ABRACICLO (September 2009). “Vendas 2009” (PDF)(in Portuguese). Archived from the original (PDF) onNovember 22, 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-26.

[46] “Nova Honda NXR 150 Bros Mix é a 1ª On-Off Roadcom tecnologia bicombustível do Brasil” (in Portuguese).MotoDriver. 2009-09-17. Archived from the original onSeptember 29, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-10.

[47] “Produção Motocicletas 2010” (PDF) (in Portuguese).ABRACICLO. Retrieved 2011-02-15.

[48] Abraciclo (2010-01-27). “Motos flex foram as maisvendidas em 2009 na categoria 150cc” (in Portuguese).UNICA. Retrieved 2010-02-10.

[49] “Com novo modelo flex, mais de metade da produçãoda Honda será bicombustível” (in Portuguese). UNICA,Brazil. 2011-01-12. Retrieved 2011-03-18.

[50] “Produção Motocicletas 2011” (PDF) (in Portuguese).ABRACICLO. Retrieved 2011-08-02. Productionthrough June 2011.

9

10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

10.1 Text• History of the motorcycle Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_motorcycle?oldid=748226490 Contributors: WilliamAvery, Greglocock, Lumos3, Calmypal, Gadfium, Kusunose, Discospinster, Brianhe, Bobo192, Smalljim, Anthony Appleyard, DennisBratland, Stardust8212, Bruce1ee, Bgwhite, RussBot, KGasso, Eaefremov, SmackBot, HeartofaDog, Cheesy mike, Hmains, Chris thespeller, SchfiftyThree, CSWarren, Ww2censor, Pickle UK, SamBlob, Hu12, ShelfSkewed, Pi3832, Alaibot, Casliber, AndrewDressel,The Transhumanist, MegX, VoABot II, Jeff dean, A75, Anaxial, Trusilver, Shawn in Montreal, Evb-wiki, Pullin, M-72, Jeff G., Barneca,Insanity Incarnate, Nagy, Motorrad-67, Lucasbfrbot, Aelius28, Mygerardromance, Martarius, ClueBot, Mariordo, Gtstricky, Eddaido,Bücherwürmlein, DumZiBoT, TimTay, PL290, Red1001802, Some jerk on the Internet, Fieldday-sunday, Thruxton, Chamal N, Tiderolls, Yobot, Raybattersby, Johnthomastaylor, Keithbob, LilHelpa, Amaury, Oldironnut, JuniperisCommunis, Citation bot 1, Biker Biker,Pinethicket, I dream of horses, Tom.Reding, Serols, Vrenator, Jeffrd10, Onel5969, RjwilmsiBot, John of Reading, Dewritech, K6ka,Fma543, H3llBot, L Kensington, Noodleki, Donner60, Rangoon11, ClueBot NG, Wdchk, Helpful Pixie Bot, Krontach, MusikAnimal,BattyBot, Cyberbot II, Zanglazor, Dschslava, Epicgenius, Alan, EvergreenFir, Monkbot, SWMeister, Ochunter, Tbeast35, CAPTAINRAJU, The Quixotic Potato, Brianhe.public, 786nisarlol, Pizaruls, GreenC bot, Bender the Bot and Anonymous: 134

10.2 Images• File:1894_Hildebrand_&_Wolfmüller_diagram.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/1894_Hildebrand_%26_Wolfm%C3%BCller_diagram.png License: Public domain Contributors: Pagé, Victor Wilfred (originally published1914, 2004 reprint of 1924 ed.), Early Motorcycles: Construction, Operation and Repair, Dover Publications, p. 24, ISBN 0486436713Original artist: Victor Wilfred Pagé

• File:Butler’{}s_Patent_Velocycle.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Butler%27s_Patent_Velocycle.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.isee.gateshead.gov.uk Original artist: Edward Butler (inventor)

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