History of the Internet

Where we began, Where we’ve been, Where we are

Built in 1937-1942 at Iowa State University by John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry, it introduced the ideas of binary arithmetic, regenerative memory, and logic circuits. These ideas were used in the design of the better-known ENIAC built several years later.

Atanasoff Berry

Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

• Turing's discoveries in mathematical logic, using the Turing machine concept, depended on seeing that programs operating on numbers could themselves be represented as numbers.

• Turing's 1945 conception of the computer was not tied to numbers at all. It was for the logical manipulation of symbols of any kind. From the start he stressed that a universal machine could switch at a moment's notice from arithmetic to the algebra of group theory, to chess playing, or to data processing.

• His computer, the Colossus, was created to break German codes during WWII. Kept secret until 1970.

The Alan Turing Homepage

1945:Alan Turing, Code Breaker

1945: Based on Turing’s model, John von Neuman designs a “stored program computer”, where the program and the data reside in the same machine. The von Neumann architecture is a design model for a stored-program digital computer that uses a processing unit and a single separate storage structure to hold both instructions and data.

http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/VonNeumann.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), 1946

The ENIAC Museum Online

• Designed by Drs. Eckert and Mauchly filled an entire room, weighed thirty tons, and consumed two hundred kilowatts of power. Lights dim in Philadelphia the first time it’s turned on!

• It generated so much heat that it had to be placed in one of the few rooms at the University with a forced air cooling system.

• It also had fifteen hundred relays and hundreds of thousands of resistors, capacitors, and inductors.

• An IBM card reader and card punch were used respectively for input and output.

The ENIAC

Used for:1. Ballistics2. Weather

prediction3. Atomic-energy

calculations4. Cosmic-ray

studies5. Thermal ignition6. Random-number

studies7. Wind-tunnel

design

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) 1946

Transistors, 1947

•Shockley, Bardeen, Brattain invented•Replaced the vacuum tubes•Nobel Prize earned! 1956

The History of Computing Project

UNIVAC, 1951First commercially available electronic digital

computer•Universal Automatic Computer•25 feet by 50 feet, 2.25 MHz, held 12,000 characters (1,000 words)•Designed by Eckert and Mauchly, of ENIAC fame•46 units sold by Remington Rand•Used until the 1960’s•Westinghouse had one installed in 1956 here in Pittsburgh•Calculated payroll, analyzed business, tracked sales records•90,000 transactions per monthThe circuitry that filled up the walk-in CPU of the UNIVAC I, now fits on your finger. The UNIVAC I made history in 1952 when it predicted Eisenhower's victory.

The History of Computing Project

UNIVAC, 1951First commercially available electronic digital

computer

1957

Sputnik launched Artificial satellite Direct threat to National Defense Threatened US supremacy

ARPA – Advance Research Projects Agency Military & Science Government (Eisenhower) creates ARPANET within

the Department of Defense

Birth of the Internet1952-Grace Hopper introduces idea of software

Paradigm shift (what’s a paradigm?) Computers first and foremost, a communication

device Second…an arithmetic tool

1961-1966

MIT begins testing connected networks ARPA one of main sponsors

1965 - Leonard Kleinrock, University of California Concept of packet switching Less vulnerable data

1965 – Experiment successful, 2 computers MIT, University of California Circuit switching too slow, need packet switching

1969 – ARPAnet launched, research begins

Interface Message ProcessorsSeptember 2, 1969

ARPANET team UCLA, Stanford, Bolt

Beranek and Newman (BBN)

Too large for the elevator!First official nodes, and

birth of the Internet: UC Los Angeles Stanford University of Utah UC Santa Barbara

1969-1972

ARPANET grows to over 13 nodes Used for research communication File sharing International

1973 – Norway and England First international additions to ARPANET

1970’s1971: Ray Tomlinson, email program developed

Scientist at BBN By 1973, email was 73% of all Internet traffic Enabled collaboration among researchers of ARPANET

1971: Dr. Ted Hoff develops a microprocessor Microprogrammable computer chip, Intel 4004

1972: Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn invented TCP/IP TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

TCP Enables flow, error checking IP enables identification and delivery of data

1973: Ethernet invented – Robert Metcalfe

1975: First mailing list Sent to SciFi lovers ; )

1970’s continued1976: Apple II invented and marketed

Steve Wozniak, Steve Jobs

1978: First “Spam”

1979: End users have access to the Internet due to CompuServe Offered email and chat services

Late 70’s, early 80’s: IP v DNS: Instead of numbers (Internet Protocol addresses), we are

able to give names to websites (Domain Name Servers), more user friendly

216.239.39.99 = www.google.com

1980’s1981: IBM Personal Computer (PC) introduced1985: NSFnet established

5 locations: University of Pittsburgh, University of California-San Diego, University of Illinois, Cornell University

Commercial activity prohibited1983: Time Magazine chooses a computer over a person

“Machine of the Year” Time Magazine1987: Internet Backbone

Enhanced speed of the Internet Al Gore sponsored the bill to fund Main long distance lines and hardware to connect computers

to Internet1989: Word Wide Web created by Tim Berners Lee

Hypermedia software that allows use to “surf” graphically (Hypertext Markup Language)

1990’s1992: NSFnet allowed commercial activity

1995: Commercial connections took over NSFnet backbone (MCI, AT&T)

1993: Browsers Gopher (1st “browser”, text only) Html (hypertext markup language) http (hypertext transfer protocol) Mosaic (Marc Andreessen, Eric Bina @ University of

Illinois

1994: Netscape Navigator introduced Big demand from businesses First commercial browser Jim Clark &Marc Andreessen, owners of Netscape

And beyond…

Paradigm

Works Cited

The Alan Turing Home Page. Andrew Hodges. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. <http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/index.html>.

Eniac Museum Online. Penn Engineering. Web. 30 Sept. 2009. <http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~museum/index.html>.

Shelly, Gary B., Thomas J. Cashman, and Jeffrey J. Webb. Discovering Computers: Fundamentals. 3rd ed. Boston: Thomson Course Technology, 2007. Print.

Shelly, Gary B., Thomas J. Cashman, H. Albert Napier, and Philip J. Judd. Discovering the Internet Complete Concepts and Techniques, Second Edition (Shelly Cashman). 2nd ed. Boston: Course Technology, 2007. Print.

Waxer, Barbara, and Marsha Baum. Internet Surf and Turf-Revealed The Essential Guide to Copyright, Fair Use, and Finding Media (Revealed). Boston: Course Technology, 2005. Print.