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History of the Church. Part II. Re-Cap of Part I: Forces that Weakened the Catholic Church’s Stronghold in Europe. Crusades – “Holy Wars” not so holy Great Schism – Bitterness between East/West Inquisition – Only True Believers Club The Plague – Death Comes to Everyone - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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History of the ChurchPart II
Re-Cap of Part I: Forces that Weakened the Catholic Church’s
Stronghold in Europe
• Crusades – “Holy Wars” not so holy• Great Schism – Bitterness between East/West• Inquisition – Only True Believers Club• The Plague – Death Comes to Everyone• Great Western Schism – Will the real Pope
please stand up?
And some other factors. . .
• Rise in Nationalism – Don’t tell us what to do!
• Selling of Indulgences – Pay your way to Heaven?
• Popular Preachers • Reformers within the Church – Jean
Gerson, Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa• Humanists – Thomas More, John
Fisher, John Colet, Erasmus• Protesting Men who went public with
their grievances. . .
Protestant Reformation: Many voices want Reform!
Martin Luther - Germany
• From priest (Augustinian Monk) to Protestor
• Sin really bothered him• Felt like a “dung hill”• Only grace could redeem• Indulgence selling REALLY
bothered him!• Faith or Good Works?• Justification by Faith Alone
Tetzel – Indulgences for Sale]
Dominican Friar sent to Germany to raise money to re-build St. Peter’s
"As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory [also attested as 'into heaven'] springs.“
Luther hated this! Wrote a long letter to the Bishop
Sampling of Luther’s Main Gripes : Became the “Ninety-five Theses”
• FAITH ALONE SAVES, Not good works• Forgiveness comes only from God, not from the
church (granting indulgences)• Church “happens” wherever and whenever the
Gospel is proclaimed purely• No Need for Pope/Hierarchy – Authority comes
from Scripture, not Clergy• No Need for sacraments except Baptism and
Eucharist
Luther – Wittenburg Castle – Posted The 95 Theses and He was Done!
Excommunication – 1521 – Pope Leo Xat Diet of Worms, Germany
Guttenberg’s Revolutionary Invention: The Printing Press
LUTHER’S VICTORIES
• Used the printing press to circulate his 95 Theses – everyone in Germany had them
• translated the Bible into German, printed, into the hands of anyone who wanted it
• Wrote a catechism, composed hymns, created liturgies and spirited theological writings
• Many priests/nuns left the monasteries and convents to follow him
• Ideas embraced quickly throughout Germany, Switzerland, Scandinavia
Luther’s Opponents• Argued with Luther : Are we
dung hills or are we divine? • Humanists like Erasmus were
adamant that FREE WILL is the greatest of human gifts
• Stayed faithful to the church and worked to reform from within
• Condemned Luther for throwing out Sacred Tradition
• Not even the reformers could agree!Erasmus
Meanwhile. . . Huldrych Zwingli – Switzerland – Luther Didn’t Go Far Enough
Zwingli’s Main Gripes – Luther Plus More
• Fasting during Lent – Hated It!• Statues and Images – Hated Them!• Religious Music and Art – Hated them!• Sacraments, mass, Eucharist – Hated
Them!• Hierarchy – Really Hated it!
Meanwhile. . .John Calvin – France/Switzerland. . .continued the split
Calvin’s Main Gripes & Ideas ~ Luther plus a little Zwingli and More
• “Sola Scriptura” - Scripture is the ONE and ONLY authority (NOT the Pope)
• Unity of Church realized through representative assemblies (individuals canNOT be trusted!)
• Though there are titles, there is NO hierarchy
• People have the right to choose their own leaders• Church is SUPREME over the State
More Calvinistic Ideas. . .• Wrote “Institutes of Christian Religion” - the first written
down theology of the new thought
• NEW DOCTRINE: PREDESTINATION – LOVED IT!
• Thriftiness, cleanliness, prosperity – Loved them! Signs of God’s presence and blessing
• Capitalism, individualism, democracy – Loved it!
• Influenced Puritanism, Presbyterianism, Reformed Churches and MANY churches in America
And then there wasKing Henry VIII - England
Henry’s Main Gripes and Actions:
• Wanted an annulment from his wife, Catherine of Aragon – Pope hated it! Excommunication for his marriage to Anne Boleyn
• Act of Supremacy – 1534 – Parliament declared him head of the Church
• Cranmer appointed Archbishop of Canterbury• Ruled Henry’s marriage to Catherine invalid and
their child, Mary, not an heir to the throne• Separation from Church -NOT DOCTRINAL THIS
TIME! But Church and State are ONE AGAIN
Further Splintering: Radical Ecclesiology of the Left Wing
• Evangelicalism: Restore the First Century Church and make it separate from the world!
• Spiritualists – Spirit alone constitutes; no need for Scripture, structures, voluntary community
• Anabaptists – rebaptism into early church; no organization, no infant baptism, highly moralistic, pacifistic, nonviolent;
• Unitarians - Some denied Trinity
Counter Reformation: Council of Trent1545-63 (A long Process)
• Called by Pope Paul II – Reactionary?• Re-fined the Catholic position on sacraments, clergy, Scripture,
doctrine of faith and grace, salvation• Established a seminary system• Reformed the Liturgy into a “Grand Spectacle;” No Laity involvement• Revised the Latin “Vulgate” version of the Bible• Reinforced hierarchy • At the Heart: Society of Jesus (Jesuits)• Emphasized Devotions and Practices (ex: Veneration of the saints,
Marian devotions, Eucharistic Adoration)
Reforms Shaped the Church for 400 years!
Ignatius of Loyola – Society of Jesus(the Jesuits) began the Missionary
Movement All Over the World
Influence of The Enlightenment: A Superfluous Church?
IN EUROPE 1789 • Rene Descartes, Immanuel
Kant, Diderot, Voltaire. Rousseau
FRENCH REVOLUTION’s 3-Point Agenda: Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity
• Freed Church from feudalism
• Destroyed monasteries, churches, art
IN AMERICA: 1770’sBen Franklin, Thomas Jefferson,
Thomas Paine, other Founding Fathers
AMERICAN REVOLUTION• Individualism, Freedom of
thought, action, pursuit of happiness
• Separation of Church and State
• Anti-Catholicism in the colonies
Influence of Science and Philosophy on Religion
Complexity• Galileo and Copernicus
declared heretics!• Science “debunks” what
was being taught as Truth• No more superstition!• Rise in Secularization –
people identified more with society than church
Polarization• The Missionary
Movement – religion or culture?
• Individualism and Democratic ideas counter to Church hierarchy
• Education and Modernism Push Back
American Catholicism: The Carroll Brothers: John and Charles
• Charles a patriot –signed the Dec. of Ind.
• John the first Bishop of Baltimore
• Desired to make the American church more democratic – denied!
• Helped establish the church’s legitimacy
The Modern Church of 19th Century
19th Century Influences• Democratic Ideas of
Freedom of Speech, Press, due process, etc.
• Papal States stripped• Question: What is the
role of the church in society?
First Vatican Council 1869 or: It’s All About the Pope!
Papal Primacy (apostolic succession, vicarship, ministry)
Papal Infallibility –immunity from error on matters of faith and morals; “ex-cathedra”
Down with Modernism! 20th Century Developments
• Influence of modern thinking about nature of Truth
• Some Catholics wanted reform! Modern church needs modern ways
• Ideas were condemned by Pope Pius X (1907)• Upheld the foundations of the faith in all
matters – DOGMA DOES NOT CHANGE!• (Later. . .but our understanding of it does)
Pre-Vatican II ( 1940’s – 60’s)• A Great Divide – Protestants and Catholics did NOT
dialogue• Catholics still in the “fortress mentality,” defending the
faith like soldiers of Christ• Era of “Pay, Pray, Obey!” Formula Catholics
• Laity NOT involved. . .only Clergy• Is the Church irrelevant? Left Behind? Superstitious?• New Theology Emerges ecumenically: Dietrich
Bonhoeffer, Karl Rahner, Edward Schillebeecks, Heri de Lubac, Hans Kung, etc.
• And then, most importantly:
Pope John XXIII – 1958-1963
Second Vatican Council: 1962-63• Called to “renew the Church” – “A New
Pentecost”• Diplomats, Press, Non-Catholics, ecumenical
observers and Women were all invited to be there• Church re-defined from the inside out (twin
documents: Lumen Gentium and Gaudiem et Spec• Church called “people of God” as sacrament and
servant• Televised; First council to have electricity!
Vatican II Summary ChartPre-Vatican II Ecclesiology• Church as institution
• Church as hierarchy
• Mission: word and sacrament
• Church as absolute monarchy
• TriumphalismChurch = Kingdom
Vatican II Ecclesiology• Church as mystery/sacrament
• Church as People of God
• Mission: word, sacrament, servant
• Church as a communion• Church as ecumenical
community
• Church as eschatological community
The Church of the Future:Where will we be in 2020 and beyond?
Pondering the Future! Driving Forces• Growing number of people with no
religious affiliation• More people who are “spiritual” but
not “religious”• Declining Participation in Churches• Increasing Diversity and Pluralism• Influence of Individualism• Changing Structures of Family Life• Declining Social Influence of Church• Increasing Impact of Internet and
Social Media
Church of the Millennium
• Great Values Shift (See handout)• What are your values?• When you die, what do you want to leave as a
legacy? What will be said of the time you had here on earth?
Jesus Said:
“I will be with you until the end of
time. . .”
Special Event: Interfaith Story of Courage and Compassion
San Francisco Bay Area Author and Speaker Marty Brounstein
will speak and sign his book:
Two Among the Righteous Few: A Story of Courage in the Holocaust.
Tuesday, November 19, 2013 at 7:30 p.m. in Knight Hall
ALL ARE WELCOME!