HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

BİLİM VE TEKNOLOJİ TARİHİBy

Prof.Dr. Zekai Sen

رجب. زكريا ذكاى دشن

İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİİSTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

SU VAKFITURKISH WATER FOUNDATION

Reality search?, Systematic arrangement?, Random intake but systematic output?, etc.

, , ولكن عشوائي دخلة ؟ منهجي تخطيط ؟ الحقيقة بحث هو هل؟ نظامي ,خروج

WHAT IS SCIENCE ?؟ العلم هو ما

WHAT ARE SCIENTIFIC BASIS?

؟ العلمية االساس هى ما

• Material (مادة)

• Space (Geometry) ( – كون(الهندسة

• Time (زمن)

• Variation (تغيير)

WHAT ARE SCIENTIFIC CRITERIA ?العلمية؟ معيار هى ما

Phenomenological ( طبيعية (ظاهرة

Logical foundation ( معقولة او منطقية ( اسوس

General deductions ( ؟ العامة (استنتاج

Objectivity (موضوعية)

Testability (اختباري)

Selectivity (انتقائي)

Falsification ( تكذيب , (تزييف

WHICH CIVILIZATIONS ENHANCED SCIENCE ?؟ العلم مدعومة الحضارات هى ما

Mesopotamian (Babylon, Assyrian) , ) ( اسور ( بابل النهرين بين بالد مسزبوتاميا

Egyptian (مصر)

Indian (هند)

Old Greek ( القديم (يونان

ISLAMIC (اسالم)

West (غرب)

WHY SCIENCE REVIVED WITH ISLAM ?؟ االسالم فى العلم التجديد سبب هو ما

Qur’an (قران)

Hadith (حديث)

Humanity (انسانية)

WHO ARE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT MUSLIM SCIENTISTS ?؟ المسلمين العلماء اهم هم من

Al Farabi (870-950 ) (Ara Ahl al-Madina al-Fadila) اهل أراءالفاضلة المدينة

(lhsa al 'Ulum) العلوم إحصاء

(Fusus al-Hikam) فصوصالتفهيم Abu Raihan al-Biruni(973-1048 ) (Kitab al-Tafhim)الحكم كتاب

(Kitab al-Jawahir ) الجواهر كتاب (Kitab Tahdid Nihayat al-Amakin) نهاية تحديد

األماكنIbn Sina (980-1037 ) (Qanun at-Tib) قانون

(As-Shifa) الطبالشفاء

Omar al-Khayyam (1048-1131) (Tariq-al-Jalali) الجاللي طريق

Al-Khwarizmi (790-840) (Al-Maqala fi Hisab-al Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah) والمقابلة الج�بر حساب في المقالة

Abu Marwan Ibn Zuhr (1091-1161) (Kitab al-Iqtisad fi Islah al-Anfus wa al- Ajsad ) األنفس اصالح في االقتصاد

واألجساد

WHO ARE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT MUSLIM SCIENTISTS ?

Al-Idrisi (1099-1166) (al-Jami-li-Sifat Ashtat al-Nabatat) الجامعالنباتات اشتات لصفات

(Nuzhat al-Mushtaq fi Ikhtiraq al-Afaq) اختراق في المشتاق نزهةاآلفاق

Ibn Rushd (1128-1198) (Thafut at-Tahafut) التهافت تهافت (fi-Harakat al-Falak) حركة

الفلكAbu Hamid al-Gazali (1058-1128) (Ihya al-'Ulum al-Din) علوم إحياء الدين (Tuhafut al-Falasifa) الفالسفة تهافت

Ibn al-Baitar (died 1248) (al-Jami fi al-Adwiya al- Mufrada) المفردة األدوية في الجامع

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) (al-Tadhkira fi'ilm al-hay'a) الهيئة علم في التذكرة

Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288) (Al-Shamil fi al-Tibb) في الشاملالمختار (al-Mukhtar fi al-Aghdhiya الطب

األغذية فيIbn Khaldun (1332-1395) (Muqaddimah) المقدمة

Ibn al-Haitham (Died 803) (al-Manazir) المناظر

El Zahrawi (940-1013) Father of surgery (Al-Tasrif) التصريف

WHAT ARE THE MAJOR TOPICS OF MUSLIM CONTRIBUTIONS؟ المسلمين علماء قبل من مساهمة فيها العلمية مجاالت هي ما

Chemistry (الكيمياء) Jabir bin Hayyan

Algebra (الجبر) Al Khawarizmi

Astronomy (الهية) Al Tusi€€€€

Physics (الفيزياء) Ibn Haithem

Geography (الجغرافيا) Al Idrisi

Philosophy (الفلسفة) Ibn Rushd

Logic (المنطق) Al Farabi

Traveller (السياحة) Ibn Battuta

Sociology ( المجتمعة Ibn Khaldun (علم

Medicine (الطب) Ibn Sina

Geology ( االرض (علوم Al Biruni

Pharmacy (الصيدلية) Al Biruni

Trigonometry ( المثلثات Al-Battani (علم

Physiology ( النفس Al Ghazali (علم

AL-BIRUNI

His book, األماكن نهاية كتاب تحديد Kitab Tahdid Nihayat al-Amakin (Determining the Coordinates of the the Cities) introduced the concept of descriptive geography. ( العرض و الطول خطوط لتحيد الوصفية الهندسة العلم مفهوم مرة اسساول هو كتابه (في

His map of the world is amongst the oldest surviving maps. He argued, correctly, for a sedimentary origin for the Indus Valley and the Arabian Peninsula with fossils.

Al-Biruni described his own method for determining the circumference of the earth. ( العرض لتحديد( مخيط خاصة طريقته حدد البيروني

AL-KARAJI

Binomial expansion coefficient is given by him as.

)اقترحهو  أسن ب ( + ا ال فك مرة اول

Al-Karaji include summing the first n natural numbers as, ( الى صفر من الصحيحة االرقام جم(نون

n(n + 1)/2

The sum of the squares of the numbers is equal to the sum of these numbers and the product of each of them by its predecessor as( مضيف الارقام جم الى يساوى الصحيحة الارقام مربعة جم

قبله ما ضرب مع الارقام جم (الية

Summation of the cubes of the first n natural numbers is given simply as, ( االرقام جم تربيع الى يساوى التكعيب االرقام (جم

i2

= i i+ (i -1)

3 =2( ) i i

He could now use the same rule on ( كتالي القائدة نفس استخدام (ممكن

(1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 9)2

then on ( بعدين (و

(1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 8)2

etc. to get ( , على حصل هو الخ (و

( 1 + 2 + ... + 10)2 = (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 8)2 + 93 + 103

= (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 7)2 + 83 + 93 + 103

= . . .

= 13 + 23 + 33 + ... + 103.

Al-Karaji also showed that ( التالي على أيدا حصل (هو(1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 10)2 =13 + 23 + 33 + ... + 103

He did this by first showing that ( كلى قبل هذا على حصل هو (شى

(1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 10)2 = (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 9)2 + 103

AL-KHWARIZMI (الخرزمي)

 

 

A = (X + a/4 + a/4)(X + a/4 + a/4) = (X + a/2)2

X2 + aX + a2/4 = (X + a/2)2

b + a2/4 = (X + a/2)2

Finally, ( األخير (في

X1 = - a/2 - b + a2/4

and

X2 = - a/2 + b + a2/4

X2 + aX = b

(a/2)*X

(a/2)*X

(a/2)*(a/2)

X*X

A = X2 + aX + (a/2)(a/2) = X2 + aX + a2/4

aX2 + bX + c = 0

Al-Tusi developed trigonometry as a mathematical discipline rather than a tool for astronomical applications. His work is really the first in history on trigonometry.

فقط لديننصرا الفلك علم في تطبيقها معادا الرياضة كفرع المثلثات علم تطور الطوسي

العلم تاريخ في اصلي المثلثات على عمله الحقيقة في

AT-TUSI(الطوسي)

a/sin A = b/sin B = c/sin C.

Sinus law ( جيبي (قانون

AL-SIJZI

In work on geometrical algebra al-Sijzi proves geometrically that

التالي الفك الهندسة اساس على اثبت هو

(a + b)3 = a3 + 3ab(a + b) + b3.

TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS DURING ISLAMIC SCIENCE PERIOD

AL-JAZARI (Kitab fi ma'arifat al-hiyal al-handassiyya)الهندسية الخيال معرفة فى كتاب

1. Shaduf

2. Water or dough beating - AL-JAZARI (Kitab fi ma'arifat al-hiyal al-handassiyya)الهندسية الخيال معرفة فى كتاب

AL-JAZARI - (Kitab fi ma'arifat al-hiyal al-handassiyya)الهندسية الخيال معرفة فى كتاب

4. Bucket series on a ribbon to raise water AL-JAZARI (Kitab fi ma'arifat al-hiyal al-handassiyya) الهندسية الخيال معرفة فى كتاب

5. Robotic instrument AL-JAZARI (Kitab fi ma'arifat al-hiyal al-handassiyya)الهندسية الخيال معرفة فى كتاب

   6. Cylinder, piston and crank axel AL-JAZARI (Kitab fi ma'arifat al-hiyal al-handassiyya) الهندسية الخيال معرفة فى كتاب

( مكبس - - اسطوانة تدوير (ذراع

Karanlık oda

Mum

Işık

Işık

Görüntü

İBNİ HEYSEM

AL-ZAHRAWI التصريف (Kitab at -Tasrif) كتاب

PHILOSOPHICAL

THINKING

Complexity

Difficulty

Observations

Expert views

Predictions

LOGICAL RULES

LOGICAL REASONING

● Support for injunctions in the Koran that it is the bounden duty of every Muslim, man or woman, to acquire knowledge.

● Patronage of science by persons in high positions. Important examples include the early Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad (754 to 833). Princes and ministers found pleasure or reputation in supporting science. Sultan Ulug Bey at Samarkand, in modern-day Uzbekistan, even performed his own astronomical observations.

● A liberal and tolerant attitude to knowledge from all sources; international contacts and exchange of ideas.

● Good social conditions for scientists.

(Alm, knowledge) علم

(Aml, practice) عمل

(Ikhlas, sincere devotion) اخالص ● The Koran encourages the pursuit of science, and in its heyday the

Islamic world was a cradle of science for seven centuries.

External factors Mongol invasion (1258) Crusader remnants 1576 Tophane rasathanesi bombardımanı

Internal factors growing isolation authoritative regimes discouragement of innovation restrictions on freedom of expression official idological pressure

DECLINE OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION IN ISLAMIC WORLD

The following points are missing in our educational system

self-confidence in independent research

team spirit and cooperative work

genuine science history with emphasis is on scientific developments right after the emergence of Islam and respect to foreign scientific thoughts with cultural

intermingling for universality

independent research centers and local productions

independent scientific journals in native languages

ACADEMICIAN PROBLEMS

Do academicians follow the recent developments in science and education?

Is there competition between them?

Are they evaluated according to their academic activities or other measures out of science and education?

How often they allow students to ask questions with rational and logical answers?

Do political power in Islamic countries

strive for the wisdom ?, or

provide education facilities?

DUPLICATION of western education system for knowledge generation through IMITATIVE patterns.

Self cultural intermingling of the wisdom with historical heritage is needed

Western education systems strive for Old Greek philosophy before Christ although Muslims contributed numerously into different disciplines of science

After Christ with the emergence of Islam.

Today, especially Muslims themselves forgot the foundation of science and education with

the Islamic uprising

It is necessary to direct constructive Islamic criticism on pros and cons of modern science

Politicians and academicians alike praise the Western science without any criticism for the betterment of their positions

Muslims must give up worship-like attitude by Muslims without creative wisdom. THIS IS THE WAY TO OVERCOME THE INFERIORITY COMPLEX. THIS MUST

BE ACHIEVED FIRST WITH THE STAFF MEMBERS, ACADEMICIANS AND EDUCATORS.

Deficiencies in science and education investment are one of the major obstacles to progress — the primary

impediments are political.

Spending on research and development in the Islamic world is an order of magnitude below the global

average.

Islamic countries on average spend less than 0.4% (world average 2.36%) of their gross national product on research.

Islamic countries are often hampered by isolation and a relatively immature university system.

Political leaders in many Islamic nations simply fail to appreciate the importance of scientific research to their countries’ development.

Individual scientists need better security — in jobs, salaries and pensions. Perhaps distinvtion between academicians and scientists.

Neglecting the impact of Islam on science would not only be blind, but a disservice to Muslim peoples, who, if they are to become prosperous, need to shift from their flagging natural resource- and agriculture- based economies to knowledge-based ones.

Greater dialogue is needed among Muslim scholars and scientists about how to encourage science to flourish

in the Islamic world through educational and research institutions.