History of Microscope

7/23/2019 History of Microscope

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The History of the Microscope

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Elektronenmikroskop.jpg

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/images/hookemicro.gif



• Circa 1000AD – The first vision aid

was invented• (inventor unknown- possibly a monk)

called a reading stone !t was a

glass sphere that magnified whenlaid on top of reading materials



Circa 1284 - !talian" #alvino $%&rmate

is credited with inventing the first

wearable eyeglasses



• 1590 – Two $utch eyeglass makers" 'accharias

anssen and son Hansanssen

• eperimented with multiple

lenses placed in a tubeThe anssens observedthat viewed ob*ects in frontof the tube appeared

greatly enlarged" creatingboth the forerunner of thecompound microscopeand the telescope



• 1665 – +nglish

physicist",obert Hooke looked at asliver of corkthrough amicroscopelens andnoticed somepores or

cells in it

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/images/hookemicro.gif



• 1674 – &nton van .eeuwenhoek

built a simple microscope withonly one lens to eamine blood"

yeast" insects and many other

tiny ob*ects

http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blleeuwenhoek.htm

http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blleeuwenhoek.htm



• 1830 – oseph ackson .ister reduces

spherical aberration or the chromatic

effect by showing that several weaklenses used together at certain distances

gave good magnification without blurring

the image This was the prototype for thecompound microscope



• 1903 – ,ichard

'sigmondy

developed the

ultramicroscope

that could studyob*ects below the

wavelength of light

He won the /obel0ri1e in 2hemistry

in 3456

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg



• 1932 – 7rits 'ernike

invented the phase-

contrast microscope thatallowed for the study of

colorless and transparent

biological materials forwhich he won the /obel

0ri1e in 0hysics in 3468



• 1931 – +rnst ,uska co-invented the

electron microscope for which he

won the /obel 0ri1e in 0hysics in349: &n electron microscope

depends on electrons rather than

light to view an ob*ect" electrons are

speeded up in a vacuum until theirwavelength is etremely short" only

one hundred-thousandth that of white

light +lectron microscopes make it

possible to view ob*ects as small asthe diameter of an atom



• 1981 – ;erd <innig and Heinrich,ohrer invented the scanningtunneling microscope that gives

three-dimensional images ofob*ects down to the atomic level <innig and ,ohrer won the /obel0ri1e in 0hysics in 349: The

powerful scanning tunnelingmicroscope is the strongestmicroscope to date

#TM image"

= nm = nm"of a single 1ig-

1ag chain of

2s atoms

(red) on the

;a&s(33>)

surface (blue)

#TM image" 86 nm

86 nm" of single

substitutional 2r

impurities (small

bumps) in the

7e(>>3) surface

http://physics.nist.gov/GenInt/STM/fig2.html

http://physics.nist.gov/GenInt/STM/fig1.html




• Power of the Electron Microscope

!f pushed to the limit" electronmicroscopes can make it possible toview ob*ects as small as the diameter

of an atom Most electron microscopesused to study biological material cansee down to about 3> angstroms--anincredible feat" for although this does

not make atoms visible" it does allowresearchers to distinguish individualmolecules of biological importance !neffect" it can magnify ob*ects up to 3million times /evertheless" all electron

microscopes suffer from a seriousdrawback #ince no living specimencan survive under their high vacuum"they cannot show the ever-changingmovements that characteri1e a living

cell




• !contrast scannin"

trans#ission

electron #icroscope

i#a"e $left% of io&ine

ato#s in a car'on

nanot('e $)is(ali*e&

a'o)e%+



!mage of

#i

&toms of n-type Mo#5" a common

dry lubricant The bright spots

indicate # atoms" which accountfor its ecellent lubrication

properties

http://www.physics.purdue.edu/nanophys/images/mos2.jpg



• The letters ?!<M@ spelled in enon atoms" asimaged by the atomic force microscope 2ourtesyA

!<M

!n 3494" !<M scientist $on +igler was surprised to learn that in

addition to using an #TM to look at tiny things he could also use it

like a pair of twee1ers" to move things as small as a single atom

That year" he used an #TM to move individual atoms of the gas

enon that had been cooled to etremely low temperatures so that

they sat still" to spell out ?!<M@ on a nickel surface He then used

the microscope to capture an image of the microscopic logo" and

announced his results to the world



HereBs an eample of a Cuestion you

might be asked on this materialA

• Dhich of the following is an

instrument that a scientist might use

to ?see@ an image of a moleculeE

& a telescope

< binoculars

2 electron microscope

$ anemometer



• Try

again

#orry" a telescope is used to look at

ob*ects that are very far away suchas stars and other planets



• Try again

#orry" binoculars are used to

make things that you can seewith your eyes appear closer

http://www.camacdonald.com/birding/DesJardin/AmericanGoldfinch.html



• Try again

#orry" an anemometer is used to

measure wind speed



2ongratulationsFFFGou got itFF

• GesFF &n electron

microscope can give

us images that show

us what moleculesand even some atoms

look like

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History of Microscope