The Evolution of the Computer Age

Objectives of Objectives of the Subjectthe Subject

• trace and describe the history of computers

• relate and appraise the significance of the history of computers in modern life

Students will be able to:

Ancient Ancient HistoryHistory

4000-1300 BC

4000-1200 BC Inhabitants of the first known civilization in Sumer keep records of commercial transactions on clay tablets.

CuneiformCuneiformSumerians created cuneiformscript over 5000 years ago. It was the world's first written language. The last known cuneiform inscription was written in 75 AD.

3000 BC

• The abacus was invented in Babylonia

250-230 BC

The Sieve of The Sieve of ErastosthenesErastosthenes AlgorithmAlgorithmwas used to determine prime numbers.

About 79 AD

•The “Antikythera Device” when set correctly according to latitude and day of the week, gives alternating 29-and –30-day lunar months

About 1300Chinese calculating rods replaced by wire and bead abacus

  Early AgeEarly Age

1600s1600s  

 

A. Mechanical Machines made of gears and levers, (operation was completely manual)

•1642-1643Blaise Pascal created a gear

driven adding machine called “PASCALENE”

known as the first mechanical adding machine.

Blaise Pascal

Pascalene

1674• Gottfried Leibniz built the

“STEPPED RECKONER” a calculator using a cylindrical gear that can perform multiplication and division.

Gottfried von Leibniz

• In the 1670s, a German Baron called Gottfried von Leibniz (sometimes von Leibniz) took mechanical calculation a step beyond his predecessors.

Step Reckoner

1822-1830•Charles Babbage He built a crank driven “DIFFERENCE MACHINE”

Charles Babbage

Difference Machine

•Augusta Ada countess of Lovelace translated Luigi Menabrea’s pamphlet on the Analytical Engine.

• She translated it from French to English and corrected the Babbage’s errors.  

1842-1843

• She also developed the programming loop because of her suggestion that punched cards could be prepared to instruct Babbage’s engines to repeat certain operations.

Augusta Ada of

Lovelace

1886 Dr. Herman Hollerith He invented the electromechanical punched card tabulating machine for use in the 1890 US Census.

Herman Hollerith

Punched Card

B. Through out the 1930’s and 40’s, computers came to depend more and more on electricity for power that give rise to electromechanical devices. 

1930’s IBM was the leader of punchcard tabulating equipment.TOM J. WATSON,who pioneered the marketingof computer systems-selling business solutions rather thanjust electronic boxes.

Thomas J.

Watson

• Harvard Mark 1

Howard Aiken developed the digital calculating machine capable of performing the four fundamental operations of arithmetic and operating in a predetermined sequence.

1940’s

Howard Hathway

Aiken

Harvard Mark 1 / IBM ASCC

C. The era of the solid state electronics began to mature, ushering in the modern computer age we know today. 

1943-1946• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) • built by John Presper Eckert and

John W. Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania.

• it was built with vacuum tubes that were purely electronic switches that replaced relays.

ENIAC took up 3,000 cubic feet weighted 30 tons used 18,000 vacuum tubes and 70,000 registers required more than 170 kilowatts of power had a random access memory capacity of about 1,000 information bits used punched

cards to store data

John W. Mauchly

(1907-1980)

J. Presper Eckert

(1919-1995)

1945-1953•EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

•John Von Neumann together with Eckert and Mauchly designed a machine can store programs as well as data and numbers in memory.

•Neumann believed that binary system of notation is better suited to computers instead of decimal system.

EDVAC

John von Neumann

First Generation: The Vacuum Tube AgeThe Vacuum Tube Age

(1951-1957)

    Vacuum tubes (similar to ENIAC) as principal logic element

  Tubes enable computer to run faster

  It became very large and bulky

• Generated excessive heat and prone to failure.

1952• Development team led

by Dr. Grace Hopper, former US Navy programmer, introduces the A6 Compiler- the first example of software that converts high-level language symbols into instructions that computer can execute.

Vacuum Tube

UNIVAC I•first computer to be used by businesses

•mostly for accounting functions such as payroll and billing

•magnetic drums (used as internal memory)

•standard punch card served as the secondary storage

  

 

 

 

 

 

UNIVAC 1

1957Introduction of first high-level programming language-FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator)

Second Generation: The Transistor Age

(1958-1963)

1958• Transistors

replaced vacuum tubes as the main logic element

• Bell Laboratories invented the transistor.

Transistors

1959 Removable

disk packs providing users with fast access to stored data.

General Electric Corporation introduces ERMA (Electronic Recording Machine Accounting)

• First technology that can read special characters, such as digitized information.

Introduction of the first business application programming language where in U.S. Navy’s Grace Hooper developed COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) – based on Englishlike phrases.

1960

1963Introduction of the first computer industry standard character set – ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) that enables computers to exchange information.

Magnetic Core Memory

• magnetic core memory (doughnut shaped strung together on wires…tiny cores can store one bit

• Replaceable boards

Third Generation: The Integrated Circuit Age

(1964-1969)

•Computer chips (small integrated circuits) replaced the transistors

•Computer chips are small solid pieces of silicon that contained all the components (transistors and printed circuit boards being interconnected)

1964

Integrated Circuits

Operating Systems•IBM developing upward compatibility with their family of computers

(IBM Systems360 product line)

•any program written for one of these machines could be run without change in any larger machine in the series.

Mini-computers

•Digital Equipment Corporations (DEC) built PDP-8 known as world’s first minicomputer

•Kenneth Olsen and An Wang pioneered in creating minicomputers.

Word Processing Technology

•Founded by An Wang

BASIC

•translator for this peripheral-less computer was written by Bill Gates who found Microsoft Corporation

1965

• Introduction of ARPANET and the beginning of the Internet.

• IBM announces its decision to offer unbundled software, priced and sold separately from the hardware.

1969

Kenneth Olsen

An Wang

PDP-8

DEC PDP-12

Fourth Generation: The Microprocessor Age

(1971 to 1990)

•dawning of the age of microcomputers

•improved manufacturing techniques enabled more and more circuitry to be squeezed into a chip

•Introduction of computers built with chips that used LSI (large-scale integration).

1970

1971Intel 4004 chip

•Dr. Ted of Intel Corporation develops a microprogrammable computer chip. •It is the first Computer on a chip that has 2,250 transistors•An adequate processor for simple electronic devices such as calculators and cash registers.

• IBM compatibles have become a major force in reducing the prices and making powerful microcomputers widely available.

• Secondary storage has grown to a capacity large enough to contain all data needed to operate a big corporation or a major government agency.

Floppy Disk Made their debut in 1970

CD-ROMIntroduced by Sonyand Philips in 1984That provided significantlygreater storage capacityfor digital data.

Altair 8800First fully assembled microcomputer system unit created by MITS Inc. (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems) selling for less than $400 a kit.

1975

• First local area network (LAN) – Ethernet- developed at Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center).

1975

1977

APPLE – Macintosh • The first successful

microcomputer company • Founded by Steve Wozniak

and Steve Jobs

Steven Wozniak and Steven Jobs

1979

• Introduction of the first public information services – Compuserve and the Source.

1980IBM asks Microsoft founder William Henry Gates III a.k.a Bill Gates to develop an operating system – MS DOS – for the soon to be released IBM personal computer.

1981• Introduction of the IBM

PC, which contains an Intel microprocessor chip and Microsoft’s MS DOS operating system.

1984

Apple introduces the Machintosh Computer, with a unique, easy to use graphical user interface.

1985 • Microsoft introduces its Windows graphical user interface.

1989

1990

• Introduction of Intel 486 – the first 1,000,000 transistor microprocessor.

• Microsoft releases Windows 3.0 with an enhanced graphical user interface and the ability to run multiple applications.

Fifth Generation The Age of Connectivity

(1991 - present)

World Wide WebTim Berners Lee founded WWW . The web and soon to follow graphical browsers brought the Internet into the mainstream.

1991

1991• Linus Tovalds, a

graduate student at the University of Helsenki, develops a version of UNIX called the LINUX operating system.

• acceptance of parallel processing. In this generation the introduction of machines with hundreds of processors working on different parts of a single program.

The scale of integration in semiconductors continued at an incredible pace - by 1990 it was possible to build chips with a million components and semiconductor memories became standard on all computers.

Pentium Processor

• Introduction of computer systems built with Intel’s Pentium microprocessor.

1993

1993 • Introduction of

MOSAIC graphical Web browser, which led to the organization of Netscape Communications Corporation.

1995• Intel begins

shipping the Pentium Pro microprocessor.

• Microsoft releases Windows 95, a major upgrade to its Windows operating system.

The widespread use of computer networks and the increasing use of single-user work stations (called personal computers or PCs.)

1996

1996• USB• DVD Video and Players• Windows NT 4.0 for Server• Windows CE 1.0

1997• Microsoft releases Office 97 with major

Web enhancements integrated into its applications.

• The number of Internet and World Wide Web users estimated at 50 million.

1997• 3DFX and Voodoo• IEEE for WLANS • 1997: Worldwide: 50 million world

wide web users, 15 million Internet host computers.

1998

• Recordable and re-writable CD 's.• Office 98 integrated with Internet Explorer

4.0; antitrust legislation intensifies.• Flash Drives

Flash DriveThe flash drive was first invented in 1998 at IBM as a floppy drive replacement for the ThinkPad line of products.

Artificial Intelligence

Eliza

This generation begins with many gains in parallel processing.

Parallel Processing

The simultaneous use of more than one computer to solve a problem. There are many different kinds of parallel computer (or "parallel processor"). They are distinguished by the kind of interconnection between processors (known as "processing elements" or PEs) and between processors and memory.

The growth of wide area networking. Network bandwidth has expanded tremendously in the last few years and will continue to improve for the next several years.

Today, computers have become a part of day to day activities. There are some basic fields where developments is taking place most rapidly, like:

Parallel Processors

Parallel Processors

IBM SP1

Robotics

Miniature lap-topcomputers

Virtual Reality

MultimediaUserinterfaces

Global Telecommunications

1999• David L. Smith releases the Melissa

virus, which infects over 1 million computers. It is the first virus that uses Outlook contacts to send itself via e-mail.

• Microsoft releases Office 2000, featuring extensive Web integration and document collaboration, soon followed by Windows 2000.

• Pyra releases Blogger, a Weblog creation tool. Thousands of personal journals and Web sites are created.

1999• Gigabit Ethernet.• AMD puts Athlon on Motherboards.• Nvidia launches GeForce.• MP3 music files.

2000• An injunction prohibiting Napster, an online

music trading service, from allowing copyrighted music to be traded on its site signals the beginning of an ongoing battle over music piracy.

• The number of Internet and World Wide Web users estimated at over 300 million. There are over 10 million registered domains.

2000• Windows 2000• Windows Millenium Edition • Microsoft Launches the XBox• The Millenium Bug

Autonomous Robots

2001• Microsoft releases Windows XP

and Office Xp with enhanced user interfaces, better integration and collaboration tools, and increased stability.

• Apple releases MAC OS X with a

UNIX backbone and new interface.

2002• Amazon.com, the largest online retailer,

announces its first profitable quarter nearly 10 years after the company was founded.

• Microsoft initiates its .NET platform that allows users to create a profile for use across platforms and allows developers to create Web services quickly.

• Internet2, with over 200 university affiliates, regularly broadcasts live theater and HDTV transmissions.

2003• Apple opens the iTunes music store with a catalog

of over 700,000 songs. Users can buy and then download songs for 99 cents.

• Multithreading processors• Sobig F the most infectious Virus• Microsoft Office 2003• Longhorn

2004• CAN SPAM Act enacted, requiring unsolicited email to

be labeled and making it illegal to use deceptive headers and anonymous return addresses. The law also requires unsolicited e-mail to allow recipients to opt out and authorizes the FTC to create a do not email registry.

• Google releases invitations to test Gmail, its e-mail service that includes a search function and 1 GB of storage.

• Mozilla Firefox 1.0

2005• Wireless connections (WIFI) to the Internet, called hot

spots, allow the public to access the Internet at airports, hotels, and many cafes. Many expect WiFi connections to be available almost everywhere in the next few years – from doctor’s offices to airplanes. By 2007 it is expected that nearly 20 million people will use WiFi to access the web.

• Apple Computer Releases MAC OS version 10.4• AMD starts shipping their first dual – core 64 bit desktop

processor

A digital audio player (DAP) is a device that stores, organizes and plays digital music files.

2006

2006• In August, MySpace.com

announces the registration of its 100-millionth user.

• Google purchases Youtube.com for $1.65 billion.

2007• Microsoft releases

Windows Vista with enhanced Media Player and Instant Search features.

• Apple announces the iPhone at its annual MACWorld Expo.

2008• Netflix partners with

Microsoft Xbox 360 to deliver streaming movies.

• Intel announces new low power Atom microprocessor.

2009• Microsoft releases Windows 7 with

multitouch support, a redesigned user interface and a home networking system called HomeGroup.

• Wireless devices move to 3G network with speeds up to 1.4 megabits per second.

2010

• Microsoft releases Office 2010 with online versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote, which will work in the three most popular Web browsers.

Apple introduces the iPad on January 27, 2010.Apple introduces the iPhone 4 on June 24, 2010.

2010Amazon releases a press release July 19, 2010

mentioning it is now selling more Kindle books than hardcover books.

Microsoft announces plans to release Windows Phone 7 October 11, 2010.

First all-robotic surgery performed at Montreal General Hospital October 13, 2010.

Cloud Computing services 2011 Steve Jobs passes away.

2012 Facebook announces of purchasing Instagram.Pinterest is made available. Apple introduces iPad mini.Microsoft Windows 8 and Microsoft Surface released.

2013

• Sony officially announces the PlayStation 4, a replacement for the PS3 gaming console on February 20, 2013

• On March 15, 2013 Microsoft discontinued Messenger in favor of Skype.

• Yahoo! announces it will purchase Tumblr for $1.1Billion May 20th, 2013.

•• Microsoft unveils the Xbox One on May 21,

2013, a new gaming console to replace the Xbox 360.

• Apple introduces iOS7 on September 18, 2013.

2014

•Body-adapted Wearable Electronics •(Google Glass and Fitbit wristband)

•Brain-computer Interfaces